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Test Bank For Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy, 6th Edition

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    i TEST BANK Nichol Dolby, Ph.D. AMARILLO COLLEGE Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy SIXTH EDITION Robert W. Bauman, Ph.D.

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    iii Contents CHAPTER 1 A Brief History of Microbiology CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology CHAPTER 3 Cell Structure and Function CHAPTER 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification CHAPTER 5 Microbial Metabolism CHAPTER 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth CHAPTER 7 Microbial Genetics CHAPTER 8 Recombinant DNA Technology CHAPTER 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment CHAPTER 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs CHAPTER 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes CHAPTER 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes CHAPTER 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions CHAPTER 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology CHAPTER 15 Innate Immunity CHAPTER 16 Adaptive Immunity CHAPTER 17 Immunization and Immune Testing CHAPTER 18 Immune Disorders CHAPTER 19 Pathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria CHAPTER 20 Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli CHAPTER 21 Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes and Vibrios CHAPTER 22 Pathogenic Fungi CHAPTER 23 Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors CHAPTER 24 Pathogenic DNA Viruses CHAPTER 25 Pathogenic RNA Viruses CHAPTER 26 Applied and Industrial Microbiology CHAPTER 27 Microbial Ecology and Microbiomes

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    iv PREFACE Preface The Test Bank consists of approximately 1800 multiple-choice, matching, true/false, fill- in-the-blank, short-answer, and essay questions. The questions are ranked using Bloom’s Taxonomy. The main text Learning Outcomes and the section upon which the question is based are also provided. The complete Mastering Test Bank is also tagged to Microbiology in Nursing and Allied Health (MINAH) Outcomes and the Pearson Global Science Learning Outcomes. Below is a list of additional print and media resources available to you as an adopter of Microbiology. Contact your local Pearson representative if you would like to order any additional supplements. To locate the representative nearest you, visit https://www.pearson.com/us/contact-us/find-your-rep.html . Using Mastering Microbiology with Your Textbook Ask your Pearson representative for a demonstration of Mastering Microbiology or take a tour (www.masteringmicrobiology.com). 1. Assign and assess with Mastering Microbiology. Mastering Microbiology will help you maximize class time with customizable, easy-to-assign, and auto- matically graded assessments. Many assessments have built-in feedback to help guide your students to the correct answer. You can then easily export grades to a course management system or spreadsheet. Mastering Microbiol- ogy includes the following powerful online tools: • NEW Concept Maps give students the opportunity to construct their knowledge using a list of key terms as higher level Bloom's activities in a scaffolded, drag and drop format. • NEW Solve the Problem activities provide a basic framework for more ambi- tious in-class group work. • NEW Before You Begin questions test students’ foundational knowledge rele- vant to the appropriate book chapter. • NEW Micro Check questions challenge students to use newly acquired knowledge as they proceed through the chapters. • Video Tutors , narrated by the author, walk students through key con- cepts in the book. • MicroLab Practicals give students extra practice in observing and analyzing important procedures and test results. • MicroCareers Coaching Activities help students learn to think like a microbiolo- gist by investigating emerging diseases from different career perspectives. • MicroLab Tutors introduce students to a technique’s background, purpose, and clinical applications before walking through the procedure itself. • Lab Technique Videos demonstrate specific lab techniques in 3–5 minutes. • Disease in Depth coaching activities , corresponding to the feature in the book, encourage students to employ investigative skills using epidemiological and clinical field work to understand each featured disease.

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    PREFACE v • Disease at a Glance coaching activities require students to recognize and sort diseases by different categories (transmission type, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, associated organisms, and treatment). • Dynamic Study Modules boost knowledge acquisition and retention, fostering more effective study and class time and helping students to come to class bet- ter prepared and ready for higher levels of learning. • Learning Catalytics provides meaningful question types and facilitate class- room discussions and activities, supporting active learning in every classroom. • Clinical Case Study activities help students connect microbiological theory to real-world disease diagnosis and treatment. • Pre-lecture reading quizzes encourage your students to read the textbook be- fore coming to class. • Post-lecture quizzes check students’ understanding. • MicroFlix™ and BioFlix™ quizzes and activities provide students practice with 3-D movie-quality animations. • Microbiology Animation quizzes help students master the toughest topics in microbiology. • Pre-lab quizzes help to better prepare students for lab sessions. • Post-lab quizzes check that lab objectives were met. • Get Ready for Microbiology quizzes enable your students to come to your course prepared. • Test Bank items test every chapter section. A list of Concept Maps topics follows, organized by chapter: Chapter Concept Map Title 1 What Microbiologists Study 2 Nucleic Acids 3 Bacterial Cell Wall 4 Gram Stain 5 Aerobic Respiration 6 Culture Media 7 Point Mutations 8 Recombinant DNA Technology 9 Moist Heat Applications to Control Microor- ganisms 10 Antimicrobial Resistance 11 Archaeal Extremophiles 12 Eukaryotic Microorganisms 13 Replication of Animal Viruses 14 Disease Transmission 15 Phagocytosis 16 Antibodies 17 Vaccines 18 Immediate Hypersensitivity

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    vi PREFACE 19 Tuberculosis 20 Bacterial Meningitis 21 Syphilis 22 Systemic Mycoses 23 Intestinal Protozoan Parasites 24 Herpes Simplex Virus 25 Viral Hepatitis 26 Microbial Roles in Food Production 27 Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemical Cy- cles A list of Interactive Microbiology topics follows: Interactive Microbiology Title Biofilms and Quorum Sensing Operons Complement Antimicrobial Resistance – Mechanisms Antimicrobial Resistance – Selection Aerobic Respiration in Prokaryotes The Human Microbiome A list of video tutor topics follows, organized by chapter: Chapter Video Tutor Title 1 The Scientific Method 2 The Structure of Nucleotides 3 Bacterial Cell Walls 4 The Light Microscope 5 Electron Transport Chains 6 Bacterial Growth Media 7 Initiation of Translation 8 Action of Restriction Enzymes 9 Principles of Autoclaving 10 Actions of Some Drugs That Inhibit Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis 11 Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells 12 Principles of Sexual Reproduction in Fungi 13 The Lytic Cycle of Viral Replication 14 Some Virulence Factors 15 Inflammation 16 Clonal Deletion 17 ELISA 18 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn 19 Necrotizing Fascitis 19 Listeriosis, 19 Tuberculosis

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    PREFACE vii 20 Bacterial urinary Tract Infections 21 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 22 Candidiasis 23 Giardiasis 23 Malaria 24 Warts (Papillomas) 25 Hemorrhagic Fevers (Ebola) 25 Influenza A list of MicroFlix and BioFlix topics follows, organized by chapter: Chapter MicroFlix Title 5 Metabolism 7 DNA Replication 16 Immunology Chapter BioFlix Title 3 Tour of an Animal Cell 7 Protein Synthesis 12 Mitosis 12 Meiosis A list of Microbiology Animation topics follows, organized by chapter: Chapter Microbiology Animation Title 3 Active Transport: Overview 3 Active Transport: Types 3 Flagella: Arrangement 3 Flagella: Movement 3 Flagella: Structure 3 Membrane Permeability 3 Membrane Structure 3 Motility: Overview 3 Passive Transport: Principles of Diffusion 3 Passive Transport: Special Types of Diffusion 3 Flagella: Spirochetes 4 Dichotomous Keys: Overview 4 Dichotomous Keys: Practice 4 Dichotomous Keys: Sample with Flowchart 4 Electron Microscopy 4 Light Microscopy 4 Microscopy and Staining: Overview 4 Staining 5 Electron Transport Chain: Factors Affecting ATP Yield 5 Electron Transport Chain: Overview

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    viii PREFACE 5 Electron Transport Chain: The Process 5 Enzymes: Competitive Inhibition 5 Enzymes: Overview 5 Enzymes: Steps in a Reaction 5 Enzymes: Competitive Inhibition 5 Enzyme-Substrate Interaction: Non-Competitive Inhibition 5 Fermentation 5 Glycolysis: Overview 5 Glycolysis: Steps 5 Krebs Cycle: Overview 5 Krebs Cycle: Steps 5 Metabolism: Overview 5 Metabolism: The Big Picture 5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 5 Photosynthesis: Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 5 Photosynthesis: Light Independent Reaction 5 Photosynthesis: Cyclic Photophosphorylation 5 Photosynthesis: Noncyclic Photophosphorylation 5 Photosynthesis: Overview 6 Bacterial Growth Curve 6 Bacterial Growth: Overview 6 Bacterial Growth: Binary Fission 7 Conjugation: Chromosome Mapping 7 Conjugation: F Factor 7 Conjugation: Hfr Conjugation 7 Conjugation: Overview 7 DNA Replication: Forming the Replication Fork 7 DNA Replication: Overview 7 DNA Replication: Replication Proteins 7 DNA Replication: Synthesis 7 Horizontal Gene Transfer: Overview 7 Mutagens 7 Mutations: Repair 7 Mutations: Types 7 Operons: Induction 7 Operons: Overview 7 Operons: Repression 7 Transcription: Overview 7 Transcription: The Process 7 Transduction: Generalized Transduction 7 Transduction: Specialized Transduction 7 Transformation 7 Translation: Overview

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    PREFACE ix 7 Translation: The Genetic Code 7 Translation: The Process 7 Transposons: Complex Transposons 7 Transposons: Insertion Sequences 7 Transposons: Overview 8 PCR: Components 8 PCR: The Process 8 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Overview 8 Recombinant DNA Technology 10 Antibiotic Resistance: Forms of Resistance 10 Antibiotic Resistance: Origins of Resistance 10 Chemotherapeutic Agents: Modes of Action 11 Bacterial Growth: Overview 11 Photosynthesis: Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 13 Prions: Characteristics 13 Prions: Diseases 13 Prions: Overview 13 Viral Replication: Animal Viruses 13 Viral Replication: Overview 13 Viral Replication: Temperate Bacteriophages 13 Viral Replication: Virulent Bacteriophages 14 Epidemiology: Occurrence of Diseases 14 Epidemiology: Overview 14 Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease 14 Nosocomial Infections: Overview 14 Nosocomial Infections: Prevention 14 Phagocytosis: Microbes that Evade It 14 Virulence Factors: Endotoxins 14 Virulence Factors: Enteric Pathogens 14 Virulence Factors: Exotoxins 14 Virulence Factors: Hiding from Host Defenses 14 Virulence Factors: Inactivating Host Defenses 14 Virulence Factors: Penetrating Host Tissues 15 Complement System: Activation 15 Complement System: Overview 15 Complement System: Results 15 Host Defenses: Overview 15 Inflammation: Overview 15 Inflammation: Steps 15 Phagocytosis: Mechanism 15 Phagocytosis: Overview 16 Antigen Processing and Presentation: MHC 16 Antigen Processing and Presentation: Overview

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    x PREFACE 16 Antigen Processing and Presentation: Steps 16 Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T Cells 16 Cell-Mediated Immunity: Helper T Cells 16 Cell-Mediated Immunity: Overview 16 Host Defenses: The Big Picture 16 Humoral Immunity: Antibody Function 16 Humoral Immunity: Clonal Selection and Expansion 16 Humoral Immunity: Overview 16 Humoral Immunity: Primary Immune Response 16 Humoral Immunity: Secondary Immune Response 17 Vaccines: Function 17 Vaccines: Types 20 Virulence Factors: Enteric Pathogens 2. Encourage your students to use the Study Area in Mastering Microbiology. They will find extensive self-study tools there, including: • Three-Step Chapter Guide takes students through these simple steps: Take a Pre-Test, Learn & Practice, and Test Yourself. • Chapter Tests help students assess prior knowledge and/or preconceptions of topics relevant to the chapter at hand before students read the chapter. • Practice Quizzes —multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and true/false—help students master chapter topics. • Concept Maps help students practice building maps to organize concepts in a meaningful, visual way. • MicroFlix 3-D movie-quality animations illustrate the three tough topics of metabolism, DNA replication, and immunology. • BioFlix 3-D movie-quality animations explain basic topics in general biology. • Microbiology Animations with Quizzes help students master the toughest topics in microbiology via interactive, animated tutorials. • Microbiology Videos feature live-action videos of microorganisms, illustrating microbial structures and motility. • Flashcards help students review key terms and concepts from the text. • Glossary allows students to check the definition of bolded terms in the book. • Careers provides useful information about working in a microbiology-related field; basic research, applied research, and health professions are covered. • Scientific American Quizzes help students check their understanding of articles in the current issues of Microbiology magazine by Scientific American . • Pearson eText provides the complete text of Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy, Sixth Edition, in online electronic format. Other Instructor Media Resources Instructor Resource Download

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    PREFACE xi 0-135-21066-6/ 978-0-135-21066-6 The Instructor Resource area in Mastering Microbiology (Instructor access) offers a wealth of instructor media resources, including presentation art, lecture outlines, test items, and answer keys—all in one convenient location. These resources help in- structors prepare for class—and create dynamic lectures—in half the time! These in- clude: • All figures from the book with and without labels in both JPEG and Power- Point ® formats, the latter including the Label Edit feature • Select “process” figures from the book with the Step Edit feature in Power- Point ® format • All tables from the book • MicroLab Tutors, Lab Technique Videos, MicroFlix ™ and BioFlix ™ Animations, Microbiology Animations, and Microbiology Videos • PowerPoint ® lecture outlines, including figures and tables from the book and links to the animations • Active Lecture Clicker Questions • Quiz Show Clicker Questions • The Test Bank as editable Microsoft ® Word files • The Test Bank in TestGen ® format Updates to the Sixth Edition • NEW Micro in the Clinic case studies at the beginning of each chapter with critical thinking questions, follow-up discussion, and further questions at the end of the chapter.

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    xii PREFACE • NEW Before You Begin questions at the beginning of each chapter for students to assess whether they are ready for the chapter material. • NEW Micro Check questions throughout each chapter to prompt students to review their understanding of the material they just read. • Disease in Depth spreads feature important and representative diseases for each body system, extending the visual impact of the art program as well as the highly-praised Disease at a Glance features. Each of these six visual spreads contains info-graphics, providing in-depth coverage of the selected disease, and referencing Dr. Bauman’s Video Tutors, prompting fur- ther exploration and critical thinking. New Mastering Microbiology ® assignable Disease in Depth coaching activities encourage students to apply and test their understanding of key concepts. • Numbered Learning Outcomes in the textbook are used to tag Test Bank questions and all Mastering assets. In addition to being tagged to Learning Outcomes, all Mastering assessments are tagged to the Global Science Learning Outcomes and Bloom’s Taxonomy. The complete Mastering Test Bank is also tagged to Microbiology in Nursing and Allied Health (MINAH) recommended outcomes. • The immunology chapters (Chapters 15–18), which have been and continue to be reviewed in-depth by immunology specialists, reflect the most current understanding of this rapidly evolving field. • NEW micrographs and photos enhance student understanding of the text and boxed features. The following section provides a detailed outline of this edition’s chapter-by-chapter revisions. THROUGHOUT THE DISEASE CHAPTERS (19–25) • Updated disease diagnoses, treatments, and incidence and prevalence data. • Updated immunization recommendations and suggested treatments for all diseases. • Expanded coverage of virulence factors. Chapter 1 A Brief History of Microbiology • NEW Before You Begin, two questions at the beginning of the chapter. • Micro in the Clinic case study “Too Much Cake or Something Worse” with criti- cal thinking and follow-up questions • NEW Solve the Problem feature “Smallpox: To Be or Not to Be?” posing ques- tions for class discussion. • Thirteen new Micro Check questions throughout the chapter. • Expanded discussion of the contributions of researchers in Robert Koch’s lab, including Fanny Hesse. • The contribution of Lady Mary Wortly Montagu to the development of vaccines has been added, along with her portrait.

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    PREFACE xiii • Eight new photos (1.2, 1.3, 1.11, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.20, 1.22) • Two figures revised for better pedagogy, clarity, and accuracy (1.10, 1.21) • Updated map showing countries having transmission of variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (vJCD) • Simplified the language and sentence structure • Added discussion of the contribution of Fanny Hesse to the success of Koch’s laboratory with her introduction of agar • Increased coverage of Florence Nightingale and her accomplishments • Added the work of Lady Mary Worley Montague to the discussion of the de- velopment of vaccination • Introduced the success of gene therapy to treat several inherited immune defi- ciencies • Added to list of current problems in microbiology: Ebola control and the prob- lems associated with emerging diseases • Added a Tell Me Why concerning the accomplishments of Nightingale leading to consideration of her as “Mother” of Medical Microbiology • Added a critical thinking question concerning the “fatherhood” of microbiology (Leeuwenhoek vs. Pasteur) • Deleted Learning Outcome 1.21 concerning fastest-growing fields within microbiology; this topic is better covered by an instructor in class rather than in a textbook Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology • NEW Before You Begin, two questions at the beginning of the chapter • NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “Can Spicy Food Cause Ulcers” with criti- cal thinking and follow-up questions and answers. • NEW Twenty-four Micro Check questions throughout the chapter. • Representation of ether bond in Table 2.3 clarified for better pedagogy • Clarified that most organisms code for 21 amino acids, though 20 are more common • New Learning Outcome regarding electron shells and valence electrons. • Added Learning Outcomes 2.3 regarding the chemistry of carbohydrates and Learning Outcome 2.25 regarding the general structure of amino acids Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function • NEW Before You Begin, four questions at the beginning of the chapter • NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “Kidney Infection Leading to Mental Confu- sion?” with critical thinking and follow-up questions and answers. • NEW Thirty-three Micro Check questions throughout the chapter. Re- vised and enhanced artwork in eleven figures for enhanced pedagogy (3.2, 3.3, 3.15, 3.16, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.32, 3.33, 3.37, 3.39). • Enhanced discussion of chemistry and function of lipids in archaeal cytoplas- mic membranes • Clarified that endotoxin refers to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which contains the toxic molecule lipid A

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    xiv PREFACE • Recognized Lynn Margulis as a proponent of the theory of endosymbiosis • Added Clinical Case Study: The Big Game about strep throat

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    PREFACE xv Chapter 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification • NEW Before You Begin, three questions • NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “End of the Camping Trip?” with critical thinking and follow-up questions and answers. • NEW Sixteen Micro Check questions throughout the chapter. Five other new/upgraded photos (4.10c, 4.11c, 4.12, 4.18, 4.24). • Revised and enhanced artwork in Figure 4.4 for enhanced pedagogy • Expanded discussion of resolution; immersion oil; the appearance of scanning electron, scanning tunneling, and atomic force micrographs; mordants; defini- tions of microbial species and serotypes; and the role of George Fox in the discovery of the archaea and three domains of life • Added contribution of Rebecca Lancefield to serological identification of strep- tococci • Added discussion of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI/TOF) mass spectrometry as a method of identification of microbial species and diagnoses • At request of reviewers and instructors, reduced complexity and chapter length by removing detailed figures for dark field, phase, and scanning electron mi- croscopy Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism • NEW Before You Begin, three questions • NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “Scraped Knee and Loss of a Leg?” with critical thinking and follow-up questions and answers. • NEW Sixteen Micro Check questions throughout the chapter • Updated artwork of Biosynthesis of a fat, a lipid figure. • One new photo (5.23b) • Revised fifteen figures for greater clarity and better pedagogy (5.3, 5.6, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.14, 5.15, 5.17, 5.18, 5.21, 5.22, 5.25, 5.31, Concept map) • Revised textual explanation of glycolysis to make it more clear and pedagogi- cally efficient • Fully adopted current name citric acid cycle instead of eponymous Krebs cycle Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth • NEW Before You Begin, four questions • NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “Just A Sore Throat and Cough” case study with critical thinking and follow-up questions • NEW Twelve Micro Check questions throughout the chapter. • NEW Solve The Problem “The Microbes Ate My Homework” • New Emerging Disease Case Study: Vibrio vulnificus Infection • New figure depicting quorum sensing (Fig. 6.7)

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    xvi PREFACE Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics • NEW Before you Begin five questions • NEW Micro in the Clinic case study with critical thinking and follow-up ques- tions. • Upgraded twenty-two figures for greater clarity, accuracy, ease of reading, and better pedagogy (7.1, 7.5, 7.6, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21, 7.25, 7.26, 7.27, 7.28, 7.29, 7.33) • One new figure concerning termination of translation (7.20) • Added new Learning Outcome (7.7) concerning the concept that nucleotide base complementarity ensures precise and accurate DNA replication • Added critical thinking question to Figure 7.13 concerning central dogma of genetics • Noted some contributions of Esther Lederberg to microbial genetics (development of replica plating and the discovery of the F plasmid) • Clarified the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes • Added term constitutive genes to contrast with operon genes • Moved Beneficial Microbes: Life in a Hot Tub (Taq polymerase) to chapter 8 where its direct application for PCR is more apparent • Moved Emerging Disease Case Study: Vibrio vulnificus Infection to chapter 6: the microbe’s use of quorum sensing increases its virulence Chapter 8 Recombinant DNA Technology • NEW Before you Begin, four questions • NEW Micro in the Clinic case study with critical thinking and follow-up ques- tions. • Two figures revised for improved pedagogy (Figures 8.7, 8.8) • One new figure illustrating a form of CRISPR (8.4) • Modified Table 8.1 to more accurately depict restriction sites • Added seven NEW Learning Outcomes concerning CRISPR, uses of synthetic nucleic acids, PCR, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), functional genomics, Sanger sequencing, and next generation sequencing • Deleted figures for Southern blots and Sanger automated DNA sequencing as these techniques are more historical than current • Enhanced or added discussion of restriction enzymes Hae III and Msp I; CRISPR-Cas; real-time PCR (RT-PCR); Sanger sequencing methods; next generation DNA sequencing (NGS), including pyrosequencing and fluorescent methods; functional genomics; microbiomes; transcriptomics, metabolomics, biomedical animal models; heat shocking for the uptake of DNA; and success- ful gene therapies • Moved Beneficial Microbes: Life in a Hot Tub (Taq polymerase) from Chapter 7 to Chapter 8 where its direct application for PCR is more apparent • Fully adopted current name recombinant DNA technology instead of some- times controversial or problematic genetic engineering • Added two end of chapter questions over CRISPR

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