Solution Manual For Chemistry: The Science in Context, 5th Edition

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1CHAPTER 1 | Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science1.1.Collect and OrganizeIn Figure P1.1(a) we are shown “molecules” each consisting of one red sphere and one blue sphere, and inFigure P1.1(b) we haveseparate blue spheres and red spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether thesubstance depicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements, compounds, homogeneousmixtures, or heterogeneous mixtures.AnalyzeA pure substance is composed of all the same type of element or compound, not a mixture of two kinds.An element is composed of all the same type of atom, and a compound is composed of two or more types ofatoms. In a homogeneous mixture the components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture, giving auniformappearancetotheeye.Aheterogeneousmixturecontainsdistinct,observable,individualcomponents. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particles are closetogether, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that areclose together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart fromeach other.Solve(a)Because the particles each consist of one red sphere and one blue sphere, all the particles are the same—this is a pure compound. The particles fill the container and are disordered, so these particles are in thegas phase.(b)Because Figure P1.1(b) shows a mixture of red and blue spheres, this is depicting a mixture ofblue-element atoms and red-element atoms. The blue spheres fill the container and are disordered, sothese particles are in the gas phase. The red spheres have a definite volume and are slightly disordered,so these particles are in the liquid phase. These two phases are distinct, and we would observe thedifference in composition, so this mixture is heterogeneous.Think About ItRemember that both elements and compounds may be either pure or present in a mixture.1.2.Collect and OrganizeIn Figure P1.2(a) we are shown “atoms” of only red spheres, and in Figure P1.2(b) we have “molecules”consisting of two red spheres or two blue spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether the substancedepicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures,or heterogeneous mixtures.AnalyzeA pure substance (whether element or compound) is composed of all the same type of molecule or atom, nota mixture of two kinds. An element is composed of all the same type of atom, and a compound is composedof two or more types of atoms. In a homogeneous mixture the components are evenly distributed throughoutthe mixture, giving a uniform appearance to the eye. A heterogeneous mixture contains distinct, observable,individual components. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particlesare close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that areclose together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart fromeach other.Solve(a)Because all the atoms are of the same type, Figure P1.2(a) depicts a pure element. The particles take up adefinite volume and are ordered, so this element is in the solid phase.

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2|Chapter 1(b)Because there is a mixture of blue diatomic molecules and red diatomic molecules, Figure P1.2(b)depicts a mixture of two elements. Both the blue and red diatomic particles fill the volume of thecontainer and are highly disordered; the mixture depicted is in the gas phase, and the mixture ishomogeneous.Think About ItElements do not need to be present as single atoms. They may be diatomic, as in H2or Br2, or even morehighly associated, as in S8or P4.1.3.Collect and OrganizeIn this question we are to consider whether the reactants as depicted undergo a chemical reaction or a phasechange.AnalyzeChemical reactions involve the breaking and making of bonds in which atoms are combined differently in theproducts than in the reactants. In considering a possible phase change, solids have a definite volume and ahighly ordered arrangement where the particles are close together, liquids also have a definite volume buthave a disordered arrangement of particles that are close together, and gases have disordered particles that fillthe volume of the container and are far apart from each other. It may help to visualize each scenario, asshown below:SolveIn Figure P1.3 two pure elements (red–red and blue–blue) in the gas phase recombine to form a compound(red–blue) in the solid phase (ordered array of molecules). Therefore, answer (b) describes the reactionshown.Think About ItA phase change does not necessarily accompany a chemical reaction. We will learn later that the polarity ofthe product will determine whether or not a substance will be in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state at a giventemperature.1.4.Collect and OrganizeIn this question we are to consider whether the reactants as depicted undergo a chemical reaction (eitherrecombination or decomposition) or a phase change.

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Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science|3AnalyzeChemical reactions involve the breaking and making of bonds in which atoms are combined differently in theproducts than in the reactants. In considering a possible phase change, solids have a definite volume and ahighly ordered arrangement where the particles are close together, liquids also have a definite volume buthave a disordered arrangement of particles that are close together, and gases have disordered particles that fillthe volume of the container and are far apart from each other.SolveIn Figure P1.4 we see that no recombination of the diatomic molecules occurs. The pure element (red–red)condenses to a slightly disordered phase, while the other element (blue–blue) remains in the gas phase.Therefore, answer (a) describes the reaction pictured.Think About ItCooling of air in this fashion to different temperatures separates the components of air.1.5.Collect and OrganizeFrom the space-filling model shown, we are to write the formula for the chemical represented.AnalyzeBased on the Atomic Color Palette (see theinside back cover of the textbook), we see that this modelcontains one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to an oxygen atom and to an O–H unit.SolveHC(O)OHorCH2O2Think About ItThis model represents formic acid, and the presence of the C(O)OH unit classifies it as a carboxylic acid.1.6.Collect and OrganizeFrom the ball-and-stick model of isopropanol shown, we are to write the chemical formula.AnalyzeBased on the Atomic Color Palette on the inside back cover of the textbook, we see that this model containstwo CH3units bonded to a central C atom with both an H atom and OH unit.SolveH3CCH(OH)CH3orC3H8OThink About ItThis model represents isopropanol, and the presence of the O–H unit classifies it as an alcohol.Sometimesisopropanol is called “rubbing alcohol.”1.7.Collect and OrganizeThis question asks us to consider two sets of data and determine whether each set is precise or accurate.AnalyzeAccuracy described how close the measured value is to the true value. In this case, each pill should weigh3.25 mg, so the masses must be near this value to be accurate. Precision describes how consistent repeatedmeasurements are with one another.

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4|Chapter 1SolveSample A is both accurate and precise. The average of the four masses is near 3.25 mg, and the values appearfairly close to one another. Sample B is precise but not accurate. While the data points are quite similar toone another, the average value is closer to 3.10 mg than 3.25 mg.Think About ItAccuracy and precision can be somewhat difficult to evaluate without a statistical analysis of the data. InSection 1.10, we discuss how the mean, standard deviation, and confidence intervals can be used todetermine if a true value is near our actual data and how similar data points are to one another.1.8.Collect and OrganizeIn this question, we are asked to examine nine depictions of compounds, elements, and chemical reactionsand answer questions about each.AnalyzeA and H are ball-and-stick models, while B, D, and I are space-filling models, and F is a structural formula.C, E, and G are equations with included depictions of the transformation in the real world. Bonds are brokenor formed as a chemical reaction proceeds, while a physical process involves a change of phase but nobreaking or formation of chemical bonds. Compounds are made from elements and have different types ofatoms in them. Elements are composed of atoms that are all the same.Solve(a)Cis the only chemical reaction depicted. In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form waterand oxygen gas.(b)After consulting the Atomic Color Palette on the inside back cover of the textbook, we see that Bcontains a central N atom bound to three H atoms, with the molecular formula NH3. The same molecularformula is depicted in F.(c)E and G are depictions of physical processes. E depicts the vaporization of N2, the transformation fromthe liquid to the gas phase. G depicts the sublimation of I2, the transformation from the solid to thegas phase.(d)The pure elements depicted are A (P4, phosphorus), E (N2, nitrogen), G (I2, iodine) andI (O2, oxygen).(e)The ball-and-stick depiction in H contains three colored spheres, corresponding to hydrogen (white),carbon (black), and oxygen (red). The molecular formula for this compound is HC(O)H, or CH2O.(f )From the molecular formula provided in D (C5H12), we can tell that this molecule contains 17 atoms,more than any other molecule depicted.Think About ItC5H12depicted in D is pentane, a hydrocarbon. The term hydrocarbon is used to describe moleculescontaining only the elements hydrogen and carbon.

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Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science|51.9.Collect and OrganizeIn this question, we consider how elements and compounds compare.AnalyzeCompounds are made from elements and have different types of atoms in them. Elements are composed ofatoms that are all the same.SolveCompounds are different from elements in that they are made up of two or more elements, these elements canbe separated from each other (but elements cannot be separated further), and compounds have chemical andphysical properties different from the elements that compose them. Compounds are commonly found innature, but elements rarely are. Compounds are similar to elements in that they are composed of atoms, havedefinite physical and chemical properties, and can be isolated in pure form.Think About ItBy combining the different elements with each other, we can arrive at many, many compounds that are usedas fuels, medicines, plastics, and so on.1.10.Collect and OrganizeFor this question we are asked to consider what is contained in the space between gas particles.AnalyzeGases contain individual particles separated by large distances, relative to the size of the particle. All of themass of thegas is contained in the particles, so no matter can exist in the space between these particles.SolveThe space between particles is a gas that contains no matter, so there is only empty space present.Think About ItIf a sample of gas is compressed to a smaller volume, its mass should remain constant. This supports ourclaim that the space between gas particles has no mass, and so contains no matter.1.11.Collect and OrganizeThis question asks us to determine in which phase of matter particles are able to move the most and in whichphase of matter particles are able to move the least.AnalyzeIn general, the closer particles are to one another, the stronger the forces holding them together. Particles thatare held together more tightly move less. A visual inspection of Figure 1.12 allows us to estimate the forcesholding water particles together.

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6|Chapter 1SolveParticles are most free to move about in the gas phase. Particles in the solid phase have strong attractiveforces between particles, making this thephase in which particles have the least motion.Think About ItAlthough liquid particles can be quite close to one another, they are not locked into a regular array (in manysolids this is called a crystalline lattice). Liquids are fluid (they can be poured) because individual particlesmay move past one another.1.12.Collect and OrganizeWe are to identify the gas contained within bubbles in a pot of boiling water.AnalyzeFew or no bubbles are present in a pot of water before heat is applied. This is a clue that the bubbles areformed from the water itself. When heated sufficiently, liquid water evaporates to form steam, the gaseousform of water.SolveThe bubbles in a pot of boiling water are water vapor.

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Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science|7Think About ItThough small amounts ofgases such as oxygen and nitrogen may be present in tap water, there is not nearlyenough to form all the bubbles that are observed when water boils.1.13.Collect and OrganizeWe are asked to suggest how a small quantity of snow could disappear without melting.AnalyzeSnow is crystalline water in the solid phase. Solids may undergo a phase change to form a liquid (calledmelting) or a gas (called sublimation).SolveThe snow sublimed to form water vapor.Think About ItDirect sublimation of water ice to water vapor happens all the time in your freezer. “Freezer-burned” fooditems have dried out by losing water in the same manner as the snow in this problem.1.14.Collect and OrganizeFor the substances listed, we are to determine which are homogeneous.AnalyzeHomogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout.SolveThe gold wedding ring, sweat, bottled drinking water, and compressed air in a scuba tank (a, b, c, and e) arehomogeneous. Human blood (d) is a heterogeneous mixture.Think About ItA gold wedding ring is made up of an alloy (a solid solution of one metal dissolved in another) of gold withanother metal such as palladium or copper to give the soft gold metal strength and make it less expensivethan 100% gold.Human blood is a mixture containing plasma, platelets, and red blood cells, among othercomponents.1.15.Collect and OrganizeFrom the list of properties of sodium, we are to determine which are physical and which are chemicalproperties.AnalyzePhysical properties are those that can be observed without transforming the substance into another substance.Chemical properties are only observed when one substance reacts with another and therefore is transformedinto another substance.SolveDensity, melting point, thermal and electrical conductivity, and softness (a–d) are all physical properties,whereas tarnishing and reaction with water (e,f )are both chemical properties.Think About ItBecause the density of sodium is less than that of water, a piece of sodium will float on water as it reacts.

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8|Chapter 11.16.Collect and OrganizeFrom the list of properties of hydrogen gas, we are to determine which are physical and which are chemicalproperties.AnalyzePhysical properties are those that can be observed without transforming the substance into another substance.Chemical properties are only observed when one substance reacts with another and therefore is transformedinto another substance.SolveDensity, boiling point, and electrical conductivity (a, c, d) are all physical properties, whereas the reaction ofhydrogen with oxygen (b) is a chemical property.Think About ItBecause the density of hydrogen gas is lower than that of any other gas, a lightweight balloon filled withhydrogen will float in air like the more familiar helium balloon.1.17.Collect and OrganizeWe are asked to determine which of the given species isnota pure substance.AnalyzeAll matter may be classified as either a pure substance or a mixture. If a substance may be separated byphysical means, it is not a pure substance.SolveAir may be separated into simpler components, soitcannot beapure substance. Nitrogen gas, oxygen gas,and argon gas are all pure elements.Pure sodium chloride contains only NaCl.Think About ItAir is a mixture of nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, argon gas, and other pure substances.1.18.Collect and OrganizeWe are asked to determine which of the given forms of matter is a pure substance.AnalyzePure substances cannot be separated by a physical process.SolveSweat, blood, brass, and milk are mixtures of more than one substance. Only sucrose (table sugar) is a purecompound that cannot be physically separated into simpler components.Think About ItSweat, blood, and milk all contain mostly water; the other components are what make them different fromone another. Brass is an alloy, meaning it is a mixture of two solids. Sucrose (table sugar) can only beseparated into other components by chemical means, such as respiration and combustion.

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Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science|91.19.Collect and OrganizeFrom the given list, we are asked to identify the elements.AnalyzeAn element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler components by any process.SolveOnly Cl2is a pure element. The other species listed are compounds of more than one type of element.Think About ItThe elements are listed in the periodic table of the elements. Some elements, such as chlorine, form diatomicmolecules (like Cl2) in their pure form.1.20.Collect and OrganizeFrom the given list, we are asked to identify the species that arenotelements.AnalyzeAn element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler components by any process. Anypure substance that is composed of multiple elements is a compound.SolveIodine (I2) and sulfur (S) are pure elements. ClF is the only substance that is composed of more than one typeof element; it is classified as a compound, not an element. Ozone (O3) contains only one type of element, butit is not itself a pure element. Pure oxygen gas in its elemental state is a diatomic molecule, O2.Think About ItDespite containing multiple atoms in their pure elemental state, I2and S8are still elements because theyconsist of only one type of atom.1.21.Collect and OrganizeWe are asked to determine which of the given mixtures is homogeneous.AnalyzeA homogeneous mixture has no visible boundaries and contains a uniform distribution of components. Weshould picture each of these items and decide if their components are uniformly distributed.SolveOnly filtered water is uniformly distributed, and so it is the only homogeneous mixture.Think About ItAll of the other species listed are heterogeneous mixtures since they have components that are visuallydifferent or arenot uniformly distributed. Clouds may take many shapes and densities, so they do not exhibita uniform distribution.1.22.Collect and OrganizeFrom the list below, we are asked to identify the species that are heterogeneous mixtures.AnalyzeIn a heterogeneous mixture, visible boundaries may be observed, and components are not uniformlydistributed. We should first decide if these items are mixtures or pure substances, then classify the mixturesas homogeneous or heterogeneous.

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10|Chapter 1SolveMuddy river water is the only heterogeneous mixture from this list. While the mixture may appear uniform,suspended mud particles stick together in an irregular fashion.Think About ItAir, sugar dissolved in water, and brass are homogeneous mixtures because all components are spreaduniformly throughout the samples. Suspended mud particles will settle from a sample of muddy water ifthe sample is allowed to sit undisturbed for long enough.Table salt is a pure substance consisting only ofNa and Cl.1.23.Collect and OrganizeWe are to determine which mixtures can be separated into their components by filtering.AnalyzeFiltration is used to separate suspended solids from a liquid or gas; this technique will only work if oursample is a heterogeneous mixture containing a solid suspended in a liquid or a gas.SolveSand and water may be separated using filtration. The sand will be trapped on the filter, and the water willpass through.Think About ItThe other mixtures listed in the question are homogeneous and cannot be separated by filtration.1.24.Collect and OrganizeIn this question we consider whether filtration would be a suitable method to separate a protein from theother components of blood plasma.AnalyzeFiltration separates suspended solids from a heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid. Blood plasma is asolution (homogeneous mixture) containing water and dissolved proteins.SolveFiltration will not remove the proteins in blood plasma as individual proteins are too small. We are told thatthese proteins are dissolved, not suspended.Think About ItFiltration is not appropriate because the blood plasma is a homogeneous solution.1.25.Collect and OrganizeFrom the list of properties of formaldehyde, we are asked to determine which one is a chemicalproperty.AnalyzeChemical properties are observed when a chemical reaction takes place. We should identify which propertyrelates to a chemical reaction between formaldehyde and another substance.SolveFormaldehyde must react with the air in order to burn. Flammability (c) is a chemical property.

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Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science|11Think About ItSmell, solubility, phase of matter, and color are all physical properties. We can observe these propertieswithout destroying (reacting) the formaldehyde.1.26.Collect and OrganizeFrom the list of properties of silver, we are asked to determine which one is a physical property.AnalyzePhysical properties can be observed without transforming one substance into another.SolveWe may observe that silver will sink in water without converting it into another substance, making this (d) aphysical property.Think About ItTarnish forms on silver when it reacts with compounds in the air around it. Tarnishing or other reactions ofsilver are chemical events.1.27.Collect and OrganizeWe are to explain if an extensive property can be used to identify a substance.AnalyzeAn extensive property is one that, like mass, length, and volume, is determined by size or amount.SolveExtensive properties will change with the size of the sample and therefore cannot be used to identify asubstance.Think About ItWe could, for example, have the same mass of feathers and lead, but their mass alone will not tell us whichmass measurement belongs to which—the feathers or the lead.1.28.Collect and OrganizeOf the properties listed, we are to choose which are intensive properties and which are extensive properties.AnalyzeAn intensive property is not dependent on the size or amount of the sample, while an extensive property doesdepend on the size or amount of a sample.SolveOf the properties listed, density, the temperature at which a phase change will occur, and the mass of a singlemolecule (a, b, and d) are all intensive properties. The mass of water in your body (c) is an extensive propertybecause the value depends on the size of your body. The rate at which water flows over Niagara Falls (e) isalso an extensive property because the value will vary depending on recent rainfall and even the season.Think About ItIntensive properties may be used to identify a substance as they will not change based on the size or quantityof the sample used. Intensive properties are related to chemical interactions between atoms and molecules inthe substance that will not change from sample to sample.

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12|Chapter 11.29.Collect and OrganizeIn this question we think about the information needed to formulate a hypothesis.AnalyzeA hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation.SolveTo form a hypothesis we need at least one observation, experiment, or idea (from examining nature).Think About ItA hypothesis that is tested and shown to be valid can become a theory.1.30.Collect and Organize and AnalyzeIn this question we consider how a hypothesis becomes a theory.SolveA theory is formed from a hypothesis when the hypothesis has been extensively tested by many observationsand experiments. A theory is the best (current) possible explanation that is extensively supported byexperimentation.Think About ItA theory, tested over time, may be elevated further to become a scientific law.1.31.Collect and OrganizeWe are to consider whether we can disprove a hypothesis.AnalyzeA hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation.SolveIt is possible to disprove a scientific hypothesis. Infact, many experiments are designed to do just that as thebest test of the hypothesis’s validity.Think About ItIt is even possible to disprove a theory (albeit harder to do so) or cause a theory to be modified when newevidence, a new experimental technique, or new data from a new instrument give observations that arecounter to the explanation stated by the theory.1.32.Collect and OrganizeIn this question we are asked why the idea that all matter consists of atoms was described as a philosophy inancient Greece, but has been referred to as the atomic theory since the 1800s.AnalyzeThe ancient Greeks first proposed that matter was composed of small units called atoms. The termphilosophy refers to a set of beliefs, while in science, a theory describes a proposal that has been validated bymany experiments.SolveThe key distinction is that the ancient Greeks were not able to demonstrate that their proposal was correct byconducting scientific experiments. Today, the atomic theory is universally accepted because of the sheer

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Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science|13volume of evidence from various experiments and observations that support the hypothesis that matter iscomposed of atoms.Think About ItIn the 1980s, the techniques of scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy were developedto give us indirect “pictures” of atoms and molecules.1.33.Collect and OrganizeWe are to definetheoryas used in conversation.AnalyzeTheoryin everyday conversation has a different meaning than it does in science.SolveTheoryin normal conversation is someone’s idea or opinion or speculation that can easily be changed andmay not have much evidence or many arguments to support it.Think About ItAtheoryin science is a generally accepted and highly tested explanation of observed facts.1.34.Collect and OrganizeWe consider whether a theory can be proven.AnalyzeTheoryin science is the best (current) possible explanation that is extensively supported by experimentationand observations.SolveTheoryis nearly equivalent to fact in science, without being the absolute truth. A theory is hard to proveabsolutely but has many, many supporting experiments whose observations strongly support the theory.Think About ItThe results of one experiment that counter the explanation for aphenomenon explained by a theory coulddisprove a theory, so theories may be toppled and replaced with new explanations and theories.1.35.Collect and OrganizeWe are to compare SI units to English units.AnalyzeSI units are based on a decimal system to describe basic units of mass, length, temperature, energy,and so on,whereas English units vary.SolveSI units, which were based on the original metric system, can be easily converted into a larger or smaller unitby multiplying or dividing bymultiples of 10. English units are more complicated to manipulate. Forexample, to convert miles to feet you have to know that there are 5280 feet in 1 mile, and to convert gallonsto quarts you have to know that 4 quarts are in 1 gallon.Think About ItOnce you can visualize a meter, a gram, and a liter, using the SI system is quite convenient.

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14|Chapter 11.36.Collect and Organize and AnalyzeIn this question we are to suggest two reasons why SI units are not more widely used in the United States.SolveEnglishunitsinsteadofSIunitsareusedeverywhereintheUnitedStatesbecausemanyofourmanufacturing facilities have been built to make parts in inches or to bottle liquids in gallons. It has also beendifficult for people used to buying and measuring in the English units to convert their thinking so as tovisualize a kilometer instead of a mile or a liter instead of a quart.Think About ItThe only widespread everyday use of an SI unit in the United States is the 2L soda bottle.1.37.Collect and OrganizeThis question asks us to convert a mass in pounds to grams. There are approximately 2 pounds in a kilogram,so the mass should be just under 1000 grams.AnalyzeWe may convert this mass using the following conversion:453.4 g1 lbSolve2453.4 g1.65 lb748 gor7.4810g1 lb´=´Think About ItA gram is a relatively small unit of mass, so it makes sense that 1.65 pounds would contain 748 grams(justunder one kilogram).1.38.Collect and OrganizeThis question asks us to convert a mass in grams topounds. There are approximately 2 pounds in a kilogram,so the mass should be just under 2 pounds.AnalyzeWe can convert this mass using the following conversion factor:453.4 g1 lbSolve1 lb765.4 g1.688 lb453.4 g´=Think About ItSince the gram is a relatively small unit of mass, a relatively large number of grams should only amount to afew(just under 2) pounds.

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Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science|151.39.Collect and OrganizeThis question asks us to convert a volume in gallons to milliliters. Remember that the prefixmilli-can beread as 10−3. There are approximately 4 liters in a gallon, so our value(just under 2.5 gallons) should beapproximately 10 liters, or 10,000 milliliters.AnalyzeWe can convert gallons to liters, then liters to milliliters, using the following conversions:3.7854 L1000 mL,1 gal1 LSolve33.7854 L1000 mL2.44 gal9.2410mL1 gal1 L´´=´Think About ItSince the milliliter is a relatively small unit of volume, it makes sense that a large unit like a gallon wouldcontain many milliliters. This volume is just under our estimate of 10 liters. You may also have arrived at thesame answer using the conversion31 mL110L-´1.40.Collect and OrganizeThis question asks us to convert a volume in milliliters to gallons. Remember that the prefixmilli-can beread as 10−3. There are approximately 4 liters in a gallon, so our value should be much less than 1 gallon.AnalyzeWe can convertmilliliters to liters, then liters to gallons, using the following conversions:1 gal1 L,3.7854 L1000 mLSolve21 L1 gal108 mL0.0285 gal2.8510gal1000 mL3.7854 L-´´==´Think About It108 mL is approximately 4 fluid ounces, which is significantly smaller than a gallon.1.41.Collect and OrganizeWe are asked to compare two lengths, expressed using different units. We should express these values usingthe same units to find the larger number.AnalyzeWe can convert feet to inches, and then add this value to the 11 remaining inches to determine Peter’s heightin inches. We may then convert inches to centimeters and compare Peter and Paul’s heights on the samescale. The conversions we will use are12 in2.54 cm,1 ft1 in

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