A History of Psychology: A Global Perspective Second Edition Test Bank

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource1Chapter 1Key terms (multiplechoice)1.The term, which meant the weakness of nervous system and used by clinicians to explainthe etiology of several dysfunctions, mostly including various forms of anxiety anddepression is called:a.magnetismb.agingc.neurastheniad.sleepe.imaginationAnswer:c2.Psychological knowledge that is simplified and sensationalized is called:a.ideologyb.legal knowledgec.Zeitgeistd.pop psychologye.historiographyAnswer:d3.The study of the ways by which people obtain and disseminate historicalknowledge iscalled:a.historiographyb.Zeitgeistc.scientific knowledged.legal knowledgee.valuesAnswer:a4.Thelandmark Milgram study showed that obedience toauthority is common in ordinarypeople and that many of us could act unethically if someone else takes responsibility forour behavior. But most important, the study highlighted the vital importance of:a.folk beliefsb.ethical guidelinesc.sufficient fundingd.international cooperatione.proper dress codeAnswer:bKeyterms, facts,andnames (true/false)1.Placebo Effectis theeffect of a change caused by an anticipation of a change.

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource2TrueFalseAnswer:T2.Psychological knowledge that issimplified and sensationalized is called legal knowledge.TrueFalseAnswer:F3.Knowledgeis information that has a purpose or useTrueFalseAnswer:T4.Knowledge that stems from established, stable perceptions about the world, the nature ofgood and evil, right and wrong behavior, purpose of human life, and so forth is calledfolk beliefs.TrueFalseAnswer:F5.Zeitgeist stands forthe general social climate, the spirit of a particular time or generation.TrueFalseAnswer:T6.Jean Piaget took a doctorate in zoology.TrueFalseAnswer:T7.Anton Mesmersuggested that anindividual’s entire behavior could be described in termsof strength, balance, and agility of the nervous processes.TrueFalseAnswer:F8.Legal knowledge appears in the form of legal prescriptions established by authorities(ranging from tribal leaders to state governments).TrueFalseAnswer:T9.French intellectual, Paul-Henri Thiry (known also as Baron d’Holbach) established thefirst psychological laboratorycalledsalon.TrueFalseAnswer:F10.Wilhelm Stekel was one of Freud’s earliest followers.TrueFalseAnswer:TComprehension and applications (multiple choice)1.The French physician, Franz Anton Mesmer, claimed in his dissertation in 1766 thathuman illnesses might be caused by the disruption or blocking of the normal flow of aninvisible body fluid, which he called:a.complex emotionsb.animal reflexesc.animal magnetism

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource3d.Zeitgeiste.memoryAnswer:c2.From today’s standpoint, the patientsof Mesmerreported improvements probablybecause they believed in own recovery or wanted to show progress.This effect of achange caused by an anticipation of a changeis called today:a.intuitionb.placebo effectc.double magnetismd.Zeitgeist effecte.anxietyAnswer:b3.Clinicians in the past labeledpsychological and physicalsymptoms attributed to theweakness of the nervous system as:a.placebob.moral failurec.magnetismd.psychosise.neurastheniaAnswer:e4.In which country in the 1960s, a rare translation of a Western psychology textbook wasaccompanied by the specially written concluding chapter titled, “The Backwardness ofPresent Capitalistic Psychology.”a.Franceb.Japanc.Soviet Uniond.Chinae.IndiaAnswer:d5.In the 19th century, in the United States, black slaveswho had made repeated attempts toescape from their ownerswere frequently labeled as:a.mentally illb.revolutionariesc.skilled engineersd.dangerous underground leaderse.mentally giftedAnswer:a6.Many civil rights activists, who did not support official ideology, were forcefullyhospitalized to mental institutions with the following official diagnosis:Schizophrenia,Slowly Progressing (Sluggish) Type, Delusion of Reformation. In which country was thispracticed?

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource4a.Chinab.Iranc.Soviet Uniond.North Koreae. AustraliaAnswer:c7.The concept of theengram,defined as a permanent trace left by a stimulus on theprotoplasm of a tissue has been developed by:a.mesmerismb.scientologyc.Pavlov’s theoryd.pop-psychologye. modern psychiatryAnswer:b8.Daniel Kahnemanwas the first psychologist to win the Nobel Prize, in 2002. However,he won this prize in.a.biologyb.medicinec.literatured.historye. economicsAnswer:e9.One of the most quoted contributors to psychology, Sigmund Freud, aswell as HerbertSpencer:a.worked for Harvard Universityb.did not hold a full-time professorshipc.worked for Cornell Universityd.worked for Oxford Universitye. worked for Princeton UniversityAnswer:b10.By 2113, if the current trend continues, women would receivepercent of thedoctoral degreesin psychologyearned in North America.a.30b.40c.50d.70e. 90Answer:dComprehension and applications (shortanswer)1.What is the main source of scientific knowledge in psychology?

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource5Answer: science, or systematic empirical observation, measurement, and evaluation offacts.2.Scientific knowledge can be inaccurate for at least three reasons. Which ones?Answer:incorrect assumptions, imprecise descriptions, and poor applications.3.Ivan Pavlov suggested that an individual’s entire behavior could be describedin terms ofstrengthof the nervous processesplus their (name two more):Answer:balanceand agility.4.What is the main emphasis of pop-psychology?Answer: simplicity and sensationalism5.The publication of AlfredKinsey’sSexualBehavior in the Human Malein 1948, a bookbased on empirical studies of sexuality, received an angry response from many people,including scientists.Why?Answer:the social climate was ambivalent;many maintained that research should beseparated from perversion6.Academic traditions serve several functions. Which ones?Answer: communication, consolidation ofknowledge, and protection and control7.An originator of behaviorism, John Watson, was forced to resign from his key academicpositions because of:Answer:a personal scandal involving him and a female student with whom Watson hadintimate relationship.8.What is the opposite phenomenon tofragmentationin psychology?Answer: standardization9.Attention to “psychological energy” increased significantly during the period whenscientists were making discoveries in which scientific field?Answer:nuclear physics10.Among important themes in psychology, three stand out:Answer:themind-body problem, the interaction of biological and social factors inhuman behavior and experience, and the balance between theoretical knowledge and itspractical applicationsComprehension and applications (essay)

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource61.Can popular beliefs, often calledfolk theories, represent accurate knowledge inpsychology? Give an example.2.Why is mesmerism viewed as unscientific today?3.In the very beginning of the 20th century, many experimental psychologists shared aview that only a specially selected and trained group of highly skilled observers couldperform the collection and compilation of scientific data in psychological labs. Onlytrainedprofessionalscouldconductscientificobservationsinstrictlycontrolledconditions of an experiment. These trained professionals should be men.What was thejustification for such assumptions?4.Describethethree factorsthatstimulated the process of psychology’s standardization.5.Describe the factors contributing to ethnocentrism inpsychology.6.What was the key point ofThe Mind of Primitive Manby Franz Boas?7.As you have read inthe text, inpeer-reviewed publications inleadingacademicpsychological journals, more than 90 percent of research samples came from a smallgroup of countries representing only 12 percent of the world’s population.Do you thinkthatthehistoryofpsychologytooispaintinganincompletepictureofworld’spsychological knowledge?

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource1Chapter 2Key Terms (multiple choice)1.Thenotion that matter is made up of small, indivisible particles is called:a.atomismb.materialismc.dualismd.physicse.holismAnswer: a2.The branch of philosophy that studies the nature ofknowledge, its foundations, extent,and validity⎯were resultof observation and speculation is called:a.holismb.epistemologyc.materialismd.naturalisme.logicAnswer:b3.From the Greek words“matter”and“form”,which viewrecognized theexistence of twofundamental principles: one potential, that is, primary matter, and one actual, that is,substantial form?a.materialismb.folk beliefsc.hylomorphismd.atomisme.emanation theoryAnswer:c4.Theview about the human soul thatholds that it originated from the same matter as anyother material object, it ispart of the natural world and could be studied by the methodsused for the study of nature is called:a.atomismb.theologyc.naturalismd.materialisme.epistemologyAnswer:d

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource25.The principal Western Christian theological and philosophical school of thought based onthe authority of the churchand teachingsof Aristotle andhis commentators is called:a.scholasticismb.Aristotle sciencec.authoritarianismd.idealisme.materialismAnswer:a6.What is theterm to describe connections between individuals and environment andmanifested in various forms including early religion, arts, education, and science?a.psychologyb.inspirationc.soul-searchingd.folk beliefse.subjective cultureAnswer:eKeyterms, facts,andnames (true/false)1.Emanation theorystates thatobjects release substance that makes an impression onhuman senses thus evoking sensation then thought.TrueFalseAnswer:T2.Holismis the concept holding that everything is interconnected in the world and body.TrueFalseAnswer:T3.Materialism is the fundamental view suggesting that the facts of mental life can besufficiently explained in mental terms.TrueFalseAnswer:F4.Material monismis the viewaccording to which all things and developments, includingpsychological processes, no matter how simple or complicated they are, have one similarmaterial origin.TrueFalseAnswer:T5.Melancholyis themost common label inancient Greece for symptoms today calledholism.TrueFalseAnswer:F6.Theology isthe study of the nature ofpurposeful behavior.TrueFalseAnswer:F

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource37.In Plato’s famous allegory, human beings are located inside of an imaginary cave, andthey observe reflections of forms (the reality) on the cave’s walls.TrueFalseAnswer:T8.Aristotle referred to the brain as a “heat boiler” of blood.TrueFalseAnswer:F9.Aristotle named five main types of sensation; all of them are recognized today as thebasic senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.TrueFalseAnswer:T10.Epicurus, despite popularmisinterpretations of his views and claims that he encouragedpeople to enjoy life carelessly and satisfy their own unlimited needs, in fact taught peopleto limit the pursuit of the vain needs and free themselves of unnecessary fears.TrueFalseAnswer:T11.Aristotleviewedthestomachas a center of mental activities.TrueFalseAnswer:F12.According to Mahayana teachings in Buddhism, the external world is the reflection of themind itself.TrueFalseAnswer:T13.Confucius wrote several books. One of the most famous ones is “A Memoir of the GreatConfucius”.TrueFalseAnswer:F14.The fundamental principle and force of life, according to Galen, waspneuma,whichexists in three forms.TrueFalseAnswer:T15.Augustine (354–430) was born and resided in North Africa, which is present-day Algeria.TrueFalseAnswer:T16.Avicenna followed teachingsof Confucius and other Chinese scholars.TrueFalseAnswer:F17.Most philosophers in Rome and Greece accepted homosexual feelings and behavior asnormal.TrueFalseAnswer:TComprehension and applications (multiple choice)1.Mesopotamian civilization was among the first to develop written language. Texts werewritten on clay tablets, and some of them contain descriptions of:

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource4a.symptoms of depressionb.dreamsc.psychological experimentsd.therapeutic sessionse.three types of memoryAnswer:b2.From Egyptian papyrus manuscripts, prepared sometimes between 2900 and 2000 BCE,we infer that the center of the organism was:a.the liverb.the spinal cordc.the heartd.the braine.the stomachAnswer:c3.Several Greek thinkers, who lived in the town of Miletus, are known today asrepresentatives of the Milesian school.Their views are considered as seminal to thetradition called:a.material monismb.idealismc.behaviorismd.evolutionarye.comparative biologyAnswer:a4.The world, according to the Stoics, consists of a passive matter and an active force called:a.fireb.waterc.electric forced.pneumae.magnetismAnswer:d5.According to Plato, the lowest part of the soul is responsible for desires and needs andcan be associated with:a.the level of thebrainb.the level of theheartc.the level of theneckd. thelevel of theanklese.the level of the abdomenAnswer:e6.Aristotle considered this part of the human body as the center of vital activities:

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource5a.the brainb.the liverc.the heartd.the stomache.the kidneysAnswer:c7.Epicurus distinguished between three types of needs. The first typeinvolved natural andnecessary for survival desires. The second type contained natural, but nonnecessary,desires. What was the third type?a.“beautiful” or “artistic” desiresb. violent and aggressive desiresc.creativityd.“vain” or “empty” desirese. unusual desires, perversionsAnswer:d8.Democritus called the heart “the queen, the nurse of anger” and believed that atoms of thesoul near the liver had a lot do with:a.desireb.thinkingc.memorizationd.sleepe.hypnosisAnswer:a9.According to Aristotle, melancholia is an enduring emotional imbalance with a seasonalpattern, which has higher incidence in:a.the summerb. the winterc.the summer and in the winterd.the end of each monthe.the spring and in the fallAnswer:e10.The myth called “The Madness of Hercules the Strongman and Adventurer” is describedas an early demonstration of:a.mental asylumsb.insanity defensec.group therapyd.schizophreniae.drug abuseAnswer:b

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource611.Indianphilosophers shared the belief that all living creatures undergo a cycle of rebirth sothat their souls:a.disintegrate after an individual’s deathb.migrate from the brain to the heartc.transmigrate from one body to anotherd.migrate from the heart to the braine.become physical objectsAnswer:c12.The Advaita tradition in India, with its analysis of the material and the ideal, sharessimilar ideas of:a.Aristotleb.Democritusc.Augustined.Platoe.ConfuciusAnswer:d13.Confucius believed that anyone could become a virtuous person. The key to success wasa person’s:a.social connectionsb.beliefs in Godc.friends and relativesd.commitment to improvee.knowledgeAnswer:d14.For Mencius, the difference between people and animals lay in people’s capacity toreason and ability for:a.aggressive actionsb.educationc.making moneyd.written communicationse.moral actionsAnswer:e15.Inancient China, the holistic mode of thought rested on the assumption that everythingexists in the integration of two famous historic Chinese concepts:a.redandblueb.cupiditasandcaritasc.TheravadaandMahayanad.yinandyange.angelsanddemonsAnswer:d

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource716.Taoism was, as it frequently noted, “the other way” as an opposing way to what?a.Greek philosophyb.Indian philosophyc.Confucianismd.Aristotle’s idease.StoicismAnswer:c17.According to Galen, two kinds of nerves exist. One is soft, and it connects the sensoryorgans with the brain. The other kind is harder; it connects:a.the heart and the liverb.thebrain with the musclesc.the liver with the stomachd.the soul with the North Polee.the brain and the eyeAnswer:b18.The Roman philosophical and medical tradition was primarily rooted in earlier:a.Confucianismb.Indian traditionc.Islamic traditiond.Taoisme.Greek studiesAnswer:e19.Augustine formulated the principle of two wills.What kind of wills?a.carnal and spiritualb.physical and mentalc.red and blued.soft and harde.external and internalAnswer:a20.Thomas Aquinas continued the tradition started by:a.Platob.Avicennac.Aristotled.Confuciuse.GalenAnswer:c

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource821.The school called Mutazilitespromoted the doctrine of free will, rationalism, andAristotle’s logic in attempt to blend them with:a.ideas of Confuciusb.religious teachingsc.Taoismd.physiology of Galene.writings of AugustineAnswer:b22.Avicenna believed that the center of psychological functioning is:a.the heartb.the liverc.the braind.the bonese.the stomachAnswer:cComprehension and applications (short answer)1.Heraclitus (530–470 BCE). He introduced a very sophisticated concept of the soul calledpsychethat consisted of:Answer: specific particles of ever-living fire, a founding substance.2.Democritus believed that the atoms of the soul are active on three different levels in thehuman body:Answer:around the brain, close to the chest and heart, and in the region of the liver.3.The film Matrix inadvertently addresses Plato’s theory of cognition. In which way?Answer: the reality of the world is “given” to us through our senses, and our ability toknow what is beyond our sensations is limited.4.In many Greek manuscripts, emotions came into view largely as: Answer: “intruders” intheprocess of a logical reflection of reality.5.Epicurus distinguished between three types of needs. Which ones?Answer: natural and necessary; natural, but nonnecessary; and “vain” or “empty”desires.6.Stoics offered two practical ways in dealing with disturbing desires or affects. The first isto suppress one emotion by initiating another. What was the second way?Answer: The second way is based on a better understanding of emotions and betterknowledge of the person’s future and the past.

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Shiraev,A History of Psychology 2eInstructor Resource97.Epicurus taught that life is made up of three different kinds of events:Answer: inevitable, based on chance, and manageable8.According to theSankhyatradition in India,there are three basic senses: (1) sensesresponsible for perception such as vision and hearing; (2) senses responsible formotivation such as desire and will; what was the third sense?Answer:senses responsible for thinking9.According to the Hindu tradition, illness is likely to originate from what?Answer: a misbalance within the body.10.For the Roman Stoics, the ultimate goal of a person’s existence was to:Answer: obtain a state of mind free from immediate desires for pleasure.11.Plotinus believed that the soul has three functions. The first one is to connect withabsolute, divine, and perfect soul. The second function connects the soul with the bodyand individual feelings. What us the third function?Answer:The third function gives the soul self-reflection to learn about itsown past andpresent.12.What wasAugustine’s view of human sexuality?Answer:human sexuality as a feature of carnal will. To guarantee the right path in theirlives, human beings should suppress sexuality, leave sexonly for procreation purposes,and pursue unconditional chastity.13.During the scholastic period, psychological knowledge developed, to some degree, as asymbolic alliance of Christian theology and:Answer:the Greek philosophy.14.Similar to the teachings of European and Asian philosophers, most Middle Easternthinkers recommended behavioral asceticism. What is it?Answer:abstinence from material pleasures.Comprehension and applications (essay)1.Describe the triarchic view of the soulaccording to Plato.2.Explain three main views of cognition in ancient Greece.3.What is the emanation theory of sensation?

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