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Abnormal Psychology: Neuroscience Perspectives on Human Behavior and Experience 1st Edition Test Bank

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource Chapter 1 Test: An Overview of Psychopathology 1. The study of mental illness is called what? a. pathophysiology *b. psychopathology c. pathology d. physiology 2. Approximately what percent of the American population experiences a diagnosable mental illness during a given year? a. 5.8% b. 10.6% c. 17.4% * d. 26.2% 3. Negative attitudes and beliefs that cause the general public to avoid others is called what? *a. stigma b. charisma c. crenate d. achate 4. Which statement best describes the relationship between physical disorders and mental disorders? a. They are distinct, one involves the body and the other involves the mind. *b. They are closely connected, with physiological and chemical processes involved in physical disorders being equally involved in mental disorders. c. A one way relationship where physical disorders influence mental disorders. d. A one way relationship where mental disorders influence physical disorders. 5. Which perspective examines the manner in which the signs and symptoms of a particular disorder are seen in a similar manner throughout the world? *a. behavioral and experiential perspective b. neuroscience perspective c. evolutionary perspective d. psychodynamic perspective 6. Which perspective examines what we know about particular psychopathological experience from the standpoint of the structure and function of the brain? a. behavioral and experiential perspective *b. neuroscience perspective c. evolutionary perspective d. psychodynamic perspective 7. Which perspective examines psychological disorders in terms of how certain ways of seeing or being in the world might be adaptive? a. behavioral and experiential perspective

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource b. neuroscience perspective * c. evolutionary perspective d. psychodynamic perspective 8. Abnormal psychology can be investigated from several levels of analysis. The text mentions all of the following levels of analysis EXCEPT: a. cultural *b. philosophical c. neurological d. physiological 9. Who introduced the term biopsychosocial? *a. George Engel b. William Ray c. Jane Murphy d. Hank Morgan 10. What is the level of analysis that can be viewed as “information capable of affecting individuals’ behavior that they acquire from other members of their species through teaching, imitation, and other forms of social transmission”? a. operant conditioning b. Bandura’s social learning theory * c. culture d. epigenetics 11. The fact that foods with milk are found in European diets and not Asian diets might suggest that: *a. culture and evolution are closely linked as more Europeans have a gene that allows them to continue to digest milk after the traditional time of weaning compared with Asians. b. culture is socially driven as there are no biological explanations for this behavior c. culture and environment are closely linked as more milk products were available in European countries compared with Asian countries. d. culture and family are closely linked as the diets are often transgenerational. 12. Brain imaging studies have shown that cultural values can influence which areas of the brain are active during: a. active learning b. memorization tasks c. performing mathematics calculations * d. self - evaluation 13. Having a mental health disorder often results in what? a. lost productivity b. lost personal enjoyment c. potentially premature death * d. all of the above

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource 14. Please fill in the blank. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in the United States and Canada mental health disorders result in ______ years lost to illness, disability, or premature death. *a. 28.47 b. 13.94 c. 6.69 d. 6.61 15. “Stigma” can be manifested through all of the following EXCEPT a. no longer treating an individual as a person but only as part of a group who is different b. believing that, as a general rule, most individuals with mental illness show more violence than that seen in the general population * c. understanding that a behavior that might be acceptable in one culture could be seen as “crazy” in another. d. believing that a person can recover from a mental illness if by willpower and spending less money setting up clinics and training professionals 16. Symptoms common in mental illness, such as feeling sad or anxious, are ________. *a. subjective b. invective c. objective d. inferred 17. Which disease category is estimated to cause a greater loss in total number of years lost to illness, disability, or premature death? a. Cardiovascular disease *b. Neuropsychiatric disorders c. Sense organ disorders d. M alignant neoplasms 18. Signs, such as having a fever, are ______ because they can be measured. a. dichotomous b. subjective c. concrete * d. objective 19. All of the following physiological process in physical disorders are also equally involved in mental disorders EXCEPT: *a. nerve reaction times b. the immune system c. turning on and off of genes d. chemical processes in the body 20. Complete this sentenc e. Because 94% of Americans believe that treatment can help people with mental illness lead normal lives, _________________________________.

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource a. we are not surprised to find that an estimated 80% of people with mental disorders seek treatment b. we are surprised to find that an estimated 50% of people with mental disorders do not seek treatment. * c. we are surprised to find that an estimated 20% of people with mental disorders seek treatment. d. we are surprised to find that an estimated 5% of people with mental disorders seek treatment. 21. What percent of people with mental disorders are estimated to not seek treatment? a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% * d. 80% 22. In any given year, approximately what percent of all American adults have a mental disorder, including anxiety, depression, and substance use? a. 30% *b. 25% c. 20% d. 15% 23. George believes that people are generally caring and sympathetic toward people with mental illness. However, he also believes that people with depression should just be able to think positive and snap out of it. This is an example of: a. the biopsychosocial approach b. operant conditioning c. the behavioral and experiential perspective * d. the dynamic tension in American attitudes toward mental illness 24. Which of the following is NOT true about John Nash? a. He received the Nobel prize in 1994 *b. He grew up in extreme poverty c. He suffered from schizophrenia d. He taught at both MIT and Princeton 25. The text book gave the example of Terri Cheney, a successful entertainment attorney in Beverly Hills, who suffered from what disorder? a. ADHD b. Schizophrenia * c. Bipolar d. Seasonal Affective Disorder 26. When psychologists consider possible advantages to mental illnesses, they are examining psychological disorders from what perspective? *a. evolutionary b. neuroscience

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource c. behavioral and experimental d. biopsychosocial 27. When psychologists consider ways of classifying and describing abnormal behavior, they are examining psychological disorders from what perspective? a. evolutionary b. neuroscience * c. behavioral and experimental d. biopsychosocial 28. When psychologists consider the specific structure and function of the brain as it relates to psychopathology, they examining psychological disorders from what perspective? a. evolutionary *b. neuroscience c. behavioral and experimental d. biopsychosocial 29. Having a fever is protective and beneficial to recovering from sickness. How is this similar to mental disorders? *a. From an evolutionary perspective, psychological disorders might be secondary to another process that is beneficial. b. From a behavioral and experimental perspective, psychological disorders might be secondary to another process that is beneficial. c. From a neuroscience perspective, psychological disorders might be secondary to another process that is beneficial. d. From a biopsychosocial perspective, psychological disorders might be secondary to another process that is beneficial. 30. Which statement best describes the relationship between environment and genes? a. They are distinct and do not influence one another. b. A one way relationship where genes influence the environment. c. A one way relationship where the environment influences genes. * d. A two way relationship where genes and the environment influence one another. 31. With regards to schizophrenia, which statement is accurate? *a. Cultural and racial backgrounds do not significantly affect the experience of schizophrenia. b. Schizophrenia has different manifestations in various cultures, showing the influence of culture on psychopathology. c. Developed countries show different rates of schizophrenia compared with non - developed countries. d. Although the experience of schizophrenia is similar in all cultures, the course of the disorder varies in different cultures. 32. Approximately what percent of governments in the world have no specific budget for mental health? a. 76%

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource b. 52% * c. 33% d. 11% 33. One reason why humans are sensitive to changes in their environments as they develop is because: *a. Humans are born less fully developed at birth compared with other species. b. Humans have weaker immune systems compared with other species. c. Societal and cultural perspectives become to backdrop of the human environment. d. Humans are a highly social species. 34. Unlike other species, humans live less in ______ and more in _________. a. pairs, groups b. groups, pairs * c. nature, culture d. culture, nature 35. An evolutionary perspective has helped to determine that social processes such as feeling rejected use similar brain circuits as those involved in feeling ________. a. texture b. heat c. pressure * d. physical pain 36. Which is NOT one of the ideas the author gives to describe what psychopathology is? *a. The processes are dangerous. b. The processes involved in psychopathology are maladaptive and not in the individual’s best interest. c. The processes cause personal distress d. The processes represent a deviance from both cultural and statistical norms. 37. Which researcher studied two geographically separate non - Western cultures and found evidence that psychopathology is part of our human nature? *a. Dr. Murphy b. Dr. Swanson c. Dr. Masters d. Dr. Ford 38. Many studies have demonstrated that many forms of mental illness, such as schizophrenia, are found __________. a. mostly in western cultures b. at an ever increasing rate around the world * c. at similar rates around the world d. mostly in industrialized countries

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource 39. One important aspect for an understanding of psychopathology is the experiential perspective, which is _______. *a. how individuals with the disorder experience it and see the world b. an artificial simulation of mental health disorders in otherwise healthy adults c. collected through rigorous research using adequate experimental control. d. only found through neuroimaging. 40 . Which of the following is not one of the four components of psychopathology? a . Loss of freedom b . Interpersonal difficulties *c. Poor community awareness d. Loss of connection to self e. Personal distress 41 . Roughly what percentage of Americans experience a diagnosable mental illness in a given year? a . 1% b . 5% c. 52% *d. 26% 42 . Mental illness can be understood from several different perspectives. The neurophysiological and sociocultural perspectives are two examples. Evaluating mental illness from several perspectives can be described as which of the following? *a . Levels of analysis approach b . Experimental approach c. Observational approach d. Anthropological approach 4 3 . The term biopsychosocial was introduced by which of the following psychologists in the 1970s? a . Carl Jung *b . George Engel c. George Mendel d. Aaron Beck 44 . All of the following define culture except: a . Information capable of affecting individuals b . Behavior acquired from other members of the species c. A system of inheritance * d . Trial - and - error learning e . Social learning 45 . The 5 - HTT - serotonin gene variant is found in 70% to 80% of what population? a . European b . Native American

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource * c . Japanese d . Korean 46 . The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates a cross - cultural population presence of schizophrenia of around what percentage? *a . 1% b . 0.01% c . 5% d . 16% 47 . Which of the following refers to the environment in which humans developed? *a . Environment of evolutionary adaptedness b . Urban socioculturalism c . Ancestral environment d . Evolutionary environment 48 . Examining the root of psychopathology from a social, neurological, and genetic perspective is best described by which of the following? a . Evolutionary approach b . Case study approach * c . Levels of analysis approach d . Experimental approach 49 . Which of the following is not one of five key attributes that define psychopathology? a . The processes are maladaptive b . Significant personal distress is caused * c . A strong connection to the evolutionary environment d . Deviance from cultural and/or statistical norms 50. John Bowlby referred to the environment found in our early evolutionary history as the environment of evolutionary ____________________. *a. adaptiveness b. s election c. a dvancement d. p rotection 5 1. Which of the following is a key characteristic of psychopathology/psychopathological processes? a. There is an inability of an individual with a mental disorder to fully consider alternative ways of thinking, feeling, and doing b. The person has difficulty connecting with his or her environment and also with himself or herself. c. The processes represent a deviance from both cultural and statistical norms. * d. All of the above

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource 5 2. What percentage of the American population will experience a diagnosable mental disorder during a given year, according to the National Institute of Mental Health? a. 5.2% b. 10.2% * c. 26.2% d. 35.2% 5 3. Which of the following causes the greatest loss in disability - adjusted life years (DALYs)? a. Cardiovascular disease b. Cancer * c. Mental illness d. Respiratory disease 5 4. _________ refers to negative attitudes and beliefs that cause the general public to avoid others including those with a mental illness. a. Stereotypes *b. Stigma c. Psychopathology d. None of the above 5 5. What percentage of individuals hospitalized with mental illness go on to commit violence with a gun, according to the MacArthur Foundation? *a. 2 - 3% b. 10 - 11% c. 20 - 21% d. 30 - 31% 5 6. This perspective examines the behavior and experience observed in psychopathology, especially the manner in which the signs and symptoms of a particular disorder are seen in a similar manner throughout the world? a. Evolutionary b. Biopsychosocial * c. Behavioral and experiential d. Neuroscience 5 7. This approach examines psychological disorders in terms of how certain ways of seeing or being in the world might be adaptiv e. *a. Evolutionary b. Cultural c. Behavioral and experiential d. Neuroscience 5 8. The ______________________ relationship refers to one’s relationship with him/herself, which is often affected by mental illness. a. Reflective b. Interpersonal

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource * c. Intrap ersonal d. Self - oriented 5 9. Which of the following is not one of the major components of mental illness discussed in Chapter 1? a. Loss of honest personal contact b. Personal distress * c. Loss of interest and pleasure d. Loss of one’s connection with one’s self 6 0. The discrepancy between the percentage of Americans who view mental health treatment as helpful and the percentage of Americans who __________________________ represents a dynamic tension between a desire to take care of others and the need for personal independence. * a. Seek treatm ent for mental health concerns b. Support mental health awareness campaigns c. Would refer a family member to a mental health provider d. Actually have a mental illness 6 1. The perspective examines what we know about mental illness with an emphasis on the structure and function of the brain, the autonomic nervous system, and genetics and epigenetics. a. Behavioral and experiential *b. Neuroscience c. Evolutionary d. Biopsychosocial 6 2. Sickle - cell anemia is a blood disorder that causes a number of physiological problems; however, having the disorder confers a resistance to malaria. The protective presence of sickle - cell anemia is believed to have evolved as a result of ____________________. a. Evolution b. Adaptation c. Epigenetics * d. Natural selection 6 3. Examining mental illness from the lenses of society, culture, the individual, and the individual’s internal systems represent different ______________________. a. Perspectives *b. Levels of analysis c. Theoretical orientations d. Statistical approaches 6 4. The term “epigenetics” refers to: a. The distribution of specific genetic mutations in the population b. How genes are passed on from parents to children * c. The process by which genes are turned on and off d. How groups of genes are passed on together

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource 6 5. This perspective examines the social world in which a person lives and from which a person learns skills, values, beliefs, attitudes, and other information. a. Behavioral and experiential b. Evolutionary c. Biopsychosocial * d. Cultural 6 6. What is the most important factor that corresponds with the availability of mental health professionals worldwide? a. Cultural variables *b. Income c. Population d. Education 6 7. John Bowlby referred to the environment found in our early evolutionary history as the environment of evolutionary ____________________. *a. Adaptiveness b. Selection c. Advancement d. Protection 68 . One advantage of the biopsychosocial approach is it allows us to see the signs and symptoms of a disorder into a specific, narrow context. a. True * b. False 69 . Culture is important to understanding psychopathology because a common experience in one culture might lead to stress and anxiety in another. * a. True b. False 70 . Mental disorders are not the same thing as brain disorders a. True * b. False 71 . Unlike other species, humans live in roughly the same environment that shaped our early evolutionary history a. True * b. False 72 . Mental illness is largely a social construction of Western society. a. True * b. False 73 . The term insane originates from a Latin word meaning unhealthy or unwell. * a. True

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource b. False 74 . Mental illness has a profound impact on interpersonal relationships but no impact on intrapersonal relationships. a. True * b. False 75 . There is a strong positive correlation between propensity for violence and mental illness. a. True * b. False 76 . Developed countries have greater numbers of mental health professionals than developing countries. * a. True b. False 77 . Based on its nearly identical prevalence rates across all cultures, we can assume that schizophrenia is caused primarily by environmental factors. a. True * b. False 78 . Physical and psychological pain share similar brain circuits. * a. True b. False 79 . Environmental factors do not influence gene expression. a. True * b. False 80 . An infant’s environment has no influence on genetic expression. a. True * b. False 81 . Psychopathology involves behaviors that are poorly adapted to the individual’s current environment. * a. True b. False 82 . Psychopathology is universal. * a. True b. False 8 3 . The number of people who view depression as related to neurobiological causes has increased fro m the mid - 1990s to the present. current environment. * a. True

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource b. False 84 . Understanding the rules and norms of a particular culture is essential for understanding psychopathology. current environment. * a. True b. False 85 . If you expect a mental illness to have an important environmental component, you would not expect to see differences in its man ifestation between cultures. a. True * b. False 86 . The results of Jane Murphy’s research on cross - cultural understandings of mental illness suggest that the concept of mental illness is constructed by cultures and is not universal to all humans. a. True * b. False 87 . Psychopathology refers to the study of mental illness, whereas pathophysiology focuses on difficulties with the body’s physiological respo nses. current environment. * a. True b. False 88 . There have been records of mental illness since the origin of written language. current environment. * a. True b. False 89 . It is not possible to analyze changes to the structure and function of the brain that occur as a result of mental illness. a. True * b. False 90 . Examining mental illness from the lens of an individual’s internal systems (e.g., cognitive, emotional, etc.) represents a higher level of analysis than doing so from the lens of culture of society. a. True * b. False 91 . Humans have been social beings who have lived in groups for at l east the last 100,000 years. current environment. * a. True b. False

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource 92 . Cross - cultural research indicates that individuals’ experiences of schizophrenia are very consis tent, regardless of culture. current environment. * a. True b. False Type: E 93 . List two of the four important characteristic of mental illness listed in this chapter. *a. Answers may include the lack of control over one’s experience , loss of honest personal contact , loss of ones connection with one’s self , or personal distress . Type: E 94. Describes the dynamic tension in American attitudes toward mental illness * a. We both want to take care of those who are not able to care for themselves, but we also value independence, taking care of one’s self, and the right to do what he or she wants and to live the type of life desired Type: E 95 . List the three “themes” that will be described throughout the text and give one advantage of examining psychopathology from these different perspectives. * a. behavioral and experiential perspective, neuroscience perspective, and evolutionary perspectiv e. They each approach psychopathology through a unique lens to give a more comprehensive view compared to any perspective alone. Type: E 96 . As a mental health professional, what might be the benefit of taking a biopsychosocial approach? * a. It allows us to see symptoms as part of a larger context Type: E 97. From an evolutionary perspective, how might anxiety be beneficial? * a. It may have evolved to protect individuals from potential threats. Type: E 98 . Discuss the impact of cultural attitudes and social stigma on the treatment of mental illness. *A. Fear of stigma and possible embarrassment lead to low numbers of mentally ill people seeking treatment. It is estimated that only 20% of mentally ill people seek treatment. There is a general view that people are unsympathetic toward the mentally ill. Dynamic tension between cultural values of caring for those in need and the view that mental illness is a personal failing. Type: E 99 . Describe the behavior - experiential, neuroscience, and evolutionary perspectives, including how mental illness is examined through each perspective. *a. Answers vary. Type: E

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    William J. Ray, Abnormal Psychology Instructor Resource 100 . Discuss the implications of stigma surround ing mental illness on society. *a. Answers vary. Type: E 101 . According to the evolutionary perspective, discuss the ways that phobia of heights could be adaptive in addition to abnormal. *a. Answers vary. Type: E 102 . Explain how multiple levels of analysis can be used to study mental illness. *a. Answers vary. Type: E 103 . What do research findings suggest about the universality of mental illness across cultures? *a. Answers vary.

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