Abnormal Psychology: Neuroscience Perspectives on Human Behavior and Experience 1st Edition Test Bank

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor ResourceChapter 1 Test: An Overview of Psychopathology1. The study of mental illness is called what?a. pathophysiology*b.psychopathologyc.pathologyd.physiology2. Approximately what percent of the American population experiences a diagnosable mentalillness during a given year?a. 5.8%b. 10.6%c.17.4%*d.26.2%3. Negative attitudes and beliefs that cause the general public to avoid others is called what?*a.stigmab. charismac.crenated.achate4. Which statement best describes the relationship between physical disorders and mentaldisorders?a. They are distinct, one involves the body and the other involves the mind.*b.They are closely connected, with physiological and chemical processes involved in physicaldisorders being equally involved in mental disorders.c.A one way relationship where physical disorders influence mental disorders.d.A one way relationship where mental disorders influence physical disorders.5. Which perspective examines the manner in which the signs and symptoms of a particulardisorder are seen in a similar manner throughout the world?*a.behavioral and experiential perspectiveb. neuroscience perspectivec.evolutionary perspectived.psychodynamic perspective6. Which perspective examines what we know about particular psychopathological experiencefrom the standpoint of the structure and function of the brain?a. behavioral and experiential perspective*b.neuroscience perspectivec.evolutionary perspectived.psychodynamic perspective7. Which perspective examines psychological disorders in terms of how certain ways of seeingor being in the world might be adaptive?a. behavioral and experiential perspective

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resourceb. neuroscience perspective*c.evolutionary perspectived.psychodynamic perspective8. Abnormal psychology can be investigated from several levels of analysis. The text mentionsall of the following levels of analysis EXCEPT:a. cultural*b.philosophicalc.neurologicald.physiological9. Who introduced the term biopsychosocial?*a.George Engelb. William Rayc.Jane Murphyd.Hank Morgan10. What is the level of analysis that can be viewed as “information capable of affectingindividuals’ behavior that they acquire from other members of their species through teaching,imitation, and other forms of social transmission”?a. operant conditioningb. Bandura’s social learning theory*c.cultured.epigenetics11. The fact that foods with milk are found in European diets and not Asian diets might suggestthat:*a.culture and evolution are closely linked as more Europeans have a gene that allows them tocontinue to digest milk after the traditional time of weaning compared with Asians.b. culture is socially driven as there are no biological explanations for this behaviorc.culture and environment are closely linked as more milk products were available in Europeancountries compared with Asian countries.d.culture and family are closely linked as the diets are often transgenerational.12. Brain imaging studies have shown that cultural values can influence which areas of the brainare active during:a. active learningb. memorization tasksc.performing mathematics calculations*d.self-evaluation13. Having a mental health disorder often results in what?a. lost productivityb. lost personal enjoymentc.potentially premature death*d.all of the above

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resource14. Please fill in the blank. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in the UnitedStates and Canada mental health disorders result in ______ years lost to illness, disability, orpremature death.*a.28.47b. 13.94c.6.69d.6.6115. “Stigma” can be manifested through all of the following EXCEPTa. no longertreating an individual as a person but only as part of a group who is differentb. believing that, as a general rule, most individuals with mental illness show more violence thanthat seen in the general population*c.understanding that a behavior that might be acceptable in one culture could be seen as“crazy” in another.d.believing that a person can recover from a mental illness if by willpower and spending lessmoney setting up clinics and training professionals16. Symptoms common in mental illness, such as feeling sad or anxious, are ________.*a.subjectiveb. invectivec.objectived.inferred17. Which disease category is estimated to cause a greater loss in total number of years lost toillness, disability, or premature death?a. Cardiovascular disease*b.Neuropsychiatric disordersc.Sense organ disordersd.Malignant neoplasms18. Signs, such as having a fever, are ______ because they can be measured.a. dichotomousb. subjectivec.concrete*d.objective19. All of the following physiological process in physical disorders are also equally involved inmental disorders EXCEPT:*a.nerve reaction timesb. the immune systemc.turning on and off of genesd.chemical processes in the body20. Complete this sentence.Because 94% ofAmericans believe that treatment can help peoplewith mental illness lead normal lives, _________________________________.

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resourcea. we are not surprised to find that an estimated 80% of people with mental disorders seektreatmentb. we are surprised to find that an estimated 50% of people with mental disorders do not seektreatment.*c.we are surprised to find that an estimated 20% of people with mental disorders seektreatment.d.we are surprised to find that an estimated 5% of people with mental disorders seek treatment.21. What percent of people with mental disorders are estimated to not seek treatment?a. 30%b. 50%c.70%*d.80%22. In any given year, approximately what percent of all American adults have a mental disorder,including anxiety, depression, and substance use?a. 30%*b.25%c.20%d.15%23. George believes that people are generally caring and sympathetic toward people with mentalillness. However, he also believes that people with depression should just be able to thinkpositive and snap out of it. This is an example of:a. the biopsychosocial approachb. operant conditioningc.the behavioral and experiential perspective*d.the dynamic tension in American attitudes toward mental illness24. Which of the following is NOTtrueabout John Nash?a. He received theNobelprize in 1994*b.He grew up in extreme povertyc.He suffered from schizophreniad.He taught at both MIT and Princeton25. The text book gave the example of Terri Cheney, a successful entertainment attorney inBeverly Hills, who suffered from what disorder?a. ADHDb. Schizophrenia*c.Bipolard.Seasonal Affective Disorder26. When psychologists consider possible advantages to mental illnesses, they are examiningpsychological disorders from what perspective?*a.evolutionaryb. neuroscience

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resourcec.behavioral and experimentald.biopsychosocial27. When psychologists consider ways of classifying and describing abnormal behavior, they areexamining psychological disorders from what perspective?a. evolutionaryb. neuroscience*c.behavioral and experimentald.biopsychosocial28. When psychologists consider the specific structure and function of the brain as it relates topsychopathology, they examining psychological disorders from what perspective?a. evolutionary*b.neurosciencec.behavioral and experimentald.biopsychosocial29. Having a fever is protective and beneficial to recovering from sickness. How is this similar tomental disorders?*a.From anevolutionary perspective, psychological disorders might be secondary to anotherprocess that is beneficial.b. From a behavioral and experimental perspective, psychological disorders might be secondaryto another process that is beneficial.c.From a neuroscience perspective, psychological disorders might be secondary to anotherprocess that is beneficial.d.From a biopsychosocial perspective, psychological disorders might be secondary to anotherprocess that is beneficial.30. Which statement best describes the relationship between environment and genes?a. They are distinct and do not influence one another.b. A one way relationship where genes influence the environment.c.A one way relationship where the environment influences genes.*d.A two way relationship where genes and the environment influence one another.31. With regards to schizophrenia, which statement is accurate?*a.Cultural and racial backgrounds do not significantly affect the experience of schizophrenia.b. Schizophrenia has different manifestations in various cultures, showing the influence ofculture on psychopathology.c.Developed countries show different rates of schizophrenia compared with non-developedcountries.d.Although the experience of schizophrenia is similar in all cultures, the course of the disordervaries in different cultures.32. Approximately what percent of governments in the world have no specific budget for mentalhealth?a. 76%

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resourceb. 52%*c.33%d.11%33. One reason why humans are sensitive to changes in their environments as they develop isbecause:*a.Humans are born less fully developed at birth compared with other species.b. Humans have weaker immune systems compared with other species.c.Societal and cultural perspectives become to backdrop of thehuman environment.d.Humans are a highly social species.34. Unlike other species, humans live less in ______ and more in _________.a. pairs, groupsb. groups, pairs*c.nature, cultured.culture, nature35. An evolutionary perspective has helped to determine that social processes such as feelingrejected use similar brain circuits as those involved in feeling ________.a. textureb. heatc.pressure*d.physical pain36. Which is NOT one of the ideas the author gives to describe what psychopathology is?*a.The processes are dangerous.b. The processes involved in psychopathology are maladaptive and not in the individual’s bestinterest.c.The processes cause personal distressd.The processes represent a deviance from both cultural and statistical norms.37. Which researcher studied two geographically separate non-Western cultures and foundevidence that psychopathology is part of our human nature?*a.Dr. Murphyb. Dr. Swansonc.Dr. Mastersd.Dr. Ford38. Many studies havedemonstrated that many forms of mental illness, such as schizophrenia,are found __________.a. mostly in western culturesb. at an ever increasing rate around the world*c.at similar ratesaroundthe worldd.mostly in industrialized countries

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resource39.One important aspect for an understanding of psychopathology is the experientialperspective, which is _______.*a.how individuals with the disorder experience it and see the worldb. an artificial simulation of mental health disorders in otherwise healthy adultsc.collected through rigorous research using adequate experimental control.d.only found through neuroimaging.40. Which of the following is not one of the four components of psychopathology?a. Loss of freedomb. Interpersonal difficulties*c.Poor community awarenessd.Loss of connection to selfe.Personal distress41. Roughly what percentage of Americans experience a diagnosable mental illness in a givenyear?a. 1%b. 5%c.52%*d.26%42. Mental illness can be understood from several different perspectives. The neurophysiologicaland sociocultural perspectives are two examples. Evaluating mental illness from severalperspectives can be described as which of the following?*a. Levels of analysis approachb. Experimental approachc.Observational approachd.Anthropological approach43.The term biopsychosocial was introduced by which of the following psychologists in the1970s?a. Carl Jung*b. George Engelc.George Mendeld.Aaron Beck44.All of the following define culture except:a.Information capable of affecting individualsb. Behavior acquired from other members of the speciesc.A system of inheritance*d.Trial-and-error learninge.Social learning45. The 5-HTT-serotonin gene variant is found in 70% to 80% of what population?a.Europeanb.Native American

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resource*c.Japanesed.Korean46. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates a cross-cultural population presence ofschizophrenia of around what percentage?*a. 1%b. 0.01%c.5%d.16%47. Which of the following refers to the environment in which humans developed?*a.Environment of evolutionary adaptednessb.Urban socioculturalismc.Ancestral environmentd.Evolutionary environment48. Examining the root of psychopathology from a social, neurological, and genetic perspectiveis best described by which of the following?a. Evolutionary approachb. Case study approach*c.Levels of analysis approachd.Experimental approach49. Which of the following is not one of five key attributes that define psychopathology?a. The processes are maladaptiveb. Significant personal distress is caused*c.A strong connection to the evolutionary environmentd.Deviance from cultural and/or statistical norms50. John Bowlby referred to the environment found in our early evolutionary history as theenvironment of evolutionary ____________________.*a. adaptivenessb. selectionc.advancementd.protection51. Which of the following is a key characteristic ofpsychopathology/psychopathologicalprocesses?a. There is an inability of an individual with a mental disorder to fully consider alternative waysof thinking, feeling, and doingb. The person has difficulty connecting with his or her environment and also with himself orherself.c.The processes represent a deviance from both cultural and statistical norms.*d.All of the above

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resource52. What percentage of the American population will experience a diagnosable mental disorderduring a given year, according to the National Institute of Mental Health?a. 5.2%b. 10.2%*c.26.2%d.35.2%53. Which of the following causes the greatest loss in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)?a. Cardiovascular diseaseb. Cancer*c.Mental illnessd.Respiratory disease54. _________ refers to negative attitudes and beliefs that cause the general public to avoidothers including those with a mental illness.a. Stereotypes*b. Stigmac.Psychopathologyd.None of the above55. What percentage of individuals hospitalized with mental illness go on to commit violencewith a gun, according to the MacArthur Foundation?*a. 2-3%b. 10-11%c.20-21%d.30-31%56. This perspective examines the behavior and experience observed in psychopathology,especially the manner inwhich the signs and symptoms of a particular disorder are seen in asimilar manner throughout the world?a. Evolutionaryb. Biopsychosocial*c.Behavioral and experientiald.Neuroscience57. This approach examines psychological disorders in terms of how certain ways of seeing orbeing in the world might be adaptive.*a. Evolutionaryb. Culturalc.Behavioral and experientiald.Neuroscience58. The ______________________ relationship refers to one’s relationship with him/herself,which is often affected by mental illness.a. Reflectiveb. Interpersonal

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resource*c.Intrapersonald.Self-oriented59. Which of the following is not one of the major components of mental illness discussed inChapter 1?a. Loss of honest personal contactb. Personal distress*c.Loss of interest and pleasured.Loss of one’s connection with one’s self60. The discrepancy between the percentage of Americans who view mental health treatment ashelpful and the percentage of Americans who __________________________ represents adynamic tension between a desire to take care of others and the need for personal independence.*a. Seek treatment for mental health concernsb. Support mental health awareness campaignsc.Would refer a family member to a mental health providerd.Actuallyhave a mental illness61. The perspective examines what we know about mental illness with an emphasis on thestructure and function of the brain, the autonomic nervous system, and genetics and epigenetics.a. Behavioral and experiential*b. Neurosciencec.Evolutionaryd.Biopsychosocial62. Sickle-cell anemia is a blood disorder that causes a number of physiological problems;however, having the disorder confers a resistance to malaria. The protective presence of sickle-cell anemia is believed to have evolved as a result of ____________________.a. Evolutionb. Adaptationc.Epigenetics*d.Natural selection63. Examining mental illness from the lenses of society, culture, the individual, and theindividual’s internal systems representdifferent ______________________.a. Perspectives*b. Levels of analysisc.Theoretical orientationsd.Statistical approaches64. The term “epigenetics” refers to:a. The distribution of specific genetic mutations in the populationb. How genes are passed on from parents to children*c.The process by which genes are turned on andoffd.How groups of genes are passed on together

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resource65. This perspective examines the social world in which a person lives and from which a personlearns skills, values, beliefs, attitudes, and other information.a. Behavioral and experientialb. Evolutionaryc.Biopsychosocial*d.Cultural66. What is the most important factor that corresponds with the availability of mental healthprofessionals worldwide?a. Cultural variables*b. Incomec.Populationd.Education67. John Bowlby referred to the environment found in our early evolutionary history as theenvironment of evolutionary ____________________.*a. Adaptivenessb. Selectionc.Advancementd.Protection68. One advantage of the biopsychosocial approach is it allows us to see the signs and symptomsof a disorder into a specific, narrow context.a. True*b. False69. Culture is important to understanding psychopathology because a common experience in oneculture might lead to stress and anxiety in another.*a. Trueb. False70. Mental disorders are not the same thing as brain disordersa. True*b. False71. Unlike other species, humans live in roughly the same environment that shaped our earlyevolutionary historya. True*b. False72. Mental illness is largely a social construction of Western society.a. True*b. False73.The term insane originates from a Latin word meaning unhealthy or unwell.*a. True

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resourceb. False74.Mental illness has a profound impact on interpersonal relationships but no impact onintrapersonal relationships.a. True*b. False75.There is a strong positive correlation between propensity for violence and mental illness.a. True*b. False76.Developed countries have greater numbers of mental health professionals than developingcountries.*a. Trueb. False77.Based on its nearly identical prevalence rates across all cultures, we can assume thatschizophrenia is caused primarily by environmental factors.a. True*b. False78.Physical and psychological pain share similar brain circuits.*a. Trueb. False79.Environmental factors do not influence gene expression.a. True*b. False80.An infant’s environment has no influence on genetic expression.a. True*b. False81.Psychopathology involves behaviors that are poorly adapted to the individual’s currentenvironment.*a. Trueb. False82.Psychopathology is universal.*a. Trueb. False83. The number of people who viewdepression as related to neurobiological causes hasincreased from the mid-1990s to the present.current environment.*a. True

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resourceb. False84. Understanding the rules and norms of a particular culture is essential for understandingpsychopathology.current environment.*a. Trueb. False85. If you expect a mental illness to have an important environmental component, you would notexpect to see differences in its manifestation between cultures.a. True*b. False86. The results of Jane Murphy’s research on cross-cultural understandings of mental illnesssuggest that the concept of mental illness is constructed by cultures and isnot universal to allhumans.a. True*b. False87. Psychopathology refers to the study of mental illness, whereas pathophysiology focuses ondifficulties with the body’s physiological responses.current environment.*a. Trueb. False88. There have been records of mental illness since theorigin of written language.current environment.*a. Trueb.False89. It is not possible to analyze changes to the structure and function of the brain that occur asaresult of mental illness.a. True*b. False90. Examining mental illness from the lens of an individual’s internal systems (e.g., cognitive,emotional, etc.) represents a higher level of analysis than doing so from thelens of culture ofsociety.a. True*b. False91. Humans have been social beings who have lived in groups for at least the last 100,000 years.current environment.*a. Trueb. False

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resource92. Cross-cultural research indicates that individuals’ experiences of schizophrenia are veryconsistent, regardless of culture.current environment.*a. Trueb. FalseType: E93. List two of the four important characteristic of mentalillness listed in this chapter.*a. Answers may includethe lack of control over one’s experience,loss of honest personalcontact,loss of ones connection with one’s self, orpersonal distress.Type: E94.Describes the dynamic tension in American attitudestoward mental illness*a. We both want to take care of those who are not able to care for themselves, but we also valueindependence, taking care of one’s self, and the right to do what he or she wants and to live thetype of life desiredType: E95.List the three “themes” that will be described throughout the text and give one advantage ofexamining psychopathology from these different perspectives.*a. behavioral and experiential perspective, neuroscience perspective, and evolutionaryperspective.They each approach psychopathology through a unique lens to give a morecomprehensive view compared to any perspective alone.Type: E96. As a mental health professional, what might be the benefit of taking a biopsychosocialapproach?*a. It allows us to see symptoms as part of a larger contextType: E97.From an evolutionary perspective, how might anxiety be beneficial?*a. It may have evolved to protect individuals from potential threats.Type: E98. Discuss the impact of cultural attitudes and social stigma on the treatment of mental illness.*A. Fear of stigma and possible embarrassment lead to low numbers of mentally ill peopleseeking treatment. It is estimated that only 20% of mentally ill people seek treatment. There is ageneral view that people are unsympathetic toward the mentally ill. Dynamic tension betweencultural values of caring for those in need and the view that mental illness is a personal failing.Type: E99.Describe the behavior-experiential, neuroscience, and evolutionary perspectives, includinghow mental illness is examined through each perspective.*a. Answers vary.Type: E

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William J. Ray,Abnormal PsychologyInstructor Resource100.Discuss the implications of stigma surrounding mental illness on society.*a. Answers vary.Type: E101.According to the evolutionaryperspective, discuss the ways that phobia of heights could beadaptive in addition to abnormal.*a. Answers vary.Type: E102.Explain how multiple levels of analysis can be used to study mental illness.*a. Answers vary.Type: E103.What do research findings suggest about the universality of mental illness across cultures?*a. Answers vary.

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