Solution Manual for Experiments in General Chemistry, 6th Edition

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iiiGUIDE forEXPERIMENTS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRYTable of ContentsLAB EQUIPMENTandRECOMMENDED LOCKER EQUIPMENT1CHEMICALS REQUIRED3Experiment 1EARLY EXPLORATIONSAND TERMINOLOGY11Experiment 2SEPARATION OF MIXTURESC17Experiment 3MEASUREMENTS AND IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUESC21Experiment 4DENSITY, ACCURACY, PRECISION AND GRAPHINGC25Experiment 5EMPIRICAL FORMULASM29Experiment 6CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS33Experiment 7QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATIONM37Experiment 8ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND ELECTROLYTES41Experiment 9IONIC REACTIONS45Experiment 10ACTIVITIES OF METALS51Experiment 11QUANTITATIVE SOLUTION CHEMISTRYM53Experiment 12THERMOCHEMISTRYC55Activity 13PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS:AN INTERNET STUDY59Experiment 14SPECTROSCOPY OF COBALT(II) IONC63Activity 15LEWIS STRUCTURES AND MOLECULAR MODELS65Experiment 16MOLECULAR POLARITY AND CHROMATOGRAPHY71

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ivExperiment 17GAS LAW STUDIESC75Experiment 18COOLING CURVES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURESC77Experiment 19WATER PURIFICATION AND ANALYSISC79Activity 20ORGANIC MODELS AND ISOMERISM81Experiment 21ACIDS AND BASES: REACTIONS AND STANDARDIZATIONM85Experiment 22ACIDS AND BASES: ANALYSISM89Experiment 23ACIDS AND BASES: pH, pKaMEASUREMENTS91Experiment 24EQUILIBRIUM - SOLUBILITY PRODUCTC95Experiment 25EQUILIBRIUM - DETERMINATION OF Keq99Experiment 26COMPLEXES103Experiment 27RATES AND MECHANISMS OF REACTIONS113Experiment 28SYNTHESIS OF COPPER(II) GLYCINATEC117Experiment 29STANDARDIZATION OF THIOSULFATEM119Experiment 30ANALYSIS OF BLEACH AND COPPER(II) GLYCINATEM121Experiment 31REDOX REACTIONS123Experiment 32ELECTROCHEMISTRYM129Experiment 33SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF ASPIRINC131Experiment 34POLYMER PROPERTIES AND SELECTION135Activity 35ADDITIONAL CHALLENGES AND EXPERIMENTS139Activity 36GRAPHING OF QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS143AppendixSOLUTIONS TO PRELABORATORY PROBLEMS147Cindicates that a centigram balance will suffice for this experiment.Mindicates that a milligram balance is recommended for this experiment.

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1GuideLabs should be equipped with:AspiratorsBalancesBeaker TongsBuret ClampsBurnersHoodsHot Plates/StirrersRingsRing SupportsTest Tube ClampsThree-Pronged ClampsSpectronic 20's or alternativeRecommended Locker Equipment:5 Beakers 100, 150, 250, 400, 600 ml.1 Clay Triangle1 Crucible1 Crucible Cover1 Crucible Tongs1 Evaporating Dish1 Flame Spreader3 Flasks, Erlenmeyer 125, 250, 500 ml.1 Flask, Florence 500 ml.1 Funnel, long stem2 Graduated Cylinders 10, 50 ml.1 Medicine Dropper1 Piece of Rubber Tubing 50 cm.1 Pinch Clamp1 Pipet, 10 ml.6 Test Tubes 13 X 100 mm.6 Test Tubes 18 X 150 mm.1 Test Tube Brush1 Test Tube Clamp1 Test Tube Rack1 Thermometer 110o C1 Wash Bottle2 Watch Glasses1 Wire Gauze

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3Chemicals Required:* means that this solution requires special preperation instructions, given in this manual.ChemicalDescriptionOrOrSupplyConcentrationExp #Qty/StudentAcetic Acid0.1M850 mlAcetic Acid0.2M510 mLAcetic Acid0.2M2325 ml*Acetic Acid/Sodium Acetate 0.1M in each2320 mlAcetone100%1625 ml2810 ml34100 mlAcetophenone100%46 ml*Adipoyl Chloride in Cyclohexane0.25M344 mlAluminum foil850 cm22150 cm2Aluminum Shot1Zero12ZeroAluminum Nitrate0.1M1Zero*Ammonia -Ammonium chloride buffer1940 DropsAmmonium Chloride0.1M2325 mlAmmonium Chloride100%123 g63 g243 gAmmonium Hydroxide0.1M850 ml2325 mlAmmonium Hydroxide3.0M2610 mlAmmonium Hydroxide6.0M910 mlAmmonium HydroxideConc.16?Ammonium Oxalate1.0M9?Ammonium Thiocyanate100%54 g244 gAntacid Tablet231Aspirin Tablet331Barium Chloride0.1M1ZeroBenzoic Acid100%18Beral pipets6, 282, 3Bleach3020 mlBoiling Chips192Borax4%345 mlBoric Acid100%51 g*Bromophenol Blue Indicator353 Drops*Bromothymol Blue Indicatior2110 Drops*1:1:1 Butanol: Ethanol:Ammonia1640 mlCalcium AcetateSaturated52 mlCalcium Chloride0.1M14 mlCalcium Chloride1.0M210 mlCalgon1915 gCandle1161

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4ChemicalDescriptionOrOrSupplyConcentrationExp #Qty/StudentCapillary Tube (Sealed End)33Carbon1ZeroCeric Ammonium Nitrate0.1M312 mlCerium(III) Nitrate0.1M1ZeroCerium(IV) Sulfate1Zero*Chromatography Paper Whatman #1162Chromium(III) Chloride0.1M1ZeroCobalt(II) Chloride0.1M1ZeroCobalt(II) Chloride1.0M161 ml*Cobalt Chloride Test Papter72 PiecesCobalt Nitrate Hexahydrate142.18 gCopper Foil Squares1 cm2105312Copper Foil Strips1 cm X 10 cm303Copper Shot1ZeroCopper Shot12ZeroCopper Wire71 Inch82 cm3250 cm3410 cmCopper(II) Acetate Monohydrate281.6 gCopper(II) Chloride0.1M1ZeroCopper(II) Hydroxide100%60.5 gCopper(II) Nitrate0.1M1ZeroCopper(II) Salts71.2 gCopper(II) Sulfate0.1M1Zero63 ml1010 ml2620 ml314 mlCopper(II) Sulfate1.0M161 ml271 Drop32140 mlCopper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate62 g71.2 g51 gCopper(II) Sulfate Anhydrous60.5 g*1,6 Diaminohexane in 0.5M NaOH344 ml*Diphenylamine in Conc. H2SO41%114 Drops*EDTA, Disodium0.00500M1925 mlElmers Glue3420 g*Eriochrome Black T194 dropsEthanol0.1M825 mlEthanol, Denatured95%615 ml1627 mlFabrics16Felt Tip Pens16

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5ChemicalDescriptionOrOrSupplyConcentrationExp #Qty/StudentFilter Paper5.5 cm281Filter Paper12.5 cm2162192321Food Coloring11 DropGlass Rod81Glass Tubing6 mm11 meterGlass Wool51 gGlucose0.1M825 mlGlucose80 g/liter115 mlGlycine100%281.3 gGreen Grass1610 gGuar Gum341 gHydrochloric Acid0.001M2350 mlHydrochloric Acid0.01M2325 mlHydrochloric Acid0.1M2325 ml30150 mlHydrochloric Acid0.1M Or 0.2MUnknown Standard2350 mlHydrochloric Acid0.5M Standard3515 mlHydrochloric Acid1.0M825 mlHydrochloric Acid2.0M1250 mLHydrochloric Acid3.0M16 ml62 ml216 ml294 mlHydrochloric Acid6.0M210 Drops65 ml510 ml1725 ml167 ml293 ml3020 ml1910 mlHydrochloric Acid6.0M215 ml2640 Drops311 DropHydrogen Peroxide3%550 ml314 mlIce241829Iodine100%1Zero100%51.21x10-4M2525 ml

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6ChemicalDescriptionOrOrSupplyConcentrationExp #Qty/StudentIodine Water Saturated165 ml312 mlIon Exchange Resin H+ Form1915 gIron Filings1ZeroIron (Steel Wool)105 g*Iron(III) Chloride0.05M HCL33600 ml*Iron(III) Chloride0.1M12 mlIron(III) Chloride0.5M161 mlIron(III) Chloride100%1ZeroIron(III) Nitrate0.1M1010 mlIron(II) Sulfide100%26ZeroKerosene100%1730 mlLauric Acid100%214 gLead Shot1Zero12ZeroLead Chromate100%1ZeroLead Iodide100%1ZeroLead Nitrate100%1ZeroLithium Chloride0.1M1Zero95 mlLithium Chloride100%123 gLithium Sulfate0.5M910 mlMagnesiumRibbon1Zero52 cm1010 cm312 cmMagnesium Chloride0.1M1ZeroMagnesium Chloride0.1M2620 mlMagnesium Nitrate0.1M910 mlMagnesium Sulfate0.1M55 ml1010 mlMagnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate54 g910 mlMaleic Acid0.1M Or 0.2M2320 mlManganese100%67 gManganese(II) Chloride0.1M1ZeroManganese(II) Chloride1.0M161 mlManganese Dioxide100%60.1 g*Mercury(I) Nitrate0.1M1Zero*Mercury(II) Nitrate0.1M1ZeroMethylene Blue0.4 g/L110 DropsMethylene Blue0.4 g/L1610 Drops*Methyl OrangeIndicator2110 Drops353 DropsNickelShot12ZeroNickel(II) Chloride0.1M1Zero

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7ChemicalDescriptionOrOrSupplyConcentrationExp #Qty/StudentNitric Acid2.0M1250 mlPencils81161*pH 4 Buffer2325 ml*pH 7 Buffer2325 ml*Phenolphthalein Indicator2119 Drops2318 DropsPhenylcarbonate100%3Phosphorous, Red100%1ZeroPlastic Strips81*Polyvinyl Alcohol4%345 mlPotassium Acetate100%51 gPotassium Biphthalate100%213.6 gPotassium Bitartrate100%241 gPotassium Bromide0.1M312 mlPotassium Chloride0.1M1ZeroPotassium Chloride0.2M2730 mlPotassium Chloride100%241 gPotassium Chromate100%1ZeroPotassium Ferricyanide0.1M1Zero312 mlPotassium Ferricyanide1%116 DropsPotassium Ferrocyanide0.1M1Zero268 mlPotassium Ferrocyanide Trihydrate111.1 gPotassium Hydroxide64 g/L115 mlPotassium Hydroxide3.0M126 mlPotassium Iodate0.1M312 mlPotassium Iodide2.00x10-3M2515 mlPotassium Iodide0.1M318 mlPotassium Iodide0.2M27230 mlPotassium Iodide0.5 M2510 mlPotassium Iodide100%294.5 g306 gPotassium Nitrate0.1M12 mlPotassium Nitrate1.0M3220 mlPotassium Permanganate0.1M1Zero*Potassium Persulfate0.10M24230 mlPotassium Phosphate1.0M910 mlPotassium Sulfate0.1M2730 mlPotassium Thiocyanate0.1M12 mlPotassium Thiocyanate1.0M2615 ml1 Propanol100%2820 ml*Rubber Rings33Sand161 gSilicon100%1Zero

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8ChemicalDescriptionOrOrSupplyConcentrationExp #Qty/StudentSilver Nitrate0.1M1Zero1910 DropsSodium Acetate0.1M1Zero2325 mlSodium Bicarbonate0.1M2325 mlSodium Bromide0.1M1ZeroSodium Carbonate0.1M1Zero1920 Drops2325 mlSodium Carbonate1.0M12 ml210 ml74 ml910 ml219 mlSodium Chlorate0.1M1ZeroSodium Chloride1 X 10-5M825 mlSodium Chloride1 X 10-3M825 mlSodium Chloride0.1M1ZeroSodium Chloride0.1M825 ml95 ml1920 Drops2325 mlSodium Chloride5%4UnknownSodium Chloride10%4UnknownSodium Chloride15%4UnknownSodium Chloride20%4UnknownSodium ChlorideSaturated26 mlSodium Chromate0.1M1ZeroSodium Dichromate0.1M1ZeroSodium Hydroxide0.1M1Zero219 ml2325 mlSodium Hydroxide0.2M Standard22100 ml from Exp2123100 ml from Exp2135100 ml from Exp21Sodium Hydroxide1.0M1250 mL2150 Drops3310 mlSodium Hydroxide2.0M12100 mLSodium Hydroxide3.0M12 ml77 ml910 ml216 ml2615 ml

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9ChemicalDescriptionOrOrSupplyConcentrationExp #Qty/StudentSodium Hydroxide6.0M710 ml126 mlSodium HydroxidePellets218 gSodium Iodate0.1M1ZeroSodium Iodide0.1M1ZeroSodium Nitrate0.1M1Zero72 mlSodium Oxalate0.1M1ZeroSodium Phosphate0.1M1Zero72 ml2612 mlSodium Salicylate100%330.4 gSodium Sulfate0.01M32250 mlSodium Sulfate0.1M1Zero1010 mlSodium Sulfate1.0M910 ml?160.5 mlSodium SulfateDecahydrate51 gSodium Sulfite0.1M1ZeroSodium Thiocyanate0.1M1ZeroSodium Thiosulfate0.1M1ZeroSodium Thiosulfate1.0M314 mlSodium ThiosulfatePentahydrate298.2 g*Sodium Thiosulfate/Starch0.005M/0.4%27130 ml*Solution 0.1M in Mg, Na, Li, Sr91 ml*Solution A2120 ml*Solution B2110 ml*Solution C2110 ml*Solution A3410 ml*Solution B3410 ml*Solution C3410 ml*Starch Indicator0.4%296 ml3012 mlSteel Ball Bearings1210 gSteel Wool105 g321 gStrontium Chloride0.1M1Zero51 ml910 mlStrontium ChlorideHexahydrate54 gStrontium HydroxideOctahydrate67 gStrontium HydroxideOctahydrate247 gSulfur100%1Zero

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10ChemicalDescriptionOrOrSupplyConcentrationExp #Qty/StudentSulfuric Acid0.05M3070 mlSulfuric Acid0.1M850 mlSulfuric Acid1.5M915 mlSulfuric Acid3.0M72 ml1120 mlSulfuric Acid3.0M162 Drops*Tin(II) Chloride0.1M1Zero*Tin(IV) Chloride0.1M1Zero*VanillinCrude22 g*VinegarUnknown2215 mlWhite Paper111 PieceWood Splints1181213ZincShot1Zero76 g12ZeroZincRibbon 1 cm262105171 g312ZincRibbon 1X10 cm321Zinc20 mesh granular51.2Zinc Nitrate0.1M1Zero2620 mlZinc Sulfate0.1M73 ml55 ml1010 ml314 mlZinc Sulfate1.0M2936 ml3280 mlZinc Sulfate Heptahydrate54 gZinc tablets (50 mg)111* means that this solution requires special preperation instructions, given in this manual.

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Experiment 111Experiment 1 - Early Explorations and TerminologyChemicals And Supplies:0.1M aluminum nitrate (demo), 0.1M barium chloride (demo), 0.1M calcium chloride (4 ml anddemo), candle (1), 0.1M cerium (III) nitrate (demo), cerium(IV) sulfate (demo), 0.1M chromium(III) chloride (demo), 0.1M cobalt (II) chloride (demo), cobalt(II) nitrate (demo), cobalt(II) sulfate(demo), 0.1M copper (II) chloride (demo), food coloring (1 drop), 6 mm glass tubing (1 meter), 80g/L glucose (15 ml), 3.0M hydrochloric acid (6 ml), iodine (demo), 0.1M iron (III) chloride (2 mland demo), 0.1M lead (II) nitrate (demo), 0.1M lithium chloride (demo), magnesium ribbon(demo), 0.1M magnesium chloride (demo), 0.1M manganese (II) chloride (demo), match (1), 0.1Mmercury (I) nitrate * (demo), 0.1M mercury (II) nitrate *(demo), 0.4 g/L methylene blue(10drops), paper (preferably newspaper (1 sheet/student), 0.1M nickel (II) chloride (demo), 0.1Mpotassium chloride (demo), 0.1M potassium ferricyanide (demo), 0.1M potassium ferrocyanide(demo), 64 g/L potassium hydroxide (15 ml), 0.1M potassium nitrate (2 ml), 0.1M potassiumpermanganate (demo), 0.1M potassium thiocyanate (2 ml), 0.1M silver nitrate (demo), 0.1Msodium acetate (demo) 0.1M sodium bromide (demo), 0.1M sodium carbonate (2 ml and demo),1.0M sodium carbonate (2 ml), 0.1M sodium chlorate (demo), 0.1M sodium chloride (demo),0.1M sodium chromate (demo), solid sodium chromate (demo), 0.1M sodium dichromate (demo),0.1M sodium hydroxide (demo), 3.0M sodium hydroxide (2 ml), 0.1M sodium iodate (demo),0.1M sodium iodide (demo), 0.1M sodium nitrate (demo), 0.1M sodium oxalate (demo), 0.1Msodium phosphate (demo), 0.1M sodium sulfate (demo), 0.1M sodium sulfite (demo), sodiumtetraborate (2.1 g), 0.1M sodium thiocyanate (demo), 0.1M sodium thiosulfate (demo), 0.1Mstrontium chloride (demo), 0.1M tin (II) chloride (demo), 0.1M tin (IV) chloride (demo), woodsplints (1), 0.1M zinc nitrate (demo).Equipment:100 ml beaker, 150 ml beaker, 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask, flame spreader, 1 gas bottle, 100x20 mmPetri dish, 50 ml graduated cylinder, molecular models, stir rod, 5-18 X 150 mm test tubes, wiregauze.General Instructions:1 .Time:4 hours2 .Safety precautionsa.Burning wooden splints should be placed in fireproof recepticles.b.Students should be warned that hot glass looks like cold glass. A student candetect if a glass piece is still hot by holding his hand over it. Hot glass produceswarm convection currents. Students should place hot glass pieces on a wiregauze to protect the lab bench.c.There are several very toxic compounds students will be observing in thisexperiment. These chemicals should be in sealed containers and labeled"poison".

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Experiment 112d.Thiocyanate ion reacts with oxidizing agents to produce a foul smelling volatilecompound (possibly thiocyanogen). Be certain that waste thiocyanate is notdisposed of in a sink or container where it might come into contact withoxidizing agents. Thiocyanate ion is also supposed to decompose with heat or inthe presence of strong concentrated acids to produce poisonous hydrogencyanide. Precautions should also be taken against these possibilities.e.3M hydrochloric acid and 3M sodium hydroxide are somewhat corrosive.f.Some demonstration chemicals used in this experiment (e.g. Ba, Hg) presentdisposal problems. They should be stored from semester to semester (or quarterto quarter) rather than disposed of.3.Special chemicals and unknowns: (the mercury solutions are for demonstrationpurposes only and should be stored for repeated use in sealed vials)a.0.1M mercury (I) nitrate is prepared by dissolving 56.2 grams ofHg2(NO3)2▪2H2O in 200 ml of 6M nitric acid and diluting to a liter.b.0.1M mercury (II) nitrate is prepared by dissolving 32.4 grams of Hg(NO3)2 in50 ml of 6M nitric acid and diluting to a liter.c.There are no unknowns in this experiment.4.Comments:a.Chemicals for part I should be put in small sealed vials. They maybe stored and used again the following semester or quarter.b.The blue color of the solution in the "mystery flask" (part J) slowly fades as theglucose reduces the methylene blue to a colorless compound. When the mixtureis swirled, oxygen from the air reoxidizes the methylene blue and the blue colorreturns. It may take several minutes for the color to fade initially. Thepotassium hydroxide solution is necessary because the reaction takes place onlyin base.Prelaboratory Problems Solutionsare in theAppendix.Experiment 1 - Results and DiscussionA.The meniscus.1.The meniscus between water and glass should be concave upward.3.Why is water level higher near the glass than in the middle?

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Experiment 113B.The candle flame.3.Further observations:a.beaker partially over burning candle -condensation of water on insideb.stirring rod next to extinguished wick -slight deposit of waxc.burning match approaching extinguished wick -candle reignites beforematch reaches wick4.Was your first explanation (question 2) correct or do you want to modify it or suggest anew one? Explain your answer.The paraffin vapor is burning. When the beaker is held over a burning candle, watervapor collects on the inside. Paraffin collects on a stir rod held above the candle justafter it has been extinguished and the match reignites before the match reaches it..D.Rate Of Mixing1.Initial observations:Initially in the cold water, the food color will fall to the bottom of the beakerleaving a color trail. In the hot water mixing occurs very rapidly.2.Observations about 1/2 hour later:After 1/2 hour even the cold water solution should be approaching homogeneity.3.When two aqueous solutions are introduced into the same container, is stirringneeded to achieve a homogeneous system? Explain your answer.Yes, at low temperatures the mixing process is slow and if one solution isdenser than the other there is a tendency to form layesr.4.How would you stir a solution freshly prepared in a volumetric flask?By stoppering, inverting and swirling the flask several times.E.Tearing PaperThe paper should tear rather straight in one direction and curve rapidly toward thefavored direction when the paper is torn at right angles. Apparently industrialpreparation of the paper leads to preferential alignment of the fibers or cellulosepolymers in one direction. Tearing it one direction then requires breaking of weakerintermolecular forces while tearing in the other direction involves an attempt to breakintramolecular bonds.

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Experiment 114F.Chemistry reference.acetic acidformulaC2H3O2or HC2H3O2b.p.117.9oCm.p.16.6oCTDLo1.47 mg/kgLD503310 mg/kgMeaning of TDLolowest published toxic doseMeaning of LD50lethal dose to kill half the populationHousehold product(s) that contain acetic acidvinegar (about 5% acetic acid),cleaning agents, picklepreservativeH.Solutions.1 –6.Both of the 0.05 g portions of sodium tetraborate decahydrate should dissolvefairly readily. The additional 2 g will result in a saturated solution and most willnot dissolve until the solution is heated. The solid will dissolve upon heatingand slow cooling results in the formation of neat looking crystals.I.Colors.1.List the colored cations and their colors.Ce3+yellowCr3+greenCo2+red or pinkCu2+blueFe3+yellowNi2+green2.Can you make any generalizations about color versus position in the periodicchart?Apparently color is only common among the transition metal ions.3.List the colored anions and their colors.CrO42-YellowCr2O72-OrangeFe(CN)63-Yellow to orangeFe(CN)64-Light YellowMnO4-Magenta

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