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NCLEX Style Cardiac Cycle and Heart Function Study

NCLEX-style cardiac cycle & heart function study guide. Covers key phases: diastole (ventricular filling) and systole (ventricular contraction), emphasizing blood flow driven by pressure gradients. Ideal for quick nursing exam review.

Alice Edwards
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10 months ago
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4NCLEX-Style Cardiac Cycle & HeartFunction Study GuideKey Concept: Blood circulates in a continuous loop, moving from areas of high pressurelow pressure due to shifting pressure gradients.Cardiac Cycle = One Complete HeartbeatTwo Phases:•Diastole:■. Ventricles relax & fill with blood (2/3 of cycle)•Systole:Ventricles contract & eject blood into arteries (1/3 of cycle)

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Diastole (Filling Phase)•4AV valves open(tricuspid & mitral)•Atria pressure > ventricular pressure->■passive blood flowintoventriclesEarly filling = protodiastolic phase•£At end of diastole—-Atria contract andpush -25% of stroke volume into ventriclesCalledatrial systole, presystole, or atrial kick•|Important:Atrial systole occursduring ventriculardiastole!Systole (Pumping Phase)1.Ventricles fill —>Pressure rises2.AV valves (mitral & tricuspid) closeClosure -S1 (First Heart Sound)QPrevents backflow into atria3.All4valves briefly closed —isovolumic contraction4.Ventricular pressure > aortic/pulmonic pressure —>semilunar valves open5. Blood rapidly ejected6.After ejection —> Ventricular pressure drops,Semilunar valves SV valves (aortic & pulmonic) closeClosure =S2 (Second Heart Sound)Signalsend of systoleDiastole Begins Again

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All 4 valves closedisovolumic relaxation•Atria fill —* pressure rises•AV valves (triscupid/ mitral=biscupid) open —►new cycle beginsRight vs Left Heart Events•Left HeartRight HeartHigher pressure systemLower pressure systemPumps to body (systemic)Pumps to lungs(pulmonary)Events occur slightly earlierEvents occur slightly later>S1M1 before T1>S2: A2 before P2>Heart Sounds>Normal Heart Sounds (lub, dub)*SoundDescriptionHeard Best51Closure of AV valves (mitral/tricuspid) —* start of systoleApex52Closure of semilunar valves SV (aortic/pulmonic)end ofBasesystole

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"LUB"Mitral &tricuspid valvesare shutting"DUB'*Aortic &pulmonic valvesare shuttingDULLGALLOPING 5OUNDIndicates earlydiastole in rapidventricular fil ingHeart Sounds Chart - S1 to S4

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SoundWhen YouHear ItWhat Makesthe SoundBest Placeto HearExtra InfoIMnemonic>S1 ("Lub")Start of systole(heart startssqueezing)AV valves(mitral Atricuspid) closeApex (bottomof heart by ribs)f'LUB= AVslamshut so blooddoesn't go backup>S2("Dub”)End of systole(heart stopssqueezing, startsrelaxing)_•Semilunarvalves (aortic Apulmonic) closeBase (top ofheart, near 2ndrib) <DUB'' = bloodstops fromflowing backward>S3("Ventriculargallop")Just after S2 <1Caused by fastblood fillinginto ventriclesUse bell ofstethoscope!Low-pitchedOften heard inheart failureThink'Lub-dub-ta''>S4 ("Atrialgallop")Just before S1ACaused whenatria squeezeinto a stiffventricleUse bell, heardbest at apex♦Seen in highblood pressureSounds likeTa-lub-dub '(DExtra Tips for Memory:•S1 = Start (of squeezing)•S2 = Stop (relax begins)•S3 = Squishy ventricle (heart is too full, think failure)•S4 = Stiff ventricle (heart is too stiff, like in high BP)Sound Patterns:•Normal: Lub-Dub (S1-S2)•With S3: Lub-Dub-Ta (sign of volume overload)

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With S4: Ta-Lub-Dub (sign of stiff heart u )4What Are Murmurs, and Why Do We Hear Them?A heart murmur is a "whooshing” sound you hear when blood isn't flowing smoothly throughthe heart — kinda like when a hose gets kinked or when water rushes too fast1. Blood is Moving Too Fast (f Velocity)•iv' fever•J pregnant•1, exercising a lot•thyroid problems (like hyperthyroidism)Blood zooms through likeliver = murmur2. Blood is Too Thin (| Viscosity)•Anemia (low red blood cells)— Less thick blood = more swirling sound = murmur

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|s» 3. Heart Has a Problem with Its Structure•v'oStenosis - valve is too tight (blood squeezes through like a clogged drain)•Regurgitation - valve is too loose (blood leaks backward flow)•*Septal defect - hole in the wall between heart chambersAll of these cause swishing/rumbling - heart mumiur£ ) Easy Way to Remember:FAST BLOOD THIN BLOOD:or a BROKEN DOOR = murmur!% How Heart Sounds Are Described1.Pitch (Frequency) High or low2.Intensity (Loudness): Loud or soft
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Subject
National Council Licensure Examination

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