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Experience Human Development, 12th Edition Test Bank

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    1 1 THE STUDY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Guideposts 1. What is human development, and how has its study evolved? 2. What do developmental scientists study? 3. What kinds of influences make one person different from another? 4. What are seven principles of the life - span development approach? Multiple - Choice Questions 1. Which of the following words BEST describes the focus of the study of human development? A. Change B. Childhood C. Infancy D. R elationships Answer: A Page : 4 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 2. The principle that human development is adaptive means A. it is coherent and organized . B. it is aimed at dealing with internal and external conditions of existence . C. development proceeds from simple to complex . D. N one of these Answer: B Page: 4 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 3. Which of the following activities improved student grades, reduced school absences, and resulted in fewer behavioral problems? A. Increased physical activity B. I ncreased amount of sleep C. F ree breakfast D. F ree tutoring programs Answer: C Page: 4 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 4. When developmental scientists understand how language develops they can_________ when a child needs speech therapy. A. intervene B. describe C. predict D. explain Answer: A Page: 5

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    2 Guidepost: 1 Type: Application 5 . Life - span studies are based on which of the following ideas? A. There is little continuity over the life span. B. Development occurs early in life, not during adulthood. C. Every portion of the life span is influenced by earlier events and will in turn affect later events. D. There is no development that takes place in the late adulthood stage. Answer: C Page: 7 – 8 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 6 . Historically, the study of child development gained impetus from A. immunization to protect children from disease. B. child labor laws. C. scientific discoveries about the nature of conception. D. A ll of these Answer: D Page: 4 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 7 . The concept of a lifelong process of development that can be studied scientifically is known as what? A. Childhood development B. Longtime development C. L ife - span development D. S ocial development Answer: C Page: 4 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 8 . Change and stability in mental abilities, such as learning, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, etc. , would constitute which type of development? A. Physical B. C ognitive C. P sychosocial D. P hysiological Answer: B Page: 6 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 9 . Which type of development is most involved in the growth of body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health? A. Cognitive B. Neurological C. Physical D. P sychosocial Answer: C Page: 6 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 10 . Which of the following is true about physical development? A. It interacts with cognitive, personality, and social development at all ages.

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    3 B. Physical development occurs independently of cognitive development. C. It becomes less important than personality and social development during adolescence. D. One’s genetic makeup entirely controls one’s physical development. Answer: A Page: 6 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 11 . Marcus is 14 months old and having great difficulty when left w ith the babysitter. H is separation anxiety is an example of interaction between which two types of development? A. I ntellectual and physical B. C ognitive and intellectual C. P hysical and emotional D. I ntellectual and social Answer: D Page: 6 – 8 Guidepost: 2 Type: Application 12. Marlane is large for her age and does not have many friends. This is an example of interaction between which two types of development? A. P hysical and intellectual B. I ntellectual and social C. P hysical and social D. P ersonality and social Answer: C Page: 6 – 8 Guidepost: 2 Type: Application 13. A developmental scientist who studies brain development is studying the __________ domain of the self. A. psychological B. psychosocial C. physical D. cognitive Answer: C Page: 6 Guidepost: 2 Type: Application 14. Division of the life span into periods is a A. physical construction . B. cognitive construction . C. intellectual construction . D. social construction . Answer: D Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 15. A concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it , but in reality is an invention of a particular culture is an example of A. l physical construction B. c ognitive construction C. i ntellectual construction D. s ocial construction Answer: D

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    4 Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 16 . The existence of adolescence as part of the life span in many industrialized societies but not in other societies, is an example of A. environmental experiences. B. social construction. C. cognitive development. D. physical development. Answer: B Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 17. T he age range of approximately 6 – 11 years refers to which of the f ollowing periods of development? A. Early childhood B. Middle childhood C. Adolescence D. Young adulthood Answer: B Page: 8 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 18 . According to your text, which of the following is NOT one of the major divisions of the life span? A. Prenatal B. I nfancy and toddlerhood C. L ate adulthood D. S enescence Answer: D Page: 8 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 19 . Shayla is dependent on adults to meet her basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter, and to provide attachment bonding. She is experiencing the needs of what developmental period? A. Infancy B. Toddlerhood C. Early childhood D. Middle childhood Answer: A Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Application 20 . Becoming introspective and searching out meaning in life is characteristic of which of the following? A. Adolescence B. Young adulthood C. Middle adulthood D. Late adulthood Answer: D Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge

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    5 21 . Marcus has stopped being so demanding and waits his turn when playing with his friends. He also appears to be more interested in others instead of himself. He is probably in what developmental period? A. Infancy B. Toddlerhood C. Early childhood D. Middle childhood Answer: C Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Application 22 . During which developmental period do children begin to regulate their own behavior and become more interested in their peer groups? A. Infancy B. Toddlerhood C. Early childhood D. Middle childhood Answer: D Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 23 . During which developmental period does a person make the transition from childhood to adulthood, while at the same time searching for a personal identity? A. Middle childhood B. Adolescence C. Young adulthood D. N one of these Answer: B Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 24. The developmental tasks that include the establishment of families and occupations is A. a dolescence . B. m iddle childhood . C. y oung adulthood . D. m iddle adulthood . Answer : C Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 25 . During which developmental period do most people finish their formal education, become independent, and start families and careers? A. Adolescence B. Young adulthood C. Middle adulthood D. Older adulthood Answer: B Page: 7 Guidepost: 2 Type: Knowledge 26 . The concept of individual differences implies that people differ in A. size and build. B. intelligence and personalities.

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    6 C. the influence of society and relationships they have. D. A ll of these Answer: D Page: 10 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 27 . The inborn traits or characteristics we inherit from biological parents are our A. environment. B. individual differences. C. heredity. D. influences. Answer: C Page: 10 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 2 8 . The world outside the self and the learning that comes from experiences in this world constitute A. environment. B. individual differences. C. heredity. D. influences. Answer: A Page: 10 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 29 . Which of the following statements about hereditary and environmental influences on development is TRUE? A. Internal influences are more important because they occur first. B. External influences are more important because they are active for a longer time. C. Internal and external influences interact and often cannot be separated. D. Internal and external influences are independent and can be readily separated. Answer: C Page: 10 Guidepost : 3 Type: Knowledge 30 . The unfolding of a natural sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns describes A. individual responses to the opportunities offered by one’s culture. B. environmental influences. C. maturation. D. one’s perception of the events in his/her life. Answer: C Page: 10 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 31 . Meghan recorded events in the lives of her sons Joseph and Jacob such as their first words, the ir first step, and the events of puberty. These events are examples of the process of A. environmental influences. B. genetic influences. C. inherited characteristics. D. maturation. Answer: D Page: 10 Guidepost: 3 Type: Application

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    7 32 . Environmental or experiential factors that help define individual differences in development include all of the following EXCEPT A. genetic inheritance. B. socioeconomic status. C. ethnicity. D. historical events. Answer: A Page: 10 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 33 . A child born today in Iraq will have different experiences than children born in the United States or Mexico. These experiences will affect the course of development for these children because each child develops within a unique A. biological context. B. social and historical context. C. genetic content. D. maturation period. Answer: B Page: 10 Guidepost: 3 Type: Application 34 . Industrialization and the move to more populated areas are both cited as reasons for the decline in the A. multilingual family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. blended family. Answer: C Page: 11 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 35. The r family consists of two generations with parents and children — either biological, step, or adopted. A. nuclear B. extended C. multigenerational D. post modern Answer: A Page: 11 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 36 . Despite being identified as a “low - risk” group, children of affluent families suffer a high rate of A. depression. B. anxiety. C. substance abuse. D. A ll of these Answer: D Page: 13 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 37 . A multigenerational kinship unit consisting of parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins is called a(n) ______ family. A. nonnormative

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    8 B. nuclear C. extended D. blended Answer: C Page: 11 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 38 . Socioeconomic status is determined by all of the following EXCEPT A. ethnicity. B. income. C. education. D. occupation. Answer: A Page: 11 – 1 3 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 3 9 . All of the following may be considered indirect effects of poverty EXCEPT A. parents’ emotional state. B. home environments. C. presence of models for young people. D. breakdown of the nuclear family. Answer: D Page: 12 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 40 . A group’s total way of life, including customs, traditions, laws, beliefs, values, and language, is referred to as its A. subculture. B. ethnicity. C. culture. D. acculturation. Answer: C Page: 13 Guidepost : 3 Type: Knowledge 41 . A possible strength associated with poverty would include A. the increased number of meals eaten together. B. the lowered level of substance abuse. C. the lowered levels of stress. D . none since there are no strengths associated with poverty. Answer: A Page: 1 3 Guidepost:3 Type: Knowledge 42 . What percentage of households in the United States live s in extreme poverty based on 2008 data? A. Less than 1 percent. B. 10 percent C. 25 percent D. 50 percent Answer: B Page: 12 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge

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    9 4 3 . Some religious groups have taught children consistent traditions for weddings and funerals. Teaching these ways to the next generation is an example of A. context. B. ethnic diversity. C. culture. D. morality. Answer: C Page: 1 3 Guidepost: 3 Type: Application 44. By the year 2023 , the minority population in the United States is projected to rise to A. 30 percent. B. 40 percent. C. 50 percent. D. 60 percent. Answer: C Page: 13 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 45 . A condition that would increase the likelihood of a negative outcome is a description of what? A. environmental perceptions B. genetic influences C. risk factors D. social resources Answer: C Page: 13 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 46 . An overgeneralization that obscures cultural difference within a group is a description of A. ethnic identity. B. ethnic gloss. C. ethnicity. D. ethnic group. Answer: B Page: 15 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 47 . An event that is experienced in a similar way by most people in an age group is called a _________ influence. A. nonnormative age - graded B. normative age - graded C. cohort D. cultural Answer: B Page: 16 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 48 . A ____________ is a group of people born at the same time. A. historical generation

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    10 B. culture C. normative group D. cohort Answer: D Page: 16 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 4 9 . Developmental researchers refer to typical events that happen at an atypical time, or atypical events that happen at a typical time, as __________ events. A. normative B. nonnormative C. strange D. bizarre Answer: B Page: 16 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 50 . Nonnormative life events are A. unusual events that influence a person’s life. B. events that generally happen to everyone. C. typical for a given population. D. traumatic or unhappy events. Answer: A Page: 16 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 51 . Events like starting school that occur at about the same age for people the world over are called A. normative age - graded influences. B. normative history - graded influences. C. nonnormative life events. D. cohort determined influences. Answer: A Page: 16 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 52 . Which of the following is a normative age - graded influence? A. Puberty and menopause B. W ar C. Winning the lottery D. F amine Answer: A Page: 16 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 53 . Normative history - graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT A. worldwide economic depression. B. introduction of the contraceptive pill. C. AIDS epidemic. D. death of a spouse. Answer: D Page: 1 6 Guidepost: 3

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    11 Type: Comprehension 54 . A group of people who experience an event such as the attack of September 11 during a formative time in their lives is known as a historical A. generation. B. chronosystem. C. anomaly. D. culture. Answer: A Page: 1 6 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 5 5 . The impact of technological developments such as video games, computers, and the Internet are considered A. nonnormative age - graded influences. B. normative history - graded influences. C. normative age - graded influences. D. nonnormative history - graded influences. Answer: B Page: 16 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 5 6 . A group of people who share a similar experience common to all of its members is called a A. generation. B. cohort. C. culture. D. peer group. Answer: B Page: 1 6 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 5 7 . Cohort differences are primarily due to A. geographical separation. B. experiences affecting a generation. C. variations of family history. D. unusual life events. Answer: B Page: 16 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 5 8 . Your cohort would include your A. grandparents. B. parents. C. schoolmates. D. children. Answer: C Pa ge: 1 6 Guidepost: 3 Type: Application 5 9 . Which of the following are members of the same cohort? A. A woman who raised children in Binghamton , New York, during World War II and a woman raising children in Binghamton during the 1990s B. An urban child in Iraq and a rural child in the United States

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    12 C. A veteran of the Gulf War and a veteran of Vietnam War D. A high school student in Binghamton, New York, and a high school student in Elmira, New York Answer: D Page: 16 Guidepost: 3 Type: Application 60 . A specific time when a given event, or the absence of that event, has the grea test impact on development is c a lled a(n) __________ period. A. important B. essential C. required D. critical Answer: D Page: 1 7 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 61 . A critical period is a time when A. an organism is most likely to be influenced by a specific event. B. a person faces a developmental transition. C. development is taking place most rapidly. D. development slows down for a period of time. Answer: A Page: 1 7 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 6 2 . Rubella has a disastrous impact if it is contracted during the first trimester of a pregnancy yet has hardly any impact if contracted at the end of a pregnancy. This is an example of A. fetal immune system maturation. B. normative age - graded events. C. maturational timing. D. a critical period. Answer: D Page: 17 Guidepost: 3 Type: Application 6 3 . The critical period for language development is from early infancy to A. toddlerhood. B. early childhood. C. middle childhood. D. puberty. Answer: D Page: 1 8 Guidepost: 3 Type: Knowledge 64 . New research on plasticity indicates that plasticity A . is a complex reaction between the environment and genetic factors. B. is a single factor that appears to predict resilience. C. is very similar to critical periods. D. is not related to temperament or resilience. Answer : A Page : 17 Guidepost : 3

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    13 Type: Knowledge 6 5 . Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of life - span development identified by Baltes (1987)? A. Development is lifelong. B. Development takes place in a historical context. C. Development ends with childhood. D. Development is pliable or plastic. Answer: C Page: 18 – 1 9 Guidepost: 4 Type: Knowledge 6 6 . Allocation of resources often changes as a person develops. Which of the following is an example of this redistribution? A. Personal growth and improvement of skills are benefited by the availability of resources. B. Resources do not aid a person during a time of personal loss. C. The availability of resources decreases over time. D. The availability of resources increases over time. Answer: A Page: 19 Guidep ost: 4 Type: Comprehension Essay Questions 67 . Marcus is designing a plan for a new preschool. List and define the three domains. Give one example of how a preschool program would address each domain as part of its day - to - day operations that he can submit to his school board for final approval. 68 .List the periods of human development. For at least three of the periods, give an example of a cognitive, a psychosocial, and a physical event during the period that helps to define the particular period of development. 69 . Define inherited influences and environmental influences on development. What are the differences between inherited influences and environmental influences? List and give examples of the effects of certain environmental influences on an individual’s development.

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    15 2 THEORY AND RESEARCH Guideposts 1. What purpose do theories serve and w hat are two basic theoretical issues on which developmental scientists differ? 2. What are five theoretical perspectives on human development, and what are some theories representative of each? 3. How do developmental scientists study people, and what are some advantages and disadvantages of each research method? 4. What ethical problems may arise in research on humans? Multiple - Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements about theories is true? A. Theories change to incorporate new findings. B. Theories are based on certain assumptions. C. Theories and research are interwoven. D. All of these Answer: D Page: 24 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 2. In the study of human development, a theory is a set of A. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict development. B. facts derived from research. C . research results that can prove behaviors . D. opinions of a well - known authority in a field. Answer: A Page: 24 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 3 . A goo d theory develops __________ , which can then be tested by research. A. data B. hypotheses C. findings D. facts Answer: B Page: 24 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 4 . Tentative explanations or predictions that can be scientifically tested are called A. theories. B. hypotheses. C. research findings.

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    16 D. conclusions. Answer: B Page: 24 Guidepost: 1 Type: Knowledge 5 . “If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows.” This is an example of a A. theory. B. finding. C. hypothesis. D. conclusion. Answer: C Page: 24 Guidepost: 1 Type: Application 6 . Which early philosopher descr ibed children as a tabula rasa on which society writes? A. John Locke B. Jean Piaget C. Jean Jacques Rosseau D. Erik Erikson Answer: A Page: 25 Guidepost : 1 Type: Knowledge 7 . If Bill’s behavior is viewed as passive and reactive, he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior. A. naturalistic B. mechanistic C. organismic D. maturationistic Answer: B Page: 25 Guidepost: 1 Type: Application 8 . If Troy’s behavior is viewed as active and self - determining, he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior. A. naturalistic B. mechanistic C. organismic D. maturationistic Answer: C Page: 25 Guidepost: 1 Type: Application 9 . Organismic theorists emphasize __________ change, while mechanistic theorists emphasize __________ change. A. quantitative; qualitative B. behavioral; developmental C. qualitative; quantitative D. mechanistic; organism ic Answer: C Page: 25 Guidepost: 1

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