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A History of Modern Psychology 5th Edition Test Bank

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    Test Bank — Chapter 1 Goodwin History, 5 e 1 - 1 I. Multiple Choice NOTE: The following items also appear in the online study guide that is available to students: 2, 6, 14, 24, 28, 39 1 . Robert Watson was instrumental in developing interest in psychology’s history in the 1960s. During this time he accomplished all of the following except a. played a key role in forming APA’s Division 26 (on history) b. was first Director of doctoral program in psychology’s history at UNH c. established and became the first director of the Archives of the History of American Psychology d. had a key role in forming Cheiron 2. Which of the following is the least important reason for studying history (in general, not just psychology’s history)? a. it enables us to understand the present better b. knowing history is the only sure way to predict the future c. it prevents us from thinking that things were always much better in the past d. it helps us to understand human nature 3 . Early in the chapter, what was the purpose of describing the formation of the Association for Psychological Science (APS)? a. to show that understanding the present requires knowing the past b. to show that the most important reason for studying history is to be able to predict the future c. to show that psychology can never be a unified discipline d. to show that most research psychologists know little and care little about history 4 . What was the purpose of the Boorstin quote from his essay The Prison of the Present ? a. to show that a full understanding o f the present requires knowing the past b. to show that the most important reason for studying history is to be able to predict the future c. to show that knowing history prevents us from thinking that things were always better in the past than they are now d. to show that most psychologists prefer to live in the past 5 . Which of the following is the least valuable reason for studying psychology’s history? a. it will enable us to avoid the mistakes of the past b. it will help synthesize the content learned in other psychology courses c. it helps enable us better understand t he present status of psychology d. issues of importance 100 years ago are still important today 6 . Furumoto’s concept of “old” history is characterized by a. internal history b. naturalistic history c. an emphasis on historical context d. historicism 7 . Furumoto’s concept of “new” history is characterized by a. internal history b. personalistic history c. an emphasis on the history of ideas d. historicism 8. Someone taking an “old” history stance would, according to Furumoto, be likely to say that a. Jones’s 1920 study is important because it anticipated Smith’s 1997 research b. the history of psychology is, in essence, the history of great psychologists c. modern psychology has progressed significantly from the days of the introspective analysis d. all of the se

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    Test Bank — Chapter 1 Goodwin History, 5 e 1 - 2 9. Old history thinking typically includes a. origin myths b. emphasizing the zeitgeist c. historicist rather than presentist views d. denying the importance of history 10. Tracing modern experimental social psychology to Triplett’s 1898 study that simulated competition among cyclists is an example of a. the importance of the zeitgeist b. an eponym c. an origin myth d. a multiple 11. Which of the following is true about an origin myth in psychology? a. it usually describes events that never actually happened b. it falsely gives credit to a discovery to person X when person Y in fact anticipated the discovery some years before person X c. it glorifies the zeitgeist at the expense of failing to recognize the value of individual genius d. it gives the false impression of a clear starting point for a scientific approach to some area of psychology 12 . If you accuse someone of being excessively “presentist,” it means that this person a. believes the present can only be understood by understanding the past b. thinks the past should be evaluated by using the standards of the present c. believes history is of no importance at all to the present d. thinks the present can be understood (it is happening now) ; the past can never be understood 13 . Someone taking a naturalistic approach to history would say a. Darwin revolutionized biology; the 19th century would have been completely different without him b. history changes because special people (e.g., Einstein) force history to change c. I’m not at all surprised that two people ( Darwin & Wallace ) thought of the idea of natural selection at about the same time d. the importance of the zeitgeist has been overstated 14 . Someone taking a naturalistic approach to history would say that a. without Descartes, the history of reflex action would be totally different b. history changes because of the work of highly creative and forceful individuals c. the importance of the zeitgeist has been overstated; people are more important d. biography matters , but the zeitgeist is a more critical factor 15 . The existence of “multiples” supports which of the following? a. naturalistic approach b. internal approach c. personalistic approach d. presentist approach 16 . The existence of “multiples” a. refutes the idea that the zeitgeist is important b. supports a naturalistic more than a personalistic viewpoint c. supports a personalistic more than a naturalistic viewpoint d. demonstrates the dangers of presentism

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    Test Bank — Chapter 1 Goodwin History, 5 e 1 - 3 17 . According to a historicist approach to history, a. the past should be understood with reference t o the values and understandings of the past b. the past should be evaluated by using the standards of the present c. the present can only be understood by knowing the past d. the present can be understood because it is happening now, but the past can never be understood 18 . Someone taking a personalistic approach to history would say that a. without Descartes, the history of reflex action would be totally different b. the importance of the zeitgeist has been overstated c. both without Descartes, the history of reflex action would be totally different and the importance of the zeitgeist has been overstated d. none of the se 19 . In contrasting “old” and “new” history, Furumoto described the old way of doing history as a. historicist , internal, and presentist b. external , presentist, and naturalistic c. personalistic , internal, and presentist d. contextual , presentist, and personalistic 20 . Which of the following is true about an external history of psychology? a. it examines the influence of such things as the social and political context in which important events occurred b. it emphasizes the importance of how theories evolve (that is, an external history is a history of ideas) c. it emphasizes the accomplishments of great individuals d. it evaluates the past with reference to present knowledge and values 21 . Someone arguing for the importance of the zeitgeist a. prefers a personalistic rather than a naturalistIc history b. believes that “the men make the times” c. emphasizes the importance of history’s “multiples” d. believes that the social and political context is not relevant 22 . To say that “without Descartes, the history of reflex action would be totally different” is to take a a. contextual approach to history b. naturalistic view of history c. personalistic view of history d. presentist approach of history 23 . Compared to the “new” history, the “old,” traditional way of looking at psychology’s history is characterized by a. a historicist approach b. a naturalistic approach c. an internal approach d. a contextual approach 24 . When reading about Goddard and the immigrants, someone taking a presentist approach would a. emphasize how Goddard and others were affected by the theory of evolution b. try to understand the zeitgeist c. concentrate on understanding the mental processes involved in scoring well on an IQ test d. criticize Goddard for failing to recognize the importance of an immigrant’s cultural background

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    Test Bank — Chapter 1 Goodwin History, 5 e 1 - 4 25 . When reading about Goddard and the immigrants, someone taking a historicist approach would a. emphasize how Goddard and others were influenced by the promise of the new “scientific” technology of the IQ test b. conclude that Goddard was hopelessly biased in his beliefs about immigrants c. concentrate on understanding the mental processes involved in scoring well on an IQ test d. be critical of Goddard for failing to recognize the importance of an immigrant’s background background 26 . A history of cognitive psychology that emphasized the fact that the 1960s were a time of protest and change would be a. a personalistic history b. an economic history c. an internal history d. an external history 27 . An internal history of cognitive psychology would focus on a. how cognitive psychologists were influenced by developments in computer science b. the problems that behaviorism had in accounting for human language learning c. changes within the minds of the behaviorists , who then converted to cognitive psychology d. the effects of the historical context (e.g., the 1960s) on psychologists 28 . Watsonian behaviorism , Darwinian biology, and Freudian psychoanalysis are examples of a. multiples b. eponyms c. a naturalistic rather than a personalistic strategy d. an external rather than an internal strategy 29 . You will learn in Chapter 5 that while Darwin was developing his theory of evolution, Alfred Russel Wallace had almost the identical idea at about the same time. This type of thing happens occasionally in history and illustrates a. a multiple b. the importance of zeitgeist c. both a multiple and the importance of zeitgeist d. none of the se 30 . What used to be called the “great man” theory of history a. emphasized the existence of multiples b. emphasized the importance of zeitgeist c. was more of an external than an internal approach d. emphasized eponyms 31 . E. G. Boring’s approach to history could be characterized by which of the following? a. it was strongly presentist b. it was personalistic c. it emphasized the importance of the zeitgeist d. Boring believed that the best way to summarize historical events was to use eponyms 32 . E. G. Boring favored a naturalistic approach to history, but recognized the appeal of a personalistic approach. This latter strategy persists, according to Boring, for several reasons. Which of the following was not one of the reasons listed by him? a. there is a human need to recognize individual accomplishment b. it helps to reduce the complexity of complicated historical events c. it is consistent with the human tendency to categorize (i.e., into eponyms) d. the concept of the zeitgeist has an intuitive appeal to people

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    Test Bank — Chapter 1 Goodwin History, 5 e 1 - 5 33 . In a quotation about the development of educational psychology, Ross criticized the use of the zeitgeist concept, arguing that a. to say that some event occurred because of the zeitgeist fails to explain the event at all b. it overlooks the importance of social, political, and economic contexts c. it relies too heavily on eponyms d. it is too presentist, internal, and personalistic 34 . In order to overcome presentist thinking, at least to a degree, what did historian Bernard Bailyn recommend? a. focus on the actions of great people, rather than the zeitgeist b. try to evaluate past actions with today’s value system c. try to identify and clearly separate the winners from the losers in a historical episode d. avoid thinking of individuals as heroic or a villain if the judgments about them were not clear at the time 35 . Historiography refers to a. the methods used to carry out historical research b. the writing of history c. both the methods used to carry out historical research b. the writing of history and the writing of history d. none of the se 36 . A university archives would be the least likely place to look for which of the following items? a. correspondence between psychologists b. a recent copy of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species c. minutes of the meetings of an APA committee d. the diaries of Walter Miles 37. Which of the following is true about the “From the Miles Papers” excerpt in Chapter 1, in which Miles meets his “academic grandfather?” a. Miles was surprised to learn that he was “related” academically to E. W. Scripture b. the archival information presented comes from a diary written by Miles c. Miles met Scripture while touring Scripture’s lab at Yale d. Scripture was the “ academic grandfat her” because he trained Seashore, who in turn trained Miles 3 8 . Analyzing the correspondence between Sanford and Titchener was a problem for your textbook author because a. Titchener periodically destroyed his papers b. the Sanford papers were lost in a flood c. about half the correspondence (Titchener to Sanford) was missing d. both writers distorted their letters because they knew historians would be reading them some day 3 9 . It is generally true of history that a. once a set of facts has been accurately described, there is no longer a need to investigate further b. historians themselves are influenced by the context of the time in which they are writing c. selection of material is easy, but interpretation is difficult d. everything is relative — the historical truth about anything cannot be known 40 . In Telling the Truth About History , it is argued that a. historical truths can only emerge from multiple perspectives b. all historical description is relative and historical truth can never be known c. the job of the historian is to list, once and for all time, “what really happened” on some particular date d. the postmodern critique of traditional history denounced relativism

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    Test Bank — Chapter 1 Goodwin History, 5 e 1 - 6 Answers 1. C 21. C 2. B 22. C 3. A 23. C 4. C 24. D 5. A 25. A 6. A 26. D 7. D 27 . B 8. D 28. B 9. A 29. C 10. C 30. D 11. D 31. C 12. B 32. D 13. C 33. A 14. D 34. D 15. A 3 5. C 16. B 3 6. B 17. A 3 7. D 18. C 3 8. C 19. C 39. B 20. A 40. A

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    Test Bank — Chapter 1 Goodwin History, 5 e 1 - 7 II. Short Answer 1. Robert Watson was instrumental in developing interest in psychology’s history in the 1960s. Describe two of his accomplishments during that time. 2. What is meant by a “presentist” approach to the study of history? 3. What is meant by a “historicist” approach to the study of history? 4. What is meant by an “external” approach to the study of history? 5. What is meant by an “internal” approach to the study of history? 6. What is meant by a “personalistic” approach to the study of history? 7. What is meant by a “naturalistic” approach to the study of history? 8. What is an eponym? Give an example. 9. What is a multiple? Give an example. 10. List three types of information likely to be found in an archive. 11. Give an example of a “data selection” problem likely to be encountered by a historian. 12. Telling the Truth About History proposes a Darwinian approach to the search for truth in history. Explain.

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    Test Bank — Chapter 1 Goodwin History, 5 e 1 - 8 III. Essay 1. Explain why it is important to study (a) history in general, and (b) psychology’s history in particular. 2. Use examples to support the statement that the present cannot be known without an understanding of the past. 3. Psychology students can generally expect to see a history of psychology course in their curriculum, but chemistry majors are unlikely to encounter a history of chemistry course. Explain. 4. Use the Triplett study to illustrate the definition and the purpose of an origin myth. 5 . Distinguish between a presentist account of history and a historicist account. What is the problem with the former? Use an example to illustrate the point (e.g., Goddard and the mental testing of immigrants). 6 . What does historian Bernard Bailyn recommend as a way to avoid presentist interpretations of history? 7 . Distinguish between an internal and an external approach to history and describe an advantage and disadvantage of each. 8 . Describe three examples that illustrate the general problem of data selection in historical research. 9 . Use the example of E. G. Boring to illustrate the interpretation problems that can occur in historical research and writing. 10 . There are two general problems associated with the writing of historical narratives. Describe them and give a specific example of each. 11 . Use the examples of the history of the American West and the Holocaust to illustrate the strength and weakness of the postmodern critique of traditional history. 12 . Argue both sides of this assertion: It is impossible for historical truth to be attained.

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    Test Bank — Chapter 2 Goodwin History, 5 e 2 - 1 I. Multiple Choice NOTE: The following items also appear in the online study guide that is available to students: 1, 10, 15, 20, 29, 42, 44, 48 1. Chapter 2 opens with the Ebbinghaus quote about psychology having a short past but a long history. What did Ebbinghaus mean? a. he meant that it was important for psychology to break completely with philosophy in order to become scientific b. he meant that the issues of interest to psychologists could be traced to ancient times c. he meant that psychology really has a lengthy history, but most people don’t remember any of it so they believe that psychology has just a short history d. he meant that most psychologists don’t appreciate the importance of studying psychology’s history 2. Which of the following true about a heliocentric view of the universe? a. it was rejected by Galileo on the basis of his telescopic observations b. it assumes that the earth is at the center of the universe c. it was the official view of the Church in the 17th century d. it eventually replaced the geocentric view 3. Copernicus published his heliocentric view of the universe in 1543. Another event occurred that year, which led one historian to consider 1543 to be the year when modern science was born. What was the other event? a. Vesalius published his treatise on anatomy b. Gutenberg invented the printing press c. Harvey discovered that the heart acted like a pump d. Galileo invented a telescope 4. Sir Francis Bacon, who became a hero to B. F. Skinner, is known for advocating a. submission to the legitimate authority of the Church b. an inductive approach to knowledge, in which general principles are derived from numerous observations c. the idea that humans are mere machines d. a deductive approach to knowledge, in which general principles based on Aristotle’s authority would be used to deduce specific laws about how the world worked 5. Which of the following pairs is inappropriately matched? a. Galileo — heliocentric b. Bacon — inductive c. Copernicus — geocentric d. Harvey — circulatory system 6. In addition to his faith in an inductive approach to science, Bacon also believed that a. science should play a role in controlling nature b. basic science was good, but applied science was bad c. scientists should conform to the wisdom of Aristotle d. a thorough understanding of the universe could only be known theologically 7. Which of the following was not a part of the historical context of Descartes’ time?

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    Test Bank — Chapter 2 Goodwin History, 5 e 2 - 2 a. there was the beginning of a gradual erosion of the authority of the Church b. intellectuals were becoming disillusioned with the so - called progress resulting from science and technology c. there was a spirit of “mechanism,” exemplified by Harvey’s mechanical theory of the circulatory system d. there was growing faith in the value of observational methods as a way to understand the world 8. What did Galileo and Descartes have in common? a. they both questioned traditional authorities when arriving at a decision about the truth of something b. they both relied exclusively on inductive methods c. both made their primary contributions to astronomy rather than psychology d. their nearly simultaneous discovery of the reflex counts as a multiple 9. Descartes believed in which of the following statements? a. the mind and the body are separate, but they operate in parallel (i.e., they do not directly influence each other) b. such ideas as “extension” are learned through the experiences of early childhood c. the way to truth is through the use of one’s innate reasoning powers d. the mind at birth is best described as a blank slate 10. On the mind - body question, Descartes believed that a. mind and body were two aspects of the same essence b. mind and body were two distinct, noninteracting essences c. mind and body were two distinct essences that interacted directly with each other d. mind could be reduced to body (i.e., brain) — thus, he rejected dualism 11. Descartes’ first rule of method, as outlined in Discourse on Method , was to a. recognize the important value of sensory information when seeking after truth b. analyze problems into sub problems c. collect as much inductive evidence as possible d. recognize as truth only that which could not be rationally doubted 12. Descartes could be characterized as all of the following except a. dualist b. rationalist c. nativist d. materialist 13. Descartes is accurately described as all of the following except a. a believer in mind - body interactionism b. a rationalist c. a believer in innate ideas d. interested in the mind but not in the body 14. According to Descartes, a. the mind can influence the body, but the body cannot directly influence the mind b. the senses are faulty as mechanisms for acquiring knowledge c. the nervous system acts essentially as an electrical system and its nerves “vibrate” d. there are no innate ideas 15. According to Descartes,

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    Test Bank — Chapter 2 Goodwin History, 5 e 2 - 3 a. mind and body interact at a place in the body that is not duplicated anywhere else, namely, in the area of the heart b. animals are pure machines; humans have bodies that are machines, but they also have rational minds c. the sensory and motor components of the reflex occur in two different sets of nerves d. the ideas of self and God are learned through the experiences of early childhood 16. Descartes would consider knowledge of the concept of extension a(n) _____ idea, and the knowledge of how long a candle would burn a(n) ______ idea. a. innate; derived b. simple; complex c. unassociated; associated d. derived; innate 17. Descartes believed that a. truth could be achieved only through the proper use of reason b. mind and body are just two parallel ways of looking at the same fundamental essence c. animals have minds; they just aren’t as advanced as ours d. because he needed to satisfy basic physiological urges, he therefore believed he existed (I drink, therefore I am) 18. The post - Renaissance model of the universe as a giant machine directly influenced a. Harvey’s idea of how the heart worked b. Descartes’ idea about how animals worked c. Newton’s idea about how the planets worked d. all of the se 19. According to the British Empiricist John Locke, a. all our ideas derive from sensation and reflection b. the mind is like veined marble at birth c. simple ideas are innate; complex ideas derive from our experiences d. a person blind from birth who had sight restored later in life would have no trouble identifying and distinguishing (visually) a cube from a sphere 20. John Locke was the first major British Empiricist. He is associated with all of the following ideas except a. the only important principles of association are spatial and temporal contiguity b. the only reality we can be sure of is our perception c. there are two sources of ideas: sensation and reflection d. the mind at birth is like a white paper 21. How would Locke explain why children are afraid of the dark? a. they learn to be afraid, perhaps after being frightened by a maid b. it is a “natural” fear that derives from our poor night vision c. it is an innate idea that cannot be changed d. they fail to use their reason to arrive at the truth about the dark 22. In his letters about educating the son of a friend, Locke recommended that a. a sound mind requires a sound body — therefore keep the child safe, dry, and warm and avoid having him get his feet wet b. intelligence is innate, so only educate the child if he shows early signs of being bright c. reinforcement should take a concrete form (e.g., candy) — mere commendation is not enough d. physical punishment should be avoided, especially in young children 23. With which of the following statements would John Locke agree? a. just because children have a concept of God early in life, that does not constitute

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    Test Bank — Chapter 2 Goodwin History, 5 e 2 - 4 evidence that “God” is an innate idea b. the primary qualities of matter (e.g., color) do not belong to the objects themselves, but depend on perception c. spare the rod and spoil the child d. ideas that are universal from one culture to another (e.g., God) can be considered innate ideas, but that is the only situation that produces innate ideas 24. John Locke would be least accurately described by which of the following terms? a. atomist b. empiricist c. associationist d. rationalist 25. The concept of atomism is reflected in which of the following statements? a. association is to psychology as gravity is to physics b. complex ideas can be reduced to simple ideas c. primary qualities of matter have independent existence d. nothing is in the mind that was not first in the senses 26. Berkeley extended Locke’s philosophy into a system that has been called subjective idealism or immaterialism. According to Berkeley’s system, a. there are no secondary qualities of matter; everything is a primary quality b. the greatest human value is to strive for a “subjectively ideal” world c. we cannot be sure that matter exists when we aren’t perceiving it, except through our faith in the Permanent Perceiver d. our perception of the world results from the innate characteristics of the visual system; learning isn’t involved very much 27. Newton’s concept of gravity is analo gous to the British Empiricist concept of a. sensation b. a simple idea c. a blank slate d. an association 28. In An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision , Bishop George Berkeley argued that a. the visual senses were unreliable as objective sources of knowledge; true knowledge derives from reason b. our visual system is designed to perceive depth and distance automatically (i.e., it is mostly innate) c. depth perception is purely and simply the result of our experiences with objects that are at different distances from us d. everything we perceive has a primary quality to it (i.e., it truly exists) 29. Berkeley’s philosophy has come to be called “subjective idealism” or immaterialism. He believed that a. all knowledge is innate but dormant; we have to use our reason to get at the knowledge b. the uncertainty of the physical world meant that God probably didn’t exist c. our belief in the existence of the external world depends on our perception of it d. we learn mostly through experience, but visual phenomena like depth perception are innate 30. The idea that all things could be described in physical terms and could be understood in light of the physical properties of matter and energy is called

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    Test Bank — Chapter 2 Goodwin History, 5 e 2 - 5 a. rationalism b. associationism c. empiricism d. materialism 31. According to Berkeley, our ability to perceive depth is partly the result of the manner in which the lens of the eye alters its shape to bring objects at different distances into focus. This lens - altering process is called a. accommodation b. a binocular depth cue c. convergence d. spatial contiguity 32. Berkeley would agree with all of the following statements except a. we can have faith in the reality of objects through our faith in God, the Permanent Perceiver b. we can never come to believe that objects in the world have physical reality c. we don’t see objects directly; we make judgments based on visual information and experience d. the binocular cue of convergence is one of the ways in which experience leads us to experience distance 33. David Hume proposed that ideas combine according to three laws of association. They were a. spatial contiguity, temporal contiguity, resemblance b. resemblance, cause - and - effect relations, contiguity c. temporal contiguity, cause - and - effect relations, spatial contiguity d. contiguity, contiguity, and contiguity (i.e., he only believed in one basic law of association) 34. Hume said that ideas were faint copies of impressions. Hartley said essentially the same thing when he distinguished between a. miniature vibrations and vibrations b. vibrations and sensation c. spatial and temporal contiguity d. primary and secondary qualities of matter 35. Ed sees a picture of the Grand Canyon and immediately recalls his visit there. This is an example of which of Hume’s principles of association? a. spatial contiguity b. temporal contiguity c. resemblance d. cause and effect 36. In Hartley’s parallelist system, sensation is to idea as ______ is to ______. a. perception; thought b. simple idea; complex idea c. vibration; miniature vibration d. temporal contiguity; spatial contiguity 37. Jane flinches when she sees lightning, anticipating the loud noise. This has come about as a result of a. temporal contiguity b. cause - and - effect c. spatial contiguity d. resemblance 38. On the dimension of atomism - holism, which of the British philosophers was most on the holism side? a. James Mill (Dad) b. John Stuart Mill (Son)

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    Test Bank — Chapter 2 Goodwin History, 5 e 2 - 6 c. David Hartley d. John Locke 39. The James Mill quote about brick, mortar, walls, and houses illustrates which of the following concepts? a. materialism b. holism c. atomism d. innate ideas 40. John Stuart Mill was a child prodigy. With which of the following statements about his early ability would he be least likely to agree? a. some have it, some don’t (i.e., I was born smart) b. if you work hard enough, you can accomplish a lot c. I would not have accomplished anything if I had not been pushed by my father d. experience is everything 41. How did John Stuart Mill’s (JSM) philosophy differ from that of James Mill (JM), his father? a. JSM replaced his father’s mechanical metaphor with a chemical one b. JSM reduced all association to contiguity; JM had a long list of laws of association c. JSM believed in innate genius (after all, wasn’t he one?), while JM believed in the conventional empiricism that held that knowledge results from experience d. none of the se — JSM elaborated on Dad’s ideas and wrote more coherently, but he didn’t change any of his father’s ideas 42. James Mill’s model of the mind (exemplified by the quote about complex and duplex ideas in houses) could be described as _____; his son’s model was more of _______. a. traditional empiricism; a rationalist system b. mental chemistry; a mental mechanics c. mental mechanics; a mental chemistry d. rationalism; an empiricist system 43. The logic of the modern correlational method is essentially the same as Mill’s method of a. agreement b. difference c. concomitant variation d. cause and effect 44. Suppose you hypothesize that having a flower garden reduces stress. Using Mill’s method of agreement, you would hope to find that a. everyone with a garden has low stress levels b. everyone without a garden has high stress levels c. both everyone with a garden has low stress levels and everyone without a garden has high stress levels d. none of the se 45. Suppose you hypothesize that having a flower garden reduces stress. Using Mill’s method of difference, you would hope to find that a. everyone with a garden has low stress levels b. everyone without a garden has high stress levels c. both everyone with a garden has low stress levels and everyone without a garden has high stress levels d. none of the se 46. Suppose you hypothesize that having a flower garden reduces stress. Combining Mill’s methods of agreement and difference, you would hope to find that a. everyone with a garden has low stress levels b. everyone without a garden has high stress levels c. both everyone with a garden has low stress levels and everyone without a garden has high stress levels

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    Test Bank — Chapter 2 Goodwin History, 5 e 2 - 7 d. none of the se 47. The gestalt psychologists argued that the whole was greater than the sum of its parts. The British philosopher closest in spirit to this idea was a. John Locke b. David Hume c. David Hartley d. John Stuart Mill 48. The French philosopher Leibniz argued that a. animals are true “empirics” (blank slate at birth) b. the human mind is more like veined marble than a blank slate, with the veins representing our innate predispositions c. both animals are true “empirics” (blank slate at birth) and the human mind is more like veined marble than a blank sla te, with the veins representing our innate predispositions d. none of the se 49. The French philosopher Leibniz responded to Locke’s white paper metaphor by saying that the mind was more like veined marble. Leibniz was arguing that a. humans are true “ empirics” b. the mind has innate properties that help shape experience c. all basic human properties are fixed (i.e., innate) at birth d. everyone has flaws 50. All of the following concepts are associated with the French philosopher Leibniz except a. mind and body act in parallel with each other b. the mind is like veined marble c. animals are pure empirics d. we have a priori knowledge of space and time 51. For Leibniz, the highest level of awareness was known as a. sensation b. apperception c. perception d. petite perception 52. What did Leibniz mean by the concept of a petite perception? a. it was the same as a monad b. it was a perception below the level of awareness c. it was the perception of any small object d. it was the perception of any object that was available for perception for just a brief period of time 53. Which of the following is inappropriately paired? a. Hartley — contiguity b. Leibniz — monad c. Hume — veined marble d. Berkeley — depth perception 54. Which of the following is appropriately paired? a. Descartes — mind - body interactionism b. Kant — levels of awareness from apperception through petite perception c. Locke — mind is veined marble

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