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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Document preview page 1

EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 1

Document preview content for EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020)

EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020)

Achieve certification success with EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) , a structured guide designed to simplify complex topics and enhance your understanding.

Amelia Ward
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 1 preview image
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 2 preview image
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 3 preview imageBiological Bases of Behavior© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/epppEPPP ExamDescribe the basic process whereby information is transmittedwithin the brain.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 4 preview imageBiological Bases of BehaviorThe brain is made up of neurons, or nerve cells. Each neuron hasextensions, or branches, called axons and dendrites. Dendrites areextensions that receive messages from another neuron. Axons areextensions that send messages to another neuron. The gap between oneneuron’s axon and another’s dendrite is called a synapse. The synapse isthe location where a chemical exchange takes place. This change inchemical secretions is how the brain conveys information. When asynapse occurs between neurons, the specific message being sentadvances from one nerve cell to the next. Messages are transmitted fromneuron to neuron along neural pathways until they reach theirdestinations.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 5 preview imageBiological Bases of Behavior© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/epppEPPP ExamDifferentiate between sensation and perception. Summarizethe general neuroanatomy involved in transforming sensationsto perceptions.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 6 preview imageBiological Bases of BehaviorSensations are the result of our senses collecting and registering inputfrom our environment. Our eyes see images, our ears hear sounds, ourskin is involved in our sense of touch, our noses smell, and our tonguestaste. However, sensations by themselves do not mean anything to uswithout perception. Perception is how our brains interpret the signalsreceived by our senses. Generally, after sensory signals enter therespective sensory organs, they are transmitted by nerves from theseorgans to the brain. Different nerves do this job, depending on the senseorgan involved. Each organ is innervated with specific nerves. Eachnerve carries different sensory information to a particular area of thebrain that is responsible for processing that specific sense. Our brainsinterpret sensory signals to make sense of them. For example, an imageseen by the eyes is interpreted as something recognizable, such as aperson or a tree; sounds heard by the ears are interpreted as birdsong,human speech, music, or noise; etc.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 7 preview imageBiological Bases of Behavior© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/epppEPPP ExamDefine the term prosopagnosia. Describe the demands thevisual stimuli of faces make on our perceptual mechanisms.Explain how current neuroimaging technology can informprosopagnosia research and treatment.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 8 preview imageBiological Bases of BehaviorProsopagnosia is a neurological condition. A colloquial description for itis “face blindness.” Individuals with prosopagnosia cannot recognizefaces, even ones that are extremely familiar—spouses, family members,best friends, pictures of their country’s president, etc. They know whothe people are once they are told, but cannot identify them by their faces.According to neuropsychologists, faces make maximal demands on ourvisual perception systems. In fact, faces are some of the most“compelling” visual stimuli we see. With advances in technology,researchers have been able to look beyond one region of the brain. Indoing so, they have discovered that multiple parts of the brain areinvolved in face recognition. The right fusiform region, for example, playsa key part. Additionally, information is distributed evenly amonganterior temporal regions. These regions, which are part of a network,respond differently to identities in clear patterns. Scientists hope todevelop treatments for prosopagnosia using this knowledge.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 9 preview imageBiological Bases of Behavior© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/epppEPPP ExamIdentify some recent discoveries by neuropsychologists thathave changed beliefs about face recognition. Explain how thesebeliefs have changed and the implications for research andtreatment.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 10 preview imageBiological Bases of BehaviorUntil recently, scientists believed that face recognition—the ability toidentify someone’s face as belonging to someone we know each time wesee it—was governed by only a couple of areas of the brain. However,scientists at Carnegie Mellon University discovered that, actually, anentire network of different areas within the cerebral cortex interact andcollaborate during the task of face recognition. This will change the typesof research questions researchers ask in the future, because they will nolonger focus their study on just one area of the brain. Instead, scientistswill need to study the “system as a whole” to develop an understandingof how we individuate faces. In addition to these implications forresearch, this discovery may help in the development of treatments forprosopagnosia, or “face blindness.” Individuals with this disorder cannotrecognize even the most familiar faces on sight.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 11 preview imageBiological Bases of Behavior© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/epppEPPP ExamExplain how spatial maps function as neural correlates ofattention, and include examples related to visual perception.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 12 preview imageBiological Bases of BehaviorSpatial maps increase or decrease neural activity in various brain areasthat process different sensory information. They can stimulate orientingbehaviors such as eye movements in the case of visual stimuli. Theyfunction at different levels in a hierarchy. In the dorsolateral frontalcortex, the frontal eye fields (the top of the hierarchy) have a spatial maprevolving around the retina that enhances cortical responses to visualstimuli. The parietal cortex (the next level of the hierarchy) has variousspatial maps. The lateral inter-parietal area has a map for saliency, and isinterconnected with sensory brain areas and the frontal eye fields. At thesub-cortical level, the superior colliculi manage automatic responsesrelated to attention, such as orienting to more prominent stimuli. At thelevel of neural networks, lateral inhibition and similar processes arebelieved to influence competitive selection, which is the way in whichour working memory selects and pays attention to some informationabove other information.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 13 preview imageBiological Bases of Behavior© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/epppEPPP ExamIdentify a neural correlate of attention. Summarize a recentgeneral neural model of attention with four basic processes.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 14 preview imageBiological Bases of BehaviorA neural correlate of attention is the enhancement of neuronal firing. If aneuron fires in response to a stimulus even when the individual is notattending to it, it will fire more strongly when the individual is attendingto it. The four basic processes of a recent general neural model ofattention are: (1) working memory, which retains informationmomentarily to be analyzed; (2) competitive selection, wherein someinformation competes to access our working memory over otherinformation; (3) “top-down sensitivity control,” whereby higher-ordercognitive processes can control signal intensities; and (4) occasionalstimuli or ones that are important from an instinctive or biologicalperspective (also known as “bottom-up saliency filters”), whichautomatically increase our neural responses. In information channelsthat compete for use of our working memory, working memoryinfluences our voluntary control of attention by affecting which newinformation we select.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 15 preview imageBiological Bases of Behavior© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/epppEPPP ExamDescribe some recent discoveries regarding neural correlatesof memory and the implications of these discoveries.
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EPPP Flashcard Study System: EPPP Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) - Page 16 preview imageBiological Bases of BehaviorScientists traditionally assumed that we recall memories due to externalstimuli that act as cues. Recently, however, researchers have found thatbrain activity levelsbeforeretrieval from storage are correlated withmemory. By measuring theta brainwaves, scientists found that high ratesof theta waves in human subjects before they were prompted to recallmemorized words and their contexts were associated with bettermemory performance. Theta brainwaves (when produced along withother frequencies) are associated with the brain actively monitoring orexploring something. Rats, for example, display more theta waves whenexploring mazes. Researchers concluded that this is an indication thatthe brain is mostly occupied with internal activities unrelated to externalstimuli. The brain does not wait for external stimuli. Instead, externalstimuli interact with the brain’s spontaneous internal activity patterns.Scientists wonder if we can voluntarily adjust our brains for better recall.If so, it could improve treatments for memory loss.
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Subject
Psychology

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