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Developmental Psychology Childhood And Adolescence, Fourth Canadian Edition Test Bank

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. How do experience and biological processes affect human development? a. Experience produces change through maturation, and biological processes produce change through learning. b. Both experience and biological processes produce change through learning. c. Experience produces change through learning, and biological processes produce change through maturation. d. Both experience and biological processes produce change through maturation. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 2 OBJ: LO 1 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 2. What are the two major underlying processes that interact to determine the development of the individual? a. maturation and recapitulation b. growth and learning c. learning and maturation d. recapitulation and growth ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 2 OBJ: LO 1 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 3. Which of the following is an example of developmental change that primarily reflects maturation? a. a child taking his or her first steps at about 1 year of age b. a child solving simple arithmetic problems in Grade 1 c. a child speaking the same language as his or her parents d. a child becoming proficient at riding a bicycle ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 2 OBJ: LO 1 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 4. Which of the following is an example of developmental change that primarily reflects learning? a. a child taking his or her first steps at about 1 year of age b. a child speaking his or her first word at about 1 year of age c. a child solving simple arithmetic problems in Grade 1 d. a child reaching sexual maturity in early adolescence ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 2 OBJ: LO 1 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 5. What is the term for the developmental process that underlies a change in response to experience? a. maturation b. biological process c. learning d. physical development ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 2 OBJ: LO 1 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 6. What is the best way to start when beginning an intervention to optimize a child’s development? a. Determine what goals to achieve and work toward those goals. b. Identify what is normal and determine why changes occur before trying to optimize development. c. Set goals and develop a system of rewards and punishments. d. Locate children who have developed optimally, so information can be compiled about their experiences. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 3 OBJ: LO 2 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 7. A researcher videotaped preschoolers at a playground for a study of the frequency of cooperative behaviours. W hat was the researcher’s goal? a. description b. explanation c. operationalization d. optimization ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 3 OBJ: LO 2 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 8. Which research goal establishes the facts of development? a. optimization b. adaptation c. explanation d. description ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 3 OBJ: LO 2 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 9. Suppose that researchers find that the average Canadian infant begins to stand alone at the age of 10 months. What type of development would this be an example of? a. psychoanalytic b. ideographic c. nonrepresentative d. normative ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 3 OBJ: LO 2 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 10. How can the research goal of description be summarized? a. as How b. as Best c. as What d. as Why ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 3 OBJ: LO 2 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 11. What does normative development consist of? a. changes that characterize most individuals b. changes that are specific to the individual c. changes that result from experience and environmental influences d. changes that optimize developmental outcomes ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 3 OBJ: LO 2 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 12. What does ideographic development consist of? a. changes that characterize most individuals b. changes that are specific to the individual c. changes that result from the unfolding of a genetic “blueprint” d. changes that optimize developmental outcomes ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 3 OBJ: LO 2 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 13. Kayla started walking at 12 months of age, just like her three brothers and her seven cousins. Most children start walking at about this age. What type of development does this example illustrate? a. optimization of development b. holistic development c. normative development d. ideographic development ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 3-4 OBJ: LO 2 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 14. Michaela is 24 months old and she still has not spoken her first word. All four of her brothers spoke their first words at about 12 months of age, which is typical for most children. In this example, which general developmental concept does Michaela’s lack of speech illustrate? a. maturational development b. holistic development c. normative development d. ideographic development ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 3 OBJ: LO 2 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 15. Contemporary developmentalists maintain that human development is a continual and cumulative process. Which statement most accurately expresses this viewpoint? a. Early childhood experiences have little impact on adult behaviour and attitudes. b. Early childhood experiences are the major determinants of adult behaviour and attitudes. c. Early childhood experiences have a lasting impact on adult behaviour and attitudes, but experiences during other, later, periods of life also play a role. d. Negative childhood events affect adult personality and behaviour, but positive childhood events have little impact. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 4 OBJ: LO 3 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 16. Which statement best exemplifies the holistic approach to development? a. Parents notice the gaps in the child’s abilities and must work to fill those gaps. b. Traits or abilities are distinct and show separate developmental patterns of change. c. Aspects of developmental change are interrelated. d. Developmental trends in human and nonhuman animals are similar. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 4 OBJ: LO 3 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 17. The holistic perspective is a dominant theme of human development. What does this perspective emphasize? a. Growth and change are continual. b. Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects of development are independent. c. Growth and change are cumulative processes. d. Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects of development are interdependent. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 4-5 OBJ: LO 3 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 18. Suppose that the plasticity principle did not apply to development. How would this change our understanding of a child’s abilities? a. Children with cognitive disabilities could be taught many skills. b. Children who grow up in poor environments would suffer inevitably from their deficiencies. c. Parental training would be vital for all children to develop normally. d. Sex differences in children’s behaviour would be nonexistent. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 5 OBJ: LO 3 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 19. Which of the following terms refers to the capacity for change in response to positive or negative life experiences? a. holistic b. tabula rasa c. innate purity d. plasticity ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 5 OBJ: LO 3 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 20. What does the holistic perspective of development emphasize? a. the active role of the child in his or her own development b. development is a lifelong process that is continual and cumulative c. the interdependent way in which all components of the self determine development d. the belief that all the members of the family influence the development of each other ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 5 OBJ: LO 3 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 21. Nancy is a developmentalist and she tells her friend that she believes it is important to study children in laboratory settings. She further states that there is no need to study the child’s social relationships. Are Nancy’s views consistent with the holistic view of development? a. They are consistent with the holistic perspective. b. They are consistent with the holistic perspective, but they do not represent complete agreement with it either. c. They are consistent with the holistic perspective, but Nancy is not aware of recent research. d. They are not consistent with the holistic perspective. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 4-5 OBJ: LO 3 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 22. Clovis was abandoned as an infant and spent the first five years of his life being moved from one temporary foster home to another. When he is 5, his aunt discovers Clovis’s whereabouts and provides him with a great deal of understanding, love, and stimulating activities. When Clovis becomes an adult, how would you expect him to behave? a. Clovis has become angry, antisocial, and aggressive because of his early abandonment. b. Clovis has become shy and anxious because of his early abandonment. c. Clovis has no residual effects of the early experiences and has reached his fullest potential. d. Clovis may or may not show residual effects of his early experiences; there is no way of knowing for sure what he will be like as an adult. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 5 OBJ: LO 3 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 23. How were children treated during the medieval period? a. as miniature adults with full rights and privileges b. harshly, and they were viewed as expendable c. differently than they are today, but there was some concept that they were not adults d. coddled and indulged even more than modern children ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 6 OBJ: LO 4 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 24. Ivan, a father of three children, states that children are really no different from adults. He believes that the way to raise children is to have them take on adult responsibilities as soon as t hey are physically able. Which statement best describes Ivan’s view? a. It is an example of what developmentalists suggest are the most effective modern child-rearing practices. b. It is more consistent with some previous periods in history than with today’s modern view of child rearing in Canada. c. It is an example of what developmentalists suggest is a causal factor for the development of pathology. d. It is more consistent with today’s modern Canadian view of child rearing than with views from previous periods of history. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 6 OBJ: LO 4 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 25. In which ancient society were boys deliberately treated very harshly to toughen them to become disciplined soldiers in adulthood? a. Rome b. Israel c. Britain d. Sparta ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 6 OBJ: LO 4 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 26. What was the general attitude toward children in ancient Europe? a. The child deserved legal protection by the government. b. The child should be coddled and pampered by parents. c. The child was the property of parents, with no rights of its own. d. The child was given life to provide eventual support to parents. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 6 OBJ: LO 4 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 27. According to the authors of the text, what can be concluded regarding the historical and cultural factors that influence the phase of development we call adolescence? a. Adolescence is a universal phase of life that is experienced similarly across many eras and cultures. b. Adolescence is universally a difficult period of transition to adulthood. c. Adolescence as viewed by modern Western standards is a positive change that would benefit teens of all cultures. d. Adolescence, like many other areas of development, differs markedly depending on culture and era in history. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 7 OBJ: LO 4 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 28. How long has adolescence been recognized as a distinct phase of life? a. since early Roman times b. since the early 17th century c. since the 1950s d. since the early 20th century ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 7 OBJ: LO 4 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 29. One philosophical view suggests that children are “selfish egoists” who must learn to rechannel their naturally selfish interests into socially desirable outlets. What is this philosophical view, and which psychological theory does it underpin? a. Tabula rasa is the philosophical underpinning for psychoanalytic theory. b. Original sin is the philosophical underpinning for learning theory. c. Original sin is the philosophical underpinning for psychoanalytic theory. d. Tabula rasa is the philosophical underpinning for learning theory. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 7-8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 30. Garrett tells you that he believes that it is crucial for a parent to establish ground rules for acceptable behaviour, from day one. Garrett confides that everyone knows that all children will be naughty. Which philosophy does Garrett likely believe in? a. tabula rasa b. innate purity c. experiential purity d. original sin ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 7-8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 31. Peter tells his wife that he thinks that their 4-year-old, Maria, is a good girl. When Maria misbehaves, Peter states that she is exploring and learning, and it is important for them to teach her more appropriate behaviour. Which of the following philosophical positions are Peter’s views consistent with? a. original sin b. innate purity c. tabula rasa d. psychoanalytic sin ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 7-8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 32. What did John Locke mean when he said that the mind of an infant is a tabula rasa ? a. Children are inherently evil or sinful. b. Children are blank slates ready to learn from experience. c. Children are innately good. d. Children are incapable of learning. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 7-8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 33. Which theorist would endorse the statement that the child’s nature is basically evil, and it is the work of society to restrain that evil? a. G Stanley Hall b. Charles Darwin c. Jean Jacques Rousseau d. Thomas Hobbes ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 7 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 34. Which theorist proposed the notion that children are selfish egoists? a. Thomas Hobbes b. Charles Darwin c. G Stanley Hall d. Sigmund Freud ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 7 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 35. In Edgar Rice Burroughs’s novel Tarzan of the Apes (c. 1930), Tarzan’ s character remained innately pure because he was reared as a feral child by apes, away from the corruption of human society. With whose philosophical viewpoint is this consistent? a. Thomas Hobbes (1651) b. John Locke (1690) c. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762) d. G. Stanley Hall (c. 1890) ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 7-8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 36. If Meryl believes strongly in the tabula rasa philosophy, what is she LEAST likely to be concerned with? a. the IQ of her child’s father b. how stimulating her child’s environment is c. what kinds of role models her child has d. the books she reads to her child ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 7-8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 37. Which question would a researcher who believes in the philosophy of tabula rasa find of particular interest? a. What role does heredity play in determining behaviour? b. What is the best way to teach a child to trust? c. What do newborns understand about shape? d. What is the best way to teach a child to restrain his or her inherent selfishness? ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 7-8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 38. What does John Locke’s tabula rasa metaphor imply about the newborn infant? a. He or she has an evil nature. b. He or she has a pure, virtuous nature. c. He or she has no ideas because he or she has not yet had experiences. d. He or she has instinctive ideas. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 7-8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 39. Whose theory of human nature implies that the newborn infant acquires all its traits and knowledge from his or her experiences? a. John Locke b. Thomas Hobbes c. Charles Darwin d. Jean Jacques Rousseau ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 7-8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 40. In which of his doctrines did Jean Jacques Rousseau emphasize the active role of the child as a self-motivated explorer? a. tabula rasa b. innate purity c. original sin d. developmental plasticity ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 7 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 41. Which of the following methods of inquiry is a person using when recording careful observations of the ongoing development of his or her own child? a. correlational note-taking b. systematic experimentation c. a biography d. an autobiography ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 8 OBJ: LO 5 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 42. Who is credited as the “founder” of the discipline of developmental psychology because of his influential book, Adolescence ? a. Jean Jacques Rousseau b. Sigmund Freud c. Charles Darwin d. G Stanley Hall ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 9 OBJ: LO 6 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 43. Why do philosophical perspectives on childhood differ from those proposed by developmental psychologists? a. Philosophical perspectives are based on objective data collected through the use of controlled experiments. b. Philosophical perspectives are supported by persuasive, logical arguments and are more believable than those proposed by developmental psychologists. c. Philosophical perspectives have a long history and are based on more years of research than those of developmentalists. d. Developmentalist perspectives are based on objective data collection and analysis. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 9 OBJ: LO 7 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 44. What is the term for a set of propositions that describe behaviour? a. a theory b. a variable c. a prediction d. a definition ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 9 OBJ: LO 7 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 45. What is the term for a set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain an existing set of observations? a. a hypothesis b. a theory c. an observation d. an experiment ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 9 OBJ: LO 7 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 46. What is the term for a prediction about the characteristics of a behaviour under investigation? a. a hypothesis b. an operational definition c. empirical knowledge d. a dependent variable ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 9 OBJ: LO 7 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Remember 47. André tells you that he predicts if you continue to allow your daughter to have candy when she has a temper tantrum at the store checkout, you will find that she has more frequent tantrums. What principle is André relating? a. his theory about temper tantrums b. his theory about the effects of sweets c. his observations about your daughter d. his hypothesis about your daughter’s future temper tantrums ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 9 OBJ: LO 7 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 48. George and Elizabeth have eight children ranging in age from 3 months to 19 years. Based on their experiences with their children, George and Elizabeth tell you that they believe temper tantrums can be eliminated if a parent follows several simple steps in responding to a child when he or she has a temper tantrum. What have George and Elizabeth developed with respect to childhood temper tantrums? a. a hypothesis b. an observation c. a theory d. a definition ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 9 OBJ: LO 7 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 49. Dr. Lauterbach predicts that if the temperature of a room is increased, then individuals are more likely to act aggressively. What does Dr. Lauterbach’ s prediction exemplify? a. a hypothesis b. empirical knowledge c. an operational definition d. a dependent variable ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 9 OBJ: LO 7 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 50. Dr. Bauer predicts that if parents are nurturing and responsive, then children are less likely to act aggressively. What does Dr. Bauer’s prediction exemplify? a. empirical knowledge b. an operational definition c. a hypothesis d. a dependent variable ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 9 OBJ: LO 7 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order 51. Helen proposed a new theory of child development. Using this theory, she has successfully described and explained past behaviours but she is unable to predict or explain new observations. How should Helen’s theory be categorized? a. It is a superior theory because it describes and explains past behaviour, which is more than most theories do. b. It is a weak theory because it cannot generate new research. c. It is an adequate theory because it may have some minor flaws, but in general it is good. d. It is a weak theory because if it doesn’t predict or explain new observations, i t is of little value. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 10-11 OBJ: LO 7 TOP: Introduction to Developmental Psychology BLM: Higher Order

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 52. What is a measure said to be if it consistently gives the same results? a. valid b. reliable c. objective d. generative ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 10-11 OBJ: LO 8 TOP: Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs BLM: Remember 53. What is a measure said to be if it accurately measures what it is designed to measure? a. valid b. reliable c. objective d. generative ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 10-11 OBJ: LO 8 TOP: Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs BLM: Remember 54. Pat has developed a test to measure aggression. Pat gives the test to her developmental psychology class at the beginning of the term and again at the end of the term. Much to Pat’s dismay, the results obtained at the end of the semester are completely different from those obtained at the start. What is a likely explanation for the difference in results? a. The test does not have strong validity. b. The test is not reliable. c. The test is free from cohort effects. d. The test is adequately standardized. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 10-11 OBJ: LO 8 TOP: Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs BLM: Higher Order 55. Dr. Richards is developing a questionnaire to assess shyness. He administers the questionnaire to participants in February and then again in April. The scores obtained are consistent. Based on this information, what can Dr. Richards conclude about his questionnaire? a. It is adequately standardized. b. It is valid. c. It is reliable. d. It is free from cohort effects. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Applied REF: 10-11 OBJ: LO 8 TOP: Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs BLM: Higher Order

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies 56. What is the advantage of structured interviews over unstructured interviews? a. A person can fully explain his or her views. b. A person will submit for interview even without pay. c. The interviewer’s racial or gender biases are minimized. d. Subjects are treated alike and responses can be compared among them. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 11-12 OBJ: LO 9 TOP: Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs BLM: Remember 57. Which data-collection methods would be most affected by individual and age-related differences in verbal skills? a. interviews and questionnaires b. naturalistic observation c. structured observation d. controlled experiments ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 11-12 OBJ: LO 9 TOP: Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs BLM: Higher Order 58. What is one potential shortcoming of using interviews and questionnaires in developmental research? a. Responses often change if the interview or questionnaire is re-administered to the same set of participants. b. Only a small amount of useful information is typically obtained. c. Responses may be inaccurate because participants provide socially desirable responses. d. Both interviews and questionnaires are time consuming to administer. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Conceptual REF: 11-12 OBJ: LO 9 TOP: Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs BLM: Remember 59. What is one of the advantages associated with the use of interviews and questionnaires in developmental research? a. A large amount of useful information can be obtained in a short period of time. b. The researcher does not need to be present when the data are collected. c. These methods can be used with any age of participant. d. Data obtained from interviews and questionnaires are more likely to be reliable and valid, compared to data obtained using other methods of research. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Factual REF: 11-12 OBJ: LO 9 TOP: Research Strategies: Basic Methods and Designs BLM: Remember

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