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Solution Manual For Chemistry: The Science in Context, 5th Edition

Solution Manual For Chemistry: The Science in Context, 5th Edition is your go-to study resource, offering clear and structured explanations of key concepts.

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    1 CHAPTER 1 | Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science 1.1. Collect and Organize In Figure P1.1(a) we are shown “molecules” each consisting of one red sphere and one blue sphere, and in Figure P1.1(b) we have separate blue spheres and red spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether the substance depicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, or heterogeneous mixtures. Analyze A pure substance is composed of all the same type of element or compound, not a mixture of two kinds. An element is composed of all the same type of atom, and a compound is composed of two or more types of atoms. In a homogeneous mixture the components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture, giving a uniform appearance to the eye. A heterogeneous mixture contains distinct, observable, individual components. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particles are close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that are close together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart from each other. Solve (a) Because the particles each consist of one red sphere and one blue sphere, all the particles are the same — this is a pure compound. The particles fill the container and are disordered, so these particles are in the gas phase. (b) Because Figure P1.1(b) shows a mixture of red and blue spheres, this is depicting a mixture of blue - element atoms and red - element atoms. The blue spheres fill the container and are disordered, so these particles are in the gas phase. The red spheres have a definite volume and are slightly disordered, so these particles are in the liquid phase. These two phases are distinct, and we would observe the difference in composition, so this mixture is heterogeneous. Think About It Remember that both elements and compounds may be either pure or present in a mixture. 1.2. Collect and Organize In Figure P1.2(a) we are shown “atoms” of only red spheres, and in Figure P1.2(b) we have “molecules” consisting of two red spheres or two blue spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether the substance depicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, or heterogeneous mixtures. Analyze A pure substance (whether element or compound) is composed of all the same type of molecule or atom, not a mixture of two kinds. An element is composed of all the same type of atom, and a compound is composed of two or more types of atoms. In a homogeneous mixture the components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture, giving a uniform appearance to the eye. A heterogeneous mixture contains distinct, observable, individual components. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particles are close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that are close together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart from each other. Solve (a) Because all the atoms are of the same type, Figure P1.2(a) depicts a pure element. The particles take up a definite volume and are ordered, so this element is in the solid phase.

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    2 | Chapter 1 (b) Because there is a mixture of blue diatomic molecules and red diatomic molecules, Figure P1.2(b) depicts a mixture of two elements. Both the blue and red diatomic particles fill the volume of the container and are highly disordered; the mixture depicted is in the gas phase, and the mixture is homogeneous. Think About It Elements do not need to be present as single atoms. They may be diatomic, as in H 2 or Br 2 , or even more highly associated, as in S 8 or P 4 . 1.3. Collect and Organize In this question we are to consider whether the reactants as depicted undergo a chemical reaction or a phase change. Analyze Chemical reactions involve the breaking and making of bonds in which atoms are combined differently in the products than in the reactants. In considering a possible phase change, solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particles are close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that are close together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart from each other. It may help to visualize each scenario, as shown below: Solve In Figure P1.3 two pure elements (red – red and blue – blue) in the gas phase recombine to form a compound (red – blue) in the solid phase (ordered array of molecules). Therefore, answer (b) describes the reaction shown. Think About It A phase change does not necessarily accompany a chemical reaction. We will learn later that the polarity of the product will determine whether or not a substance will be in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state at a given temperature. 1.4. Collect and Organize In this question we are to consider whether the reactants as depicted undergo a chemical reaction (either recombination or de composition) or a phase change.

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    Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science | 3 Analyze Chemical reactions involve the breaking and making of bonds in which atoms are combined differently in the products than in the reactants. In considering a possible phase change, solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particles are close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that are close together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart from each other. Solve In Figure P1.4 we see that no recombination of the diatomic molecules occurs. The pure element (red – red) condenses to a slightly disordered phase, while the other element (blue – blue) remains in the gas phase. Therefore, answer (a) describes the reaction pictured. Think About It Cooling of air in this fashion to different temperatures separates the components of air. 1.5. Collect and Organize From the space - filling model shown, we are to write the formula for the chemical represented. Analyze Based on the Atomic Color Palette (see the inside back cover of the textbook), we see that this model contains one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to an oxygen atom and to an O – H unit. Solve HC(O)OH or CH 2 O 2 Think About It This model represents formic acid, and the presence of the C(O)OH unit classifies it as a carboxylic acid. 1.6. Collect and Organize From the ball - and - stick model of isopropanol shown, we are to write the chemical formula. Analyze Based on the Atomic Color Palette on the inside back cover of the textbook, we see that this model contains two CH 3 units bonded to a central C atom with both an H atom and OH unit. Solve H 3 CCH(OH)CH 3 or C 3 H 8 O Think About It This model represents isopropanol, and the presence of the O – H unit classifies it as an alcohol. Sometimes isopropan ol is called “rubbing alcohol.” 1.7. Collect and Organize This question asks us to consider two sets of data and determine whether each set is precise or accurate. Analyze Accuracy described how close the measured value is to the true value. In this case, each pill should weigh 3.25 mg, so the masses must be near this value to be accurate. Precision describes how consistent repeated measurements are with one another.

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    4 | Chapter 1 Solve Sample A is both accurate and precise. The average of the four masses is near 3.25 mg, and the values appear fairly close to one another. Sample B is precise but not accurate. While the data points are quite similar to one another, the average value is closer to 3.10 mg than 3.25 mg. Think About It Accuracy and precision can be somewhat difficult to evaluate without a statistical analysis of the data. In Section 1.10, we discuss how the mean, standard deviation, and confidence intervals can be used to determine if a true value is near our actual data and how similar data points are to one another. 1.8. Collect and Organize In this question, we are asked to examine nine depictions of compounds, elements, and chemical reactions and answer questions about each. Analyze A and H are ball - and - stick models, while B, D, and I are space - filling models, and F is a structural formula. C, E, and G are equations with included depictions of the transformation in the real world. Bonds are broken or formed as a chemical reaction proceeds, while a physical process involves a change of phase but no breaking or formation of chemical bonds. Compounds are made from elements and have different types of atoms in them. Elements are composed of atoms that are all the same. Solve (a) C is the only chemical reaction depicted. In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen gas. (b) After consulting the Atomic Color Palette on the inside back cover of the textbook, we see that B contains a central N atom bound to three H atoms, with the molecular formula NH 3 . The same molecular formula is depicted in F. (c) E and G are depictions of physical processes. E depicts the vaporization of N 2 , the transformation from the liquid to the gas phase. G depicts the sublimation of I 2 , the transformation from the solid to the gas phase. (d) The pure elements depicted are A (P 4 , phosphorus), E (N 2 , nitrogen), G (I 2 , iodine) and I (O 2 , oxygen). (e) The ball - and - stick depiction in H contains three colored spheres, corresponding to hydrogen (white), carbon (black), and oxygen (red). The molecular formula for this compound is HC(O)H, or CH 2 O. ( f ) From the molecular formula provided in D (C 5 H 12 ), we can tell that this molecule contains 17 atoms, more than any other molecule depicted. Think About It C 5 H 12 depicted in D is pentane, a hydrocarbon. The term hydrocarbon is used to describe molecules containing only the elements hydrogen and carbon.

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    Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science | 5 1.9. Collect and Organize In this question, we consider how elements and compounds compare. Analyze Compounds are made from elements and have different types of atoms in them. Elements are composed of atoms that are all the same. Solve Compounds are different from elements in that they are made up of two or more elements, these elements can be separated from each other (but elements cannot be separated further), and compounds have chemical and physical properties different from the elements that compose them. Compounds are commonly found in nature, but elements rarely are. Compounds are similar to elements in that they are composed of atoms, have definite physical and chemical properties, and can be isolated in pure form. Think About It By combining the different elements with each other, we can arrive at many, many compounds that are used as fuels, medicines, plastics, and so on. 1.10. Collect and Organize For this question we are asked to consider what is contained in the space between gas particles. Analyze Gases contain individual particles separated by large distances, relative to the size of the particle. All of the mass of the gas is contained in the particles, so no matter can exist in the space between these particles. Solve The space between particles is a gas that contains no matter, so there is only empty space present. Think About It If a sample of gas is compressed to a smaller volume, its mass should remain constant. This supports our claim that the space between gas particles has no mass, and so contains no matter. 1.11. Collect and Organize This question asks us to determine in which phase of matter particles are able to move the most and in which phase of matter particles are able to move the least. Analyze In general, the closer particles are to one another, the stronger the forces holding them together. Particles that are held together more tightly move less. A visual inspection of Figure 1.12 allows us to estimate the forces holding water particles together.

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    6 | Chapter 1 Solve Particles are most free to move about in the gas phase. Particles in the solid phase have strong attractive forces between particles, making this the phase in which particles have the least motion. Think About It Although liquid particles can be quite close to one another, they are not locked into a regular array (in many solids this is called a crystalline lattice). Liquids are fluid (they can be poured) because individual particles may move past one another. 1.12. Collect and Organize We are to identify the gas contained within bubbles in a pot of boiling water. Analyze Few or no bubbles are present in a pot of water before heat is applied. This is a clue that the bubbles are formed from the water itself. When heated sufficiently, liquid water evaporates to form steam, the gaseous form of water. Solve The bubbles in a pot of boiling water are water vapor.

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    Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science | 7 Think About It Though small amounts of gases such as oxygen and nitrogen may be present in tap water, there is not nearly enough to form all the bubbles that are observed when water boils. 1.13. Collect and Organize We are asked to suggest how a small quantity of snow could disappear without melting. Analyze Snow is crystalline water in the solid phase. Solids may undergo a phase change to form a liquid (called melting) or a gas (called sublimation). Solve The snow sublimed to form water vapor. Think About It Direct sublimation of water ice to water vapor happens all the time in your freezer. “Freezer - burned” food items have dried out by losing water in the same manner as the snow in this problem. 1.14. Collect and Organize For the substances listed, we are to determine which are homogeneous. Analyze Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout. Solve The gold wedding ring, sweat, bottled drinking water, and compressed air in a scuba tank (a, b, c, and e) are homogeneous. Human blood (d) is a heterogeneous mixture. Think About It A gold wedding ring is made up of an alloy (a solid solution of one metal dissolved in another) of gold with another metal such as palladium or copper to give the soft gold metal strength and make it less expensive than 100% gold. Human blood is a mixture containing plasma, platele ts , and red blood cells, among other compo nents. 1.15. Collect and Organize From the list of properties of sodium, we are to determine which are physical and which are chemical properties. Analyze Physical properties are those that can be observed without transforming the substance into another substance. Chemical properties are only observed when one substance reacts with another and therefore is transformed into another substance. Solve Density, melting point, thermal and electrical conductivity, and softness (a – d) are all physical properties, whereas tarnishing and reaction with water (e, f ) are both chemical properties. Think About It Because the density of sodium is less than that of water, a piece of sodium will float on water as it reacts.

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    8 | Chapter 1 1.16. Collect and Organize From the list of properties of hydrogen gas, we are to determine which are physical and which are chemical properties. Analyze Physical properties are those that can be observed without transforming the substance into another substance. Chemical properties are only observed when one substance reacts with another and therefore is transformed into another substance. Solve Density, boiling point, and electrical conductivity (a, c, d) are all physical properties, whereas the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen (b) is a chemical property. Think About It Because the density of hydrogen gas is lower than that of any other gas, a lightweight balloon filled with hydrogen will float in air like the more familiar helium balloon. 1.17. Collect and Organize We are asked to determine which of the given species is not a pure substance. Analyze All matter may be classified as either a pure substance or a mixture. If a substance may be separated by physical means, it is not a pure substance. Solve A ir may be separated into simpler components, so it cannot be a pure substance. Nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, and argon gas are all pure elements. Pure sodium chloride contains only NaCl. Think About It Air is a mixture of nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, argon gas, and other pure substances. 1.18. Collect and Organize We are asked to determine which of the given forms of matter is a pure substance. Analyze Pure substances cannot be separated by a physical process. Solve Sweat, blood, brass, and milk are mixtures of more than one substance. Only sucrose (table sugar) is a pure compound that cannot be physically separated into simpler components. Think About It Sweat, blood, and milk all contain mostly water; the other components are what make them different from one another. Brass is an alloy, meaning it is a mixture of two solids. Sucrose (table sugar) can only be separated into other components by chemical means, such as respiration and combustion.

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    Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science | 9 1.19. Collect and Organize From the given list, we are asked to identify the elements. Analyze An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler components by any process. Solve Only Cl 2 is a pure element. The other species listed are compounds of more than one type of element. Think About It The elements are listed in the periodic table of the elements. Some elements, such as chlorine, form diatomic molecules (like Cl 2 ) in their pure form. 1.20. Collect and Organize From the given list, we are asked to identify the species that are not elements. Analyze An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler components by any process. Any pure substance that is composed of multiple elements is a compound. Solve Iodine (I 2 ) and sulfur (S) are pure elements. ClF is the only substance that is composed of more than one type of element; it is classified as a compound, not an element. Ozone (O 3 ) contains only one type of element, but it is not itself a pure element. Pure oxygen gas in its elemental state is a diatomic molecule, O 2 . Think About It Despite containing multiple atoms in their pure elemental state, I 2 and S 8 are still elements because they consist of only one type of atom. 1.21. Collect and Organize We are asked to determine which of the given mixtures is homogeneous. Analyze A homogeneous mixture has no visible boundaries and contains a uniform distribution of components. We should picture each of these items and decide if their components are uniformly distributed. Solve Only filtered water is uniformly distributed, and so it is the only homogeneous mixture. Think About It All of the other species listed are heterogeneous mixtures since they have components that are visually different or are not uniformly distributed. Clouds may take many shapes and densities, so they do not exhibit a uniform distribution. 1.22. Collect and Organize From the list below, we are asked to identify the species that are heterogeneous mixtures. Analyze In a heterogeneous mixture, visible boundaries may be observed, and components are not uniformly distributed. We should first decide if these items are mixtures or pure substances, then classify the mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

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    10 | Chapter 1 Solve Muddy river water is the only heterogeneous mixture from this list. While the mixture may appear uniform, suspended mud particles stick together in an irregular fashion. Think About It A ir, sugar dissolved in water, and brass are homogeneous mixtures because all components are spread uniformly throughout the samples. Suspended mud particles will settle from a sample of muddy water if the sample is allowed to sit undisturbed for long enough. Table salt is a pure substance consisting only of Na and Cl. 1.23. Collect and Organize We are to determine which mixtures can be separated into their components by filtering. Analyze Filtration is used to separate suspended solids from a liquid or gas; this technique will only work if our sample is a heterogeneous mixture containing a solid suspended in a liquid or a gas. Solve Sand and water may be separated using filtration. The sand will be trapped on the filter, and the water will pass through. Think About It The other mixtures listed in the question are homogeneous and cannot be separated by filtration. 1.24. Collect and Organize In this question we consider whether filtration would be a suitable method to separate a protein from the other components of blood plasma. Analyze Filtration separates suspended solids from a heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid. Blood plasma is a solution (homogeneous mixture) containing water and dissolved proteins. Solve Filtration will not remove the proteins in blood plasma as individual proteins are too small. We are told that these proteins are dissolved, not suspended. Think About It Filtration is not appropriate because the blood plasma is a homogeneous solution. 1.25. Collect and Organize From the list of properties of formaldehyde, we are asked to determine which one is a chemical property. Analyze Chemical properties are observed when a chemical reaction takes place. We should identify which property relates to a chemical reaction between formaldehyde and another substance. Solve Formaldehyde must react with the air in order to burn. Flammability (c) is a chemical property.

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    Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science | 11 Think About It Smell, solubility, phase of matter, and color are all physical properties. We can observe these properties without destroying (reacting) the formaldehyde. 1.26. Collect and Organize From the list of properties of silver, we are asked to determine which one is a physical property. Analyze Physical properties can be observed without transforming one substance into another. Solve We may observe that silver will sink in water without converting it into another substance, making this (d) a physical property. Think About It Tarnish forms on silver when it reacts with compounds in the air around it. Tarnishing or other reactions of silver are chemical events. 1.27. Collect and Organize We are to explain if an extensive property can be used to identify a substance. Analyze An extensive property is one that, like mass, length, and volume, is determined by size or amount. Solve Extensive properties will change with the size of the sample and therefore cannot be used to identify a substance. Think About It We could, for example, have the same mass of feathers and lead, but their mass alone will not tell us which mass measurement belongs to which — the feathers or the lead. 1.28. Collect and Organize Of the properties listed, we are to choose which are intensive properties and which are extensive properties. Analyze An intensive property is not dependent on the size or amount of the sample, while an extensive property does depend on the size or amount of a sample. Solve Of the properties listed, density, the temperature at which a phase change will occur, and the mass of a single molecule (a, b, and d) are all intensive properties. The mass of water in your body (c) is an extensive property because the value depends on the size of your body. The rate at which water flows over Niagara Falls (e) is also an extensive property because the value will vary depending on recent rainfall and even the season. Think About It Intensive properties may be used to identify a substance as they will not change based on the size or quantity of the sample used. Intensive properties are related to chemical interactions between atoms and molecules in the substance that will not change from sample to sample.

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    12 | Chapter 1 1.29. Collect and Organize In this question we think about the information needed to formulate a hypothesis. Analyze A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation. Solve To form a hypothesis we need at least one observation, experiment, or idea (from examining nature). Think About It A hypothesis that is tested and shown to be valid can become a theory. 1.30. Collect and Organize and Analyze In this question we consider how a hypothesis becomes a theory. Solve A theory is formed from a hypothesis when the hypothesis has been extensively tested by many observations and experiments. A theory is the best (current) possible explanation that is extensively supported by experimentation. Think About It A theory, tested over time, may be elevated further to become a scientific law. 1.31. Collect and Organize We are to consider whether we can disprove a hypothesis. Analyze A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation. Solve It is possible to disprove a scientific hypothesis. In fact, many experiments are designed to do just that as the best test of the hypothesis’s validity. Think About It It is even possible to disprove a theory (albeit harder to do so) or cause a theory to be modified when new evidence, a new experimental technique, or new data from a new instrument give observations that are counter to the explanation stated by the theory. 1.32. Collect and Organize In this question we are asked why the idea that all matter consists of atoms was described as a philosophy in ancient Greece, but has been referred to as the atomic theory since the 1800s. Analyze The ancient Greeks first proposed that matter was composed of small units called atoms. The term philosophy refers to a set of beliefs, while in science, a theory describes a proposal that has been validated by many experiments. Solve The key distinction is that the ancient Greeks were not able to demonstrate that their proposal was correct by conducting scientific experiments. Today, the atomic theory is universally accepted because of the sheer

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    Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science | 13 volume of evidence from various experiments and observations that support the hypothesis that matter is composed of atoms. Think About It In the 1980s, the techniques of scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy were developed to give us indirect “pictures” of atoms and molecules. 1.33. Collect and Organize We are to define theory as used in conversation. Analyze Theory in everyday conversation has a different meaning than it does in science. Solve Theory in normal conversation is someone’s idea or opinion or speculation that can easily be changed and may not have much evidence or many arguments to support it. Think About It A theory in science is a generally accepted and highly tested explanation of observed facts. 1.34. Collect and Organize We consider whether a theory can be proven. Analyze Theory in science is the best (current) possible explanation that is extensively supported by experimentation and observations. Solve Theory is nearly equivalent to fact in science, without being the absolute truth. A theory is hard to prove absolutely but has many, many supporting experiments whose observations strongly support the theory. Think About It The results of one experiment that counter the explanation for a phenomenon explained by a theory could disprove a theory, so theories may be toppled and replaced with new explanations and theories. 1.35. Collect and Organize We are to compare SI units to English units. Analyze SI units are based on a decimal system to describe basic units of mass, length, temperature, energy , and so on , whereas English units vary. Solve SI units, which were based on the original metric system, can be easily converted into a larger or smaller unit by multiplying or dividing by multiples of 10. English units are more complicated to manipulate. For example, to convert miles to feet you have to know that there are 5280 feet in 1 mile, and to convert gallons to quarts you have to know that 4 quarts are in 1 gallon. Think About It Once you can visualize a meter, a gram, and a liter, using the SI system is quite convenient.

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    14 | Chapter 1 1.36. Collect and Organize and Analyze In this question we are to suggest two reasons why SI units are not more widely used in the United States. Solve English units instead of SI units are used everywhere in the United States because many of our manufacturing facilities have been built to make parts in inches or to bottle liquids in gallons. It has also been difficult for people used to buying and measuring in the English units to convert their thinking so as to visualize a kilometer instead of a mile or a liter instead of a quart. Think About It The only widespread everyday use of an SI unit in the United States is the 2 L soda bottle. 1.37. Collect and Organize This question asks us to convert a mass in pounds to grams. There are approximately 2 pounds in a kilogram, so the mass should be just under 1000 grams. Analyze We may convert this mass using the following conversion : 453.4 g 1 lb Solve 2 453.4 g 1.65 lb 748 g or 7.48 10 g 1 lb ´ = ´ Think About It A gram is a relatively small unit of mass, so it makes sense that 1.65 pounds would contain 748 g rams ( just under one kilogram). 1.38. Collect and Organize This question asks us to convert a mass in grams to pounds. There are approximately 2 pounds in a kilogram, so the mass should be just under 2 pounds. Analyze We can convert this mass using the following conversion factor: 453.4 g 1 lb Solve 1 lb 765.4 g 1.688 lb 453.4 g ´ = Think About It Since the gram is a relatively small unit of mass, a relatively large number of grams should only amount to a few ( just under 2) pounds.

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    Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science | 15 1.39. Collect and Organize This question asks us to convert a volume in gallons to milliliters. Remember that the prefix milli - can be read as 10 − 3 . There are approximately 4 liters in a gallon, so our value (j ust under 2.5 gallons) should be approximately 10 liters, or 10,000 milliliters. Analyze We can convert gallons to liters, then liters to milliliters, using the following conversions: 3.7854 L 1000 mL , 1 gal 1 L Solve 3 3.7854 L 1000 mL 2.44 gal 9.24 10 mL 1 gal 1 L ´ ´ = ´ Think About It Since the milliliter is a relatively small unit of volume, it makes sense that a large unit like a gallon would contain many milliliters. This volume is just under our estimate of 10 liters. You may also have arrived at the same answer using the conversion 3 1 mL 1 10 L - ´ 1.40. Collect and Organize This question asks us to convert a volume in milliliters to gallons. Remember that the prefix milli - can be read as 10 − 3 . There are approximately 4 liters in a gallon, so our value should be much less than 1 gallon. Analyze We can convert milliliters to liters, then liters to gallons, using the following conversions: 1 gal 1 L , 3.7854 L 1000 mL Solve 2 1 L 1 gal 108 mL 0.0285 gal 2.85 10 gal 1000 mL 3.7854 L - ´ ´ = = ´ Think About It 108 mL is approximately 4 fluid ounces, which is significantly smaller than a gallon. 1.41. Collect and Organize We are asked to compare two lengths, expressed using different units. We should express these values using the same units to find the larger number. Analyze We can convert feet to inches, and then add this value to the 11 remaining inches to determine Peter’s height in inches. We may then convert inches to centimeters and compare Peter and Paul’s heights on the same scale. The conversions we will use are 12 in 2.54 cm , 1 ft 1 in

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