Skip to content
Textbook Guides

Solution Manual for Experiments in General Chemistry, 6th Edition

Solution Manual for Experiments in General Chemistry, 6th Edition offers a comprehensive guide to solving every question in your textbook, helping you master the material.

Preview 16 of 169 pages

See the first 16 pages exactly as they appear in the document.

  1. Page 1
    Read page 1 as text

    iii GUIDE for EXPERIMENTS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY Table of Contents LAB EQUIPMENT and RECOMMENDED LOCKER EQUIPMENT 1 CHEMICALS REQUIRED 3 Experiment 1 EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 11 Experiment 2 SEPARATION OF MIXTURES C 17 Experiment 3 MEASUREMENTS AND IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES C 21 Experiment 4 DENSITY, ACCURACY, PRECISION AND GRAPHING C 25 Experiment 5 EMPIRICAL FORMULAS M 29 Experiment 6 CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 33 Experiment 7 QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION M 37 Experiment 8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND ELECTROLYTES 41 Experiment 9 IONIC REACTIONS 45 Experiment 10 ACTIVITIES OF METALS 51 Experiment 11 QUANTITATIVE SOLUTION CHEMISTRY M 53 Experiment 12 THERMOCHEMISTRY C 55 Activity 13 PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS: AN INTERNET STUDY 59 Experiment 14 SPECTROSCOPY OF COBALT(II) ION C 63 Activity 15 LEWIS STRUCTURES AND MOLECULAR MODELS 65 Experiment 16 MOLECULAR POLARITY AND CHROMATOGRAPHY 71

  2. Page 2
  3. Page 3
    Read page 3 as text

    iv Experiment 17 GAS LAW STUDIES C 75 Experiment 18 COOLING CURVES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES C 77 Experiment 19 WATER PURIFICATION AND ANALYSIS C 79 Activity 20 ORGANIC MODELS AND ISOMERISM 81 Experiment 21 ACIDS AND BASES: REACTIONS AND STANDARDIZATION M 85 Experiment 22 ACIDS AND BASES: ANALYSIS M 89 Experiment 23 ACIDS AND BASES: pH, pK a MEASUREMENTS 91 Experiment 24 EQUILIBRIUM - SOLUBILITY PRODUCT C 95 Experiment 25 EQUILIBRIUM - DETERMINATION OF K eq 99 Experiment 26 COMPLEXES 103 Experiment 27 RATES AND MECHANISMS OF REACTIONS 113 Experiment 28 SYNTHESIS OF COPPER(II) GLYCINATE C 117 Experiment 29 STANDARDIZATION OF THIOSULFATE M 119 Experiment 30 ANALYSIS OF BLEACH AND COPPER(II) GLYCINATE M 121 Experiment 31 REDOX REACTIONS 123 Experiment 32 ELECTROCHEMISTRY M 129 Experiment 33 SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN C 131 Experiment 34 POLYMER PROPERTIES AND SELECTION 135 Activity 35 ADDITIONAL CHALLENGES AND EXPERIMENTS 139 Activity 36 GRAPHING OF QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS 143 Appendix SOLUTIONS TO PRELABORATORY PROBLEMS 147 C indicates that a centigram balance will suffice for this experiment. M indicates that a milligram balance is recommended for this experiment.

  4. Page 4
    Read page 4 as text

    1 Guide Labs should be equipped with: Aspirators Balances Beaker Tongs Buret Clamps Burners Hoods Hot Plates/Stirrers Rings Ring Supports Test Tube Clamps Three-Pronged Clamps Spectronic 20's or alternative Recommended Locker Equipment: 5 Beakers 100, 150, 250, 400, 600 ml. 1 Clay Triangle 1 Crucible 1 Crucible Cover 1 Crucible Tongs 1 Evaporating Dish 1 Flame Spreader 3 Flasks, Erlenmeyer 125, 250, 500 ml. 1 Flask, Florence 500 ml. 1 Funnel, long stem 2 Graduated Cylinders 10, 50 ml. 1 Medicine Dropper 1 Piece of Rubber Tubing 50 cm. 1 Pinch Clamp 1 Pipet, 10 ml. 6 Test Tubes 13 X 100 mm. 6 Test Tubes 18 X 150 mm. 1 Test Tube Brush 1 Test Tube Clamp 1 Test Tube Rack 1 Thermometer 110 o C 1 Wash Bottle 2 Watch Glasses 1 Wire Gauze

  5. Page 5
    Read page 5 as text

    3 Chemicals Required: * means that this solution requires special preperation instructions, given in this manual. Chemical Description Or Or Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student Acetic Acid 0.1M 8 50 ml Acetic Acid 0.2M 5 10 mL Acetic Acid 0.2M 23 25 ml *Acetic Acid/Sodium Acetate 0.1M in each 23 20 ml Acetone 100% 16 25 ml 28 10 ml 34 100 ml Acetophenone 100% 4 6 ml *Adipoyl Chloride in Cyclohexane 0.25M 34 4 ml Aluminum foil 8 50 cm 2 21 50 cm 2 Aluminum Shot 1 Zero 12 Zero Aluminum Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero *Ammonia -Ammonium chloride buffer 19 40 Drops Ammonium Chloride 0.1M 23 25 ml Ammonium Chloride 100% 12 3 g 6 3 g 24 3 g Ammonium Hydroxide 0.1M 8 50 ml 23 25 ml Ammonium Hydroxide 3.0M 26 10 ml Ammonium Hydroxide 6.0M 9 10 ml Ammonium Hydroxide Conc. 16 ? Ammonium Oxalate 1.0M 9 ? Ammonium Thiocyanate 100% 5 4 g 24 4 g Antacid Tablet 23 1 Aspirin Tablet 33 1 Barium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero Benzoic Acid 100% 18 Beral pipets 6, 28 2, 3 Bleach 30 20 ml Boiling Chips 19 2 Borax 4% 34 5 ml Boric Acid 100% 5 1 g *Bromophenol Blue Indicator 35 3 Drops *Bromothymol Blue Indicatior 21 10 Drops *1:1:1 Butanol: Ethanol:Ammonia 16 40 ml Calcium Acetate Saturated 5 2 ml Calcium Chloride 0.1M 1 4 ml Calcium Chloride 1.0M 2 10 ml Calgon 19 15 g Candle 1 1 6 1

  6. Page 6
    Read page 6 as text

    4 Chemical Description Or Or Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student Capillary Tube (Sealed End) 3 3 Carbon 1 Zero Ceric Ammonium Nitrate 0.1M 31 2 ml Cerium(III) Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero Cerium(IV) Sulfate 1 Zero *Chromatography Paper Whatman #1 16 2 Chromium(III) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero Cobalt(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero Cobalt(II) Chloride 1.0M 16 1 ml *Cobalt Chloride Test Papter 7 2 Pieces Cobalt Nitrate Hexahydrate 14 2.18 g Copper Foil Squares 1 cm 2 10 5 31 2 Copper Foil Strips 1 cm X 10 cm 30 3 Copper Shot 1 Zero Copper Shot 12 Zero Copper Wire 7 1 Inch 8 2 cm 32 50 cm 34 10 cm Copper(II) Acetate Monohydrate 28 1.6 g Copper(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero Copper(II) Hydroxide 100% 6 0.5 g Copper(II) Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero Copper(II) Salts 7 1.2 g Copper(II) Sulfate 0.1M 1 Zero 6 3 ml 10 10 ml 26 20 ml 31 4 ml Copper(II) Sulfate 1.0M 16 1 ml 27 1 Drop 32 140 ml Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate 6 2 g 7 1.2 g 5 1 g Copper(II) Sulfate Anhydrous 6 0.5 g *1,6 Diaminohexane in 0.5M NaOH 34 4 ml *Diphenylamine in Conc. H 2 SO 4 1% 11 4 Drops *EDTA, Disodium 0.00500M 19 25 ml Elmers Glue 34 20 g *Eriochrome Black T 19 4 drops Ethanol 0.1M 8 25 ml Ethanol, Denatured 95% 6 15 ml 16 27 ml Fabrics 16 Felt Tip Pens 16

  7. Page 7
    Read page 7 as text

    5 Chemical Description Or Or Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student Filter Paper 5.5 cm 28 1 Filter Paper 12.5 cm 2 1 6 2 19 2 32 1 Food Coloring 1 1 Drop Glass Rod 8 1 Glass Tubing 6 mm 1 1 meter Glass Wool 5 1 g Glucose 0.1M 8 25 ml Glucose 80 g/liter 1 15 ml Glycine 100% 28 1.3 g Green Grass 16 10 g Guar Gum 34 1 g Hydrochloric Acid 0.001M 23 50 ml Hydrochloric Acid 0.01M 23 25 ml Hydrochloric Acid 0.1M 23 25 ml 30 150 ml Hydrochloric Acid 0.1M Or 0.2M Unknown Standard 23 50 ml Hydrochloric Acid 0.5M Standard 35 15 ml Hydrochloric Acid 1.0M 8 25 ml Hydrochloric Acid 2.0M 12 50 mL Hydrochloric Acid 3.0M 1 6 ml 6 2 ml 21 6 ml 29 4 ml Hydrochloric Acid 6.0M 2 10 Drops 6 5 ml 5 10 ml 17 25 ml 16 7 ml 29 3 ml 30 20 ml 19 10 ml Hydrochloric Acid 6.0M 21 5 ml 26 40 Drops 31 1 Drop Hydrogen Peroxide 3% 5 50 ml 31 4 ml Ice 2 4 18 29 Iodine 100% 1 Zero 100% 5 1.2 1x10 -4 M 25 25 ml

  8. Page 8
    Read page 8 as text

    6 Chemical Description Or Or Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student Iodine Water Saturated 16 5 ml 31 2 ml Ion Exchange Resin H + Form 19 15 g Iron Filings 1 Zero Iron (Steel Wool) 10 5 g *Iron(III) Chloride 0.05M HCL 33 600 ml *Iron(III) Chloride 0.1M 1 2 ml Iron(III) Chloride 0.5M 16 1 ml Iron(III) Chloride 100% 1 Zero Iron(III) Nitrate 0.1M 10 10 ml Iron(II) Sulfide 100% 26 Zero Kerosene 100% 17 30 ml Lauric Acid 100% 21 4 g Lead Shot 1 Zero 12 Zero Lead Chromate 100% 1 Zero Lead Iodide 100% 1 Zero Lead Nitrate 100% 1 Zero Lithium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero 9 5 ml Lithium Chloride 100% 12 3 g Lithium Sulfate 0.5M 9 10 ml Magnesium Ribbon 1 Zero 5 2 cm 10 10 cm 31 2 cm Magnesium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero Magnesium Chloride 0.1M 26 20 ml Magnesium Nitrate 0.1M 9 10 ml Magnesium Sulfate 0.1M 5 5 ml 10 10 ml Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate 5 4 g 9 10 ml Maleic Acid 0.1M Or 0.2M 23 20 ml Manganese 100% 6 7 g Manganese(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero Manganese(II) Chloride 1.0M 16 1 ml Manganese Dioxide 100% 6 0.1 g *Mercury(I) Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero *Mercury(II) Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero Methylene Blue 0.4 g/L 1 10 Drops Methylene Blue 0.4 g/L 16 10 Drops *Methyl Orange Indicator 21 10 Drops 35 3 Drops Nickel Shot 12 Zero Nickel(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero

  9. Page 9
    Read page 9 as text

    7 Chemical Description Or Or Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student Nitric Acid 2.0M 12 50 ml Pencils 8 1 16 1 *pH 4 Buffer 23 25 ml *pH 7 Buffer 23 25 ml *Phenolphthalein Indicator 21 19 Drops 23 18 Drops Phenylcarbonate 100% 3 Phosphorous, Red 100% 1 Zero Plastic Strips 8 1 *Polyvinyl Alcohol 4% 34 5 ml Potassium Acetate 100% 5 1 g Potassium Biphthalate 100% 21 3.6 g Potassium Bitartrate 100% 24 1 g Potassium Bromide 0.1M 31 2 ml Potassium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero Potassium Chloride 0.2M 27 30 ml Potassium Chloride 100% 24 1 g Potassium Chromate 100% 1 Zero Potassium Ferricyanide 0.1M 1 Zero 31 2 ml Potassium Ferricyanide 1% 11 6 Drops Potassium Ferrocyanide 0.1M 1 Zero 26 8 ml Potassium Ferrocyanide Trihydrate 11 1.1 g Potassium Hydroxide 64 g/L 1 15 ml Potassium Hydroxide 3.0M 12 6 ml Potassium Iodate 0.1M 31 2 ml Potassium Iodide 2.00x10 -3 M 25 15 ml Potassium Iodide 0.1M 31 8 ml Potassium Iodide 0.2M 27 230 ml Potassium Iodide 0.5 M 25 10 ml Potassium Iodide 100% 29 4.5 g 30 6 g Potassium Nitrate 0.1M 1 2 ml Potassium Nitrate 1.0M 32 20 ml Potassium Permanganate 0.1M 1 Zero *Potassium Persulfate 0.10M 24 230 ml Potassium Phosphate 1.0M 9 10 ml Potassium Sulfate 0.1M 27 30 ml Potassium Thiocyanate 0.1M 1 2 ml Potassium Thiocyanate 1.0M 26 15 ml 1 Propanol 100% 28 20 ml *Rubber Rings 3 3 Sand 16 1 g Silicon 100% 1 Zero

  10. Page 10
    Read page 10 as text

    8 Chemical Description Or Or Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student Silver Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero 19 10 Drops Sodium Acetate 0.1M 1 Zero 23 25 ml Sodium Bicarbonate 0.1M 23 25 ml Sodium Bromide 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Carbonate 0.1M 1 Zero 19 20 Drops 23 25 ml Sodium Carbonate 1.0M 1 2 ml 2 10 ml 7 4 ml 9 10 ml 21 9 ml Sodium Chlorate 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Chloride 1 X 10 -5 M 8 25 ml Sodium Chloride 1 X 10 -3 M 8 25 ml Sodium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Chloride 0.1M 8 25 ml 9 5 ml 19 20 Drops 23 25 ml Sodium Chloride 5% 4 Unknown Sodium Chloride 10% 4 Unknown Sodium Chloride 15% 4 Unknown Sodium Chloride 20% 4 Unknown Sodium Chloride Saturated 2 6 ml Sodium Chromate 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Dichromate 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Hydroxide 0.1M 1 Zero 21 9 ml 23 25 ml Sodium Hydroxide 0.2M Standard 22 100 ml from Exp21 23 100 ml from Exp21 35 100 ml from Exp21 Sodium Hydroxide 1.0M 12 50 mL 21 50 Drops 33 10 ml Sodium Hydroxide 2.0M 12 100 mL Sodium Hydroxide 3.0M 1 2 ml 7 7 ml 9 10 ml 21 6 ml 26 15 ml

  11. Page 11
    Read page 11 as text

    9 Chemical Description Or Or Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student Sodium Hydroxide 6.0M 7 10 ml 12 6 ml Sodium Hydroxide Pellets 21 8 g Sodium Iodate 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Iodide 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero 7 2 ml Sodium Oxalate 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Phosphate 0.1M 1 Zero 7 2 ml 26 12 ml Sodium Salicylate 100% 33 0.4 g Sodium Sulfate 0.01M 32 250 ml Sodium Sulfate 0.1M 1 Zero 10 10 ml Sodium Sulfate 1.0M 9 10 ml? 16 0.5 ml Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate 5 1 g Sodium Sulfite 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Thiocyanate 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Thiosulfate 0.1M 1 Zero Sodium Thiosulfate 1.0M 31 4 ml Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate 29 8.2 g *Sodium Thiosulfate/Starch 0.005M/0.4% 27 130 ml *Solution 0.1M in Mg, Na, Li, Sr 9 1 ml *Solution A 21 20 ml *Solution B 21 10 ml *Solution C 21 10 ml *Solution A 34 10 ml *Solution B 34 10 ml *Solution C 34 10 ml *Starch Indicator 0.4% 29 6 ml 30 12 ml Steel Ball Bearings 12 10 g Steel Wool 10 5 g 32 1 g Strontium Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero 5 1 ml 9 10 ml Strontium Chloride Hexahydrate 5 4 g Strontium Hydroxide Octahydrate 6 7 g Strontium Hydroxide Octahydrate 24 7 g Sulfur 100% 1 Zero

  12. Page 12
    Read page 12 as text

    10 Chemical Description Or Or Supply Concentration Exp # Qty/Student Sulfuric Acid 0.05M 30 70 ml Sulfuric Acid 0.1M 8 50 ml Sulfuric Acid 1.5M 9 15 ml Sulfuric Acid 3.0M 7 2 ml 11 20 ml Sulfuric Acid 3.0M 16 2 Drops *Tin(II) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero *Tin(IV) Chloride 0.1M 1 Zero * Vanillin Crude 2 2 g *Vinegar Unknown 22 15 ml White Paper 11 1 Piece Wood Splints 1 1 8 1 21 3 Zinc Shot 1 Zero 7 6 g 12 Zero Zinc Ribbon 1 cm 2 6 2 10 5 17 1 g 31 2 Zinc Ribbon 1X10 cm 32 1 Zinc 20 mesh granular 5 1.2 Zinc Nitrate 0.1M 1 Zero 26 20 ml Zinc Sulfate 0.1M 7 3 ml 5 5 ml 10 10 ml 31 4 ml Zinc Sulfate 1.0M 29 36 ml 32 80 ml Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate 5 4 g Zinc tablets (50 mg) 11 1 * means that this solution requires special preperation instructions, given in this manual.

  13. Page 13
    Read page 13 as text

    Experiment 1 11 Experiment 1 - Early Explorations and Terminology Chemicals And Supplies: 0.1M aluminum nitrate (demo), 0.1M barium chloride (demo), 0.1M calcium chloride (4 ml and demo), candle (1), 0.1M cerium (III) nitrate (demo), cerium(IV) sulfate (demo), 0.1M chromium (III) chloride (demo), 0.1M cobalt (II) chloride (demo), cobalt(II) nitrate (demo), cobalt(II) sulfate (demo), 0.1M copper (II) chloride (demo), food coloring (1 drop), 6 mm glass tubing (1 meter), 80 g/L glucose (15 ml), 3.0M hydrochloric acid (6 ml), iodine (demo), 0.1M iron (III) chloride (2 ml and demo), 0.1M lead (II) nitrate (demo), 0.1M lithium chloride (demo), magnesium ribbon (demo), 0.1M magnesium chloride (demo), 0.1M manganese (II) chloride (demo), match (1), 0.1M mercury (I) nitrate * (demo), 0.1M mercury (II) nitrate *(demo), 0.4 g/L methylene blue(10 drops), paper (preferably newspaper (1 sheet/student), 0.1M nickel (II) chloride (demo), 0.1M potassium chloride (demo), 0.1M potassium ferricyanide (demo), 0.1M potassium ferrocyanide (demo), 64 g/L potassium hydroxide (15 ml), 0.1M potassium nitrate (2 ml), 0.1M potassium permanganate (demo), 0.1M potassium thiocyanate (2 ml), 0.1M silver nitrate (demo), 0.1M sodium acetate (demo) 0.1M sodium bromide (demo), 0.1M sodium carbonate (2 ml and demo), 1.0M sodium carbonate (2 ml), 0.1M sodium chlorate (demo), 0.1M sodium chloride (demo), 0.1M sodium chromate (demo), solid sodium chromate (demo), 0.1M sodium dichromate (demo), 0.1M sodium hydroxide (demo), 3.0M sodium hydroxide (2 ml), 0.1M sodium iodate (demo), 0.1M sodium iodide (demo), 0.1M sodium nitrate (demo), 0.1M sodium oxalate (demo), 0.1M sodium phosphate (demo), 0.1M sodium sulfate (demo), 0.1M sodium sulfite (demo), sodium tetraborate (2.1 g), 0.1M sodium thiocyanate (demo), 0.1M sodium thiosulfate (demo), 0.1M strontium chloride (demo), 0.1M tin (II) chloride (demo), 0.1M tin (IV) chloride (demo), wood splints (1), 0.1M zinc nitrate (demo). Equipment: 100 ml beaker, 150 ml beaker, 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask, flame spreader, 1 gas bottle, 100x20 mm Petri dish, 50 ml graduated cylinder, molecular models, stir rod, 5-18 X 150 mm test tubes, wire gauze. General Instructions: 1 . Time: 4 hours 2 . Safety precautions a. Burning wooden splints should be placed in fireproof recepticles. b. Students should be warned that hot glass looks like cold glass. A student can detect if a glass piece is still hot by holding his hand over it. Hot glass produces warm convection currents. Students should place hot glass pieces on a wire gauze to protect the lab bench. c. There are several very toxic compounds students will be observing in this experiment. These chemicals should be in sealed containers and labeled "poison".

  14. Page 14
    Read page 14 as text

    Experiment 1 12 d. Thiocyanate ion reacts with oxidizing agents to produce a foul smelling volatile compound (possibly thiocyanogen). Be certain that waste thiocyanate is not disposed of in a sink or container where it might come into contact with oxidizing agents. Thiocyanate ion is also supposed to decompose with heat or in the presence of strong concentrated acids to produce poisonous hydrogen cyanide. Precautions should also be taken against these possibilities. e. 3M hydrochloric acid and 3M sodium hydroxide are somewhat corrosive. f. Some demonstration chemicals used in this experiment (e.g. Ba, Hg) present disposal problems. They should be stored from semester to semester (or quarter to quarter) rather than disposed of. 3. Special chemicals and unknowns: (the mercury solutions are for demonstration purposes only and should be stored for repeated use in sealed vials) a. 0.1M mercury (I) nitrate is prepared by dissolving 56.2 grams of Hg 2 (NO 3 ) 2 ▪ 2H 2 O in 200 ml of 6M nitric acid and diluting to a liter. b. 0.1M mercury (II) nitrate is prepared by dissolving 32.4 grams of Hg(NO 3 ) 2 in 50 ml of 6M nitric acid and diluting to a liter. c. There are no unknowns in this experiment. 4. Comments: a. Chemicals for part I should be put in small sealed vials. They may be stored and used again the following semester or quarter. b. The blue color of the solution in the "mystery flask" (part J) slowly fades as the glucose reduces the methylene blue to a colorless compound. When the mixture is swirled, oxygen from the air reoxidizes the methylene blue and the blue color returns. It may take several minutes for the color to fade initially. The potassium hydroxide solution is necessary because the reaction takes place only in base. Prelaboratory Problems Solutions are in the Appendix . Experiment 1 - Results and Discussion A. The meniscus. 1. The meniscus between water and glass should be concave upward. 3. Why is water level higher near the glass than in the middle?

  15. Page 15
    Read page 15 as text

    Experiment 1 13 B. The candle flame. 3. Further observations: a. beaker partially over burning candle - condensation of water on inside b. stirring rod next to extinguished wick - slight deposit of wax c. burning match approaching extinguished wick - candle reignites before match reaches wick 4. Was your first explanation (question 2) correct or do you want to modify it or suggest a new one? Explain your answer. The paraffin vapor is burning. When the beaker is held over a burning candle, water vapor collects on the inside. Paraffin collects on a stir rod held above the candle just after it has been extinguished and the match reignites before the match reaches it.. D. Rate Of Mixing 1. Initial observations: Initially in the cold water, the food color will fall to the bottom of the beaker leaving a color trail. In the hot water mixing occurs very rapidly. 2. Observations about 1/2 hour later: After 1/2 hour even the cold water solution should be approaching homogeneity. 3. When two aqueous solutions are introduced into the same container, is stirring needed to achieve a homogeneous system? Explain your answer. Yes, at low temperatures the mixing process is slow and if one solution is denser than the other there is a tendency to form layesr. 4. How would you stir a solution freshly prepared in a volumetric flask? By stoppering, inverting and swirling the flask several times. E. Tearing Paper The paper should tear rather straight in one direction and curve rapidly toward the favored direction when the paper is torn at right angles. Apparently industrial preparation of the paper leads to preferential alignment of the fibers or cellulose polymers in one direction. Tearing it one direction then requires breaking of weaker intermolecular forces while tearing in the other direction involves an attempt to break intramolecular bonds.

  16. Page 16
    Read page 16 as text

    Experiment 1 14 F. Chemistry reference. acetic acid formula C 2 H 3 O 2 or HC 2 H 3 O 2 b.p. 117.9 o C m.p. 16.6 o C TD Lo 1.47 mg/kg LD 50 3310 mg/kg Meaning of TD Lo lowest published toxic dose Meaning of LD 50 lethal dose to kill half the population Household product(s) that contain acetic acid vinegar (about 5% acetic acid), cleaning agents, pickle preservative H. Solutions. 1 –6. Both of the 0.05 g portions of sodium tetraborate decahydrate should dissolve fairly readily. The additional 2 g will result in a saturated solution and most will not dissolve until the solution is heated. The solid will dissolve upon heating and slow cooling results in the formation of neat looking crystals. I. Colors. 1. List the colored cations and their colors. Ce 3+ yellow Cr 3+ green Co 2+ red or pink Cu 2+ blue Fe 3+ yellow Ni 2+ green 2. Can you make any generalizations about color versus position in the periodic chart? Apparently color is only common among the transition metal ions. 3. List the colored anions and their colors. CrO 4 2- Yellow Cr 2 O 7 2- Orange Fe(CN) 6 3- Yellow to orange Fe(CN) 6 4- Light Yellow MnO 4 - Magenta

153 more pages in the full document

Unlock it once and it stays in your library, ready to chat with or turn into flashcards.

Unlock the full document

More Chemistry study materials

See all

Study this document with CramX

Once it is in your library, every tool can work from it.