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Microbiology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 1st Edition Test Bank

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    Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) 1) Which of the following statements is true ? A) Scientists were not able to grow bacteria in the lab until the creation of the Petri dish. B) Picking which type of media to use depends on how much money you willing to spend. C) Agar is used as a solidifying agent for bacterial culture. D) Picking which type of media format to use depends only on the space available. E) Media for bacterial growth only comes in a few varieties. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2) 2) All of the following are or can be produced by microbes except A) food like chocolate. B) drugs like penicillin. C) biofuels like diesel. D) consumer products like biodegradable plastics. E) electronics like computer memory. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 1

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    3) 3) Which of the following statements is true about the decolorizing step for the acid - fast stain? A) Over - decolorizing can lead to false - positive results. B) Non - acid - fast bacteria appear bright pink - red at the end of the procedure. C) The decolorizing step is the differentiating step. D) Because acid - fast bacteria have a waxy cell wall that resists decolorization by the acetone - alcohol rinse, they appear a deep blue at the end of the procedure. E) Acetone - alcohol solution is the decolorizing agent. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 4) 4) Carriers of the sickle - cell gene A) are more susceptible to contracting malaria. B) have a survival advantage in areas where malaria is common. C) are often found in high concentrations in U.S. cities. D) are more likely to die from a malaria infection. E) experience painful changes in nerve cell shape. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5) 5) Which of the following individuals does not correctly match with their contribution to microbiology. A) Ignaz Semmelweis: First developed aseptic techniques to decrease mortality rates from childbed fever B) Louis Pasteur: Showed that biogenesis is responsible for the propagation of life C) Florence Nightingale: Established the use of aseptic techniques in nursing practices D) Robert Koch: Developed criteria for determining the causative agent of an infectious disease E) Joseph Lister: Developed the first anesthetic solution for use in surgeries Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2

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    6) 6) Which of the following statements is false ? A) Transmission electron microscopy provides information about internal structures. B) Scanning electron microscopy provides information about surface structures. C) Immunofluorescence is when fluorochromes bind to a specific target and fluoresce after exposure to UV light. D) Fluorochromes can be natural or synthetic. E) Fluorescence microscopy is when fluorochromes stain a sample so it will fluoresce when exposed to UV light. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 7) 7) ________ bacteria can create sticky communities called ________, which are made up of single or diverse microbial species. A) Plaque; hangouts B) Planktonic; biofilms C) Pathogenic; quorums D) Matrix; cavities E) Infectious; flora Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 8) 8) Which of the following is true about bioremediation? A) The Environmental Protection Agency documents a handful of chemical spills per year in the United States alone. B) Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphate, and sometimes iron supplements are added to the spill zone to encourage microbial growth. C) Bioremediation never harms the environment. D) A mix of bacteria, archaea, and fungi species is used to seed the spill zone. E) Coagulators are used to condense the spill. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 3

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    9) 9) Why do electron microscopes have a better resolution versus light microscopes? A) The additional steps necessary to prepare the sample for viewing provide the improved resolution. B) The lenses used to focus the electron beam are more adjustable than the ones in a light microscope. C) The lenses, knobs, and strength of the electron beam can all be highly controlled, which also explains why electron microscopes are so expensive. D) An electron beam has a wavelength of about 800 nm, and resolution improves with larger wavelengths. E) An electron beam has a wavelength of about 1 nm, and resolution improves with smaller wavelengths. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 10) 10) ________ predict what happens, while ________ explain how and why something occurs. A) Theories; laws B) Observations; conclusions C) Laws; theories D) Observations; hypotheses E) Hypotheses; conclusions Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 11) 11) All of the following can make interpreting the Gram stain difficult except A) the culture is between 24 and 48 hours old. B) testing bacteria with especially resistant cell walls. C) the culture is more than 48 hours old and contains damaged cells. D) testing bacteria that have a waxy cell wall. E) testing bacteria that are forming endospores. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 4

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    12) 12) When practicing aseptic culturing techniques, it is important to keep all of the following in mind except A) gloves and other protecting clothing may be required depending on the specimen being used. B) all of the instruments and lab ware that directly touch the specimen is sterile. C) the media used to grow the specimen is sterile. D) surrounding surfaces are decontaminated before and after handling cultures. E) as long as nothing unintended touches the media, there will be no contamination. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 13) 13) Inference - observation confusion occurs when someone A) lies about what happened. B) jumps to a conclusion. C) cannot understand your accent. D) incorrectly assesses a patient. E) remembers events wrong. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 14) 14) All of the following are reasons to classify a new strain of bacteria except A) take up genetic material from their environment. B) 50% different genetic material. C) genetic variant. D) mutations. E) gene transfers. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5

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    15) 15) The goal of the streak plate technique is to A) isolate a pure culture for study from a single colony. B) visualize all of the colonies on a plate from a pure culture. C) spread out a thick layer of bacteria and isolate the bacteria that outcompete the rest. D) compare all of the colonies on a plate with a mixed culture. E) compare how the shape, color and margin differ in colonies from a pure culture. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 16) 16) Normal microbiota are responsible for all of the following except A) helping us digest foods. B) controlling epigenetic expression. C) impacting our moods and brain functions. D) producing vitamins for us. E) training our immune system. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 17) 17) Which of the following statements is false ? A) Immersion oil channels as much light as possible up through the objective lens instead of being bent. B) Ultimately, the resolving power of bright field microscopes is limited by the wavelength of visible light. C) Resolution is the ability to distinguish two distinct points as separate. D) Immersion oil is used to get a better resolution at high - power magnifications. E) Immersion oil has a lower refractive index than the glass slide to help increase sample clarity. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 6

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    18) 18) Which of the following is not a microorganism? A) mosquito B) bacteria C) fungi D) archaea E) helminth Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 19) 19) When do opportunistic pathogens tend to cause disease? A) when the host is young B) when the host is old C) after the host is already infected with a different pathogen D) when the host is weakened E) when the host didn't wash with soap Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 20) 20) ________ showed that biogenesis is responsible for the propagation of life. A) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek B) Joseph Lister C) Louis Pasteur D) Carl Linnaeus E) Robert Hooke Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 7

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    21) 21) Which of the following can be determined using simple stains? A) the presence of endospores B) size, shape and cellular arrangement C) the number and position of flagella D) size and shape E) the presence of capsules Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 22) 22) All of the following involve biofilms except A) endocarditis. B) atherosclerosis. C) kidney stones. D) inner ear infections. E) conjunctivitis. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 23) 23) Which of the following statements about bright field microscopy are true ? A) Bright field microscopy is able to see specimens without natural coloration. B) Bright field microscopy is great for seeing living samples. C) Dark field, phase contract, and differential interference contract microscopy are better for observing dead samples. D) Bright field microscopy has the sample appear as a brighter contrasting image on a dark background. E) Bright field microscopy is the simplest and most common form of microscopy. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 8

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    24) 24) Microbes and humans have evolved a variety of ________ relationships, including ________ where microbes help the host. A) symbiotic; commensalism B) symbiotic; parasitism C) symbiotic; mutualism D) commensal; mutualism E) dynamic; commensalism Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 25) 25) The scientific method starts with a(n) A) observation. B) prediction. C) proposal. D) question. E) hypothesis. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 26) 26) Aseptic technique can be used for all of the following except A) sterilizing working surfaces. B) safely studying microbes in the laboratory. C) keeping samples pure for studying. D) limiting the spread of diseases. E) preventing healthcare - acquired infections. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 9

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    27) 27) Which of the following does not contribute to shifts in our normal microbiota? A) proper hand - washing technique B) age C) our general environment D) hormonal changes E) diet Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 28) 28) Why can't prokaryotic species be defined as a group of similar organisms that could sexually reproduce together? A) We can't see them in enough detail to tell how similar they really are yet. B) Bacteria are all too different to be considered similar. C) The mating rituals of bacteria have not been studied enough. D) Bacteria reproduce asexually. E) They can be. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 29) 29) Robert Koch helped establish the germ theory of disease by discovering that anthrax was caused by a disease. After he isolated and purified the same bacteria from several diseased animals, what would be the next step in order to show that this bacteria caused anthrax? A) perform physiological testing B) find out if antibiotics treat the diseased animals C) visualize the bacteria with an electron microscope D) culture the bacteria on Petri dishes E) introduce the bacteria into a new mouse to see if it established the same infection Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 10

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    30) 30) Which of the following is the correct way to type a scientific name? A) Escherichia Coli B) Escherichia coli C) escherichia coli D) Escherichia coli E) escherichia coli Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 31) 31) What is the order of the taxonomic hierarchy from least specific to most specific? A) domain, order, class, kingdom, phylum, species, family, genus B) class, order, phylum, kingdom, domain, genus, family, species C) domain, phylum, order, kingdom, class, family, genus, species D) species, genus, order, family, class, phylum, kingdom, domain E) domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 32) 32) How many principles are there in Koch's postulates of disease? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 11

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    33) 33) The acid - fast stain is an important diagnostic tool for detecting the causative agent(s) of A) gonorrhea. B) malaria. C) tuberculosis and leprosy. D) Lyme disease and necrotizing fasciitis. E) plague. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 34) 34) A biological safety cabinet minimizes the chances of contaminating cultures by all of the following except A) regular surface cleaning with an antimicrobial solution. B) maintaining a specific flow of filtered air. C) readily being decontaminated using UV light. D) limiting access to inside the cabinet. E) consistent flame sterilization on the inside surfaces. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 35) 35) Which of the following could be used as evidence for spontaneous generation? A) Gauze - covered meat will not give rise to maggots. B) Flies lay eggs that develop into maggots. C) Shaking Pasteur's S - necked flasks did spoil the broth. D) Uncovered meat will give rise to maggots. E) The broth in Pasteur's S - necked flasks did not spoil. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 12

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    TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 36) 36) Biofilms allow microbes to coordinate responses within an environment, making the community much more durable than single free - floating bacteria. Answer: True False Explanation: 37) 37) Knowing the Gram property of a specimen has important clinical implications, including potential pathogenic features of the organism, and what antibiotics might be most effective in combating it. Answer: True False Explanation: 38) 38) Florence Nightingale investigated processes for aseptic surgery and her work in the 1860s proved that sterilizing instruments, and sanitizing wounds with carbolic acid encouraged healing and prevented pus formation. Answer: True False Explanation: 39) 39) Fixation adheres the sample to the slide, so that it is not as easily washed away during the staining process, but does not kill most of the cells in the specimen so that they can be clearly viewed. Answer: True False Explanation: 40) 40) Simple staining techniques use one dye. Answer: True False Explanation: 41) 41) Only a small minority of microbes are human pathogens. Answer: True False Explanation: 42) 42) Proper hand - washing technique can remove normal microbiota. Answer: True False Explanation: 43) 43) Robert Hooke refined earlier versions of the microscope and became the first to see bacteria. Answer: True False Explanation: 13

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    ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 44) Explain the differences between basic and acidic dyes and how they are used. Answer: Basic dyes are mildly basic on the pH scale. Being basic means they are positively charged, resulting in the stain being attracted to the negatively charged cell surface of microbes and easily entering cells. Frequently used basic dyes include methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin, and malachite green. Occasionally acidic dyes, such as nigrosin or India ink, are also used. Acidic dyes are negatively charged, so they do not easily enter cells. They stain the background of a specimen in a technique called negative staining. An advantage of negative staining is that it doesn't require heating or chemical fixation, and the dye is not absorbed by the sample. This means the sample has a more true - to - life appearance, with fewer distortions of delicate cellular features. 45) Explain the differences between a hypothesis, law, and theory. Answer: A hypothesis is based on prior experience or observation, and is proposed as a potential answer to a specific question. A law is a precise statement, or mathematical formula, that predicts a specific occurrence. Laws only hold true under carefully defined and limited circumstances. By contrast, a theory is a hypothesis that has been proven through many studies with consistent, supporting conclusions. Laws predict what happens, while theories explain how and why something occurs. Unlike a hypothesis, which focuses on a specific problem, theories are comprehensive bodies of work that are useful for making generalized predictions about natural phenomena. Theories unite many different hypotheses and laws. 46) Explain how disruptions in normal microbiota can lead to infections. Answer: When an antibiotic is used, it may kill many types of benign resident bacteria along with the pathogen being targeted. With normal microbiota reduced, opportunistic pathogens are able to establish infections. A common example of this is when a woman takes antibiotics to treat a urinary tract infection (UTI), only to develop a vaginal yeast infection soon after the antibiotic therapy concludes. The yeast Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that is usually present in the vagina. Its growth is kept in check by the normal microbiota of the vagina. Thus, when the vaginal normal microbiota is disrupted, the yeast has an opportunity to thrive and cause symptoms. Similarly, diarrhea is a common side effect of antibiotic therapies, likely due to how our gut microbiome is affected. 14

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    Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) 1) Which reaction has X and Y as reactants? A) X + Y  XY B) X + YZ  Y + XZ C) XY  X + Y D) XY + W  WY + X E) XY + AB  XB + AY Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 1

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