Experiencing the Lifespan Fourth Canadian Edition Test Bank

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Page11.List three normative and three non-normative influences in your life.2.Estimate the amount of time you spend on social media during a typical week. Then, asa thought experiment, imagine your Internet goes on the fritz, and you are forced tospend time on other activities. What specifically would you choose to do? Do you thinksocial media sites are a negative or positive influence in your life?3.Monitor your texting activities during a particular day. How often do you text? Do youfeel you text too much (or too little)? What are the advantages and disadvantages ofusing this communication mode?4.Describe (and speculate) on the ways an 80-year-old and a 30-year-old might view theGreat Recession of 2008 and the social media revolution.5.Joey and Cyrilare born on the same day, but Joey lives in Canada and Cyril was bornand is growing up in Haiti. Statistically speaking, what differences between Joey andCyril might you predict as they travel through life?6.Explain how you might teach table manners to a 4-year-old, using operant conditioning.7.Brandi, a college sophomore, seeks help from the counseling center for her extremeshyness, and is offered a choice of treatments. She can have sessions with a behavioraltherapist, work with a psychoanalyst, or get therapy from a person who follows thedevelopmental systems perspective. Explain in a sentence how each treatment woulddiffer from the others.8.Dr. Ragan, a behaviorist, is the new director of an organization that prepares people toreturn to college after they have dropped out. Dr. Ragan's mission is to design a programto assist clients in their efforts to successfully reenter school. Using the principles oftraditional behaviorism, modeling, and self-efficacy, spell out some strategies that Dr.Regan might employ.9.Spell out the main similarity and difference between John Bowlby's attachment theoryand traditional psychoanalytic theory.

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Page210.A psychologist wants to determine the heritability (or genetic contribution) to politicalattitudes. Describe how the psychologist might design this study. What findings wouldsuggest that political attitudes are highly genetic?11.Give an example each of evocative and active genetic/environment forces and how theyhave shaped the person you are. Then give an example of either an optimum or poorperson-environment fit that you have experienced this semester.12.Compare and contrast Erikson's and Freud's ideas.13.Explain Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation, and give a concreteexample of those processes.14.A developmentalist is studying the relationship between parenting practices andchildren's sociability. Her plan is to watch each family's interactions at home, and thenobserve each child's relationships with peers at school. Name the type of measurementshe uses, and spell out its advantage and disadvantages.15.Melissa and Ramon want to conduct a study to determine if exercise promotes health.Melissa plans to test this question using a correlational approach, while Ramon decidesto conduct an experiment. Describe what each student's research might look like anddiscuss the respective pluses and minuses of each plan.16.After researchers conducts a cross-sectional study, they find that older people are moresatisfied with their family relationships than are younger people. How should theresearchers interpret this finding?17.List the pluses and minuses of conducting longitudinal research.18.Take a specific concept, term, or theory in this chapter and discuss how it applies toyour own life.

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Page3Answer Key1.Here, while answers will vary, normative influences would center on predictableculturally and biologically shared events, such as going to kindergarten, reachingpuberty, having children, dying, and so forth. In cataloguing non-normative influences,students should refer to any major unexpected event in their lives.2.Here the answers are up to the student, but positive social media influences mightinclude the ability to keep in touch with a wide array of people, more feelings of supportand connectedness, and so on. Negative influences might involve feeling compelled tospend too much time “relating,” robbing the person of time to devote to more productivepursuits.3.While here the answers are also up to the individual, the advantage of texting is beingable to get a message conveyed quickly and in a more permanent form. While leaving averbal message can be unreliable; with a text, your message is really there. But this initself is a disadvantage, as texting leaves a permanent record of any thought you mighthave second thoughts about transmitting! Moreover, texting lacks the nuances peoplecan only get from face-to-face encounters. Texting also encourages people toact outverbally, as sending a message is far easier than confronting a person with negativethoughts. In addition, texting can actually work to keep shy people from activelyventuring into the world.4.Students' answers could legitimately vary, but I'd suspect that for the 80-year-old, socialmedia might be an incredible surprise. Today's 30-somethings would view these “newdevelopments in relating” as just part of normal life. In contrast, the opposite might betrue of the financial crisis and the Great Recession of 2008: a shock for young people,but all too familiar for people who were born during or soon after the Great Depressionof the 1930s.5.Cyril would be far more likely to die during childhood than Joey. Joey would also livelonger, be far more well educated, and much more affluent.6.Answers will center on reinforcing the child for sitting still, using a fork, saying, “pleasepass the peas, and so on, as well as ignoring the child when he or she showsinappropriate behavior. Time out also may be used when the child misbehaves.7.The behaviorist might focus on getting Brandi in positively reinforcing social situationsto try to extinguish her shyness. The psychoanalyst would encourage Brandi to talkabout her early life experiences and get insight into the unconscious roots of hershyness. A developmental systems proponent would attack the problem on severalfronts: trying out medications and different types of therapy; exploring how everythingfrom cultural and family values to genetic predispositions might be causing Brandi'ssymptoms.8.From traditional behaviorism: Reinforce clients step by step for making applications,going for interviews, either individually or as a group. From modeling: Specifically,bring in people, who have successfully returned to college years after they dropped out,to talk to clients; have clients model each other in filling out applications, and so forth,in group sessions. Self-efficacy interventions: Continually bring home the message,“You can succeed,” directly and also via using the other techniques mentionedpreviously.9.Bowlby agreed with the Freudians that our early experiences with caregivers shape our

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Page4mental health; but he also believed in a nature explanation of behavior, namely, that theattachment response is biologically built-in to promote species survival.10.Here, the psychologist could conduct a twin study, soliciting a large sample of identicaland fraternal twins and comparing the similarity of “identicals” and their attitudes on atest of political attitudes with those of “fraternals.” If the identical twins had much moresimilar views than the fraternal twins, the conclusion would be that political attitudes arehighly genetically determined. Alternatively, the psychologist could select adoptedchildren and compare their political views with their biological and adoptive parents'views. If the psychologist found a high correlation between adoptees' attitudes and theirbirth parents' views, and virtually no similarity between adoptees' attitudes and theiradoptive parents' views, the psychologist could make the same conclusion.11.Answers will vary. Evocative influences, however, will relate to how personalitytraits—shyness, happiness, kindness, and so forth—naturally affect how other peoplerelate to that student. In describing active forces, students should talk about talents andinterests that propelled them to actively select environments where they learned toimprove at that skill, such as, “I was good at sports, so I've been playing soccer since theage of 3.” Person/environment fit: “I'm terrible at math, so when I had to take statistics,I failed. . . . I really 'get' psychology, so I'm getting all “A”s in my psych classes . . . I'mnot a morning person, so why did I take all 8 AM classes?”12.Freud focused on the crucial importance of early childhood alone. Freud believed thatthe main life mission for a person is to satisfy sexual feelings (libido), and that duringearly childhood, people progress from the oral, to the anal, to the phallic stage. Eriksonbelieved that people develop throughout life and that a person's main life mission is tobecome an independent person and relate to others. Erikson's stages of development arelifelong; they involve how well people have resolved each of eight “psychosocial tasks”linked to age.13.Piaget believed that all learning occurs by fitting new information to what peopleknow—assimilation—and, in the process, expanding what they know, or growingmentally. So, assimilation and accommodation ALWAYS take place together. Forexample, a baby can only suck, so he assimilates all objects to what heknows—sucking—and in the process, he learns about the world of objects.14.Measurement approach = naturalistic observationAdvantage: gives a concrete record of the behaviorDisadvantage: very time-intensive; parents in particular may not reveal their truechildrearing because they will be on good behavior while she is watching.15.Melissa would select a sample of adults who naturally vary in their exercise practicesand relate these variations to scores on tests of health. On the plus side, this study wouldbe easy to carry out and not pose ethical issues. On the minus side, this research designcannot prove that exercise leads to better health. Ramon would randomly assign peopleto either regularly exercise or not exercise, and then compare the health of the respectivegroups at a later date. On the plus side, Ramon's intervention could really prove thatexercising promotes health. On the minus side, this study would have serious practicalproblems and may be unethical.16.The researchers can conclude that yes, older COHORTS may be happier with theirfamilies, but that says nothing about whether family satisfaction really rises with age.17.Minuses: Longitudinal studies are incredibly expensive, take years, and involve the

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Page5hassle of getting people to return. Subject attrition is nonrandom. Therefore, particularlywith adults, these studies only sample how “elite” people develop.Pluses: This is the only research method that can chart real age changes, and, moreimportant, reveal individual patterns of development, and how earlier life experiencesrelate to later behavior.18.There are multiple possibilities, so students' answers will vary.

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Page11.The scientific study of aging is called _____.2.Predictable milestones people encounter during life, such as puberty or beginning highschool, are called _____.3.If Janet is a baby boomer and Jamila is a millennial, then Janet and Jamila are membersof different _____.4._____ is the term that refers to one's income and level of education.5.Harmonious family and group relationships are of primary importance in _____, whileindependence and achievement are highly valued in individualistic cultures.6.The developmental science term for environmental forces that shape behavior is _____.7._____ theories focus on specific changes that occur at particular ages.8.In traditional operant behaviorist terminology, people learn through _____.9.In cognitive behavioral terms, a person who has low _____ will be less likely to accept achallenging task than his counterpart.10.Freud referred to the mass of instincts that drive human behavior “unconsciously” aspeople's _____.11.According to John Bowlby, children's early experiences with _____ shape their abilityto love.12.Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the ______ roots of human behavior.13.The field that explores the biological and environment contribution to humandifferences is called _____.

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Page214.A scientist studying how early life events might change the outer cover of human DNA,and so have far reaching consequences throughout life, is working in the new fieldcalled _____.15.For Erikson, each life stage involves a particular developmental challenge, or _____.16.Aresearcher who looks at many different influences on behavior advocates the _____perspective.17.The disadvantage of correlational studies is that they do not allow a researcher todetermine _____.18.In a(n) _____, the researcher assigns groups to different treatments and looks at theresults.19.Cross-sectional studies tell researchers about differences between or among _____.20.The volunteers who remain in a longitudinal study for years tend to be a(n) _____group, much better than average.21.When researchers sample groups of people, use objective measures such asquestionnaires, and rely on “numbers” or statistics to find answers, these scientists areconducting _____.

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Page3Answer Key1.gerontology2.normative transitions3.cohorts4.Socioeconomic status (or “SES”)5.collectivist cultures6.nurture7.Stage8.reinforcement9.self-efficacy10.id11.caregivers12.biological (or “inborn”)13.behavioral genetics14.epigeneticsPage.2015.psychosocial task16.developmental systems17.what causes what (or “cause and effect")18.experiment19.cohorts20.elite (or “select”; “special”; or other synonym of “elite”)21.quantitative research

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Page11.Gerontologists study:A)evolution.B)genes.C)diseases of the ancient world.D)aging.2.What area of the lifespan did scientists study last?A)child developmentB)adult developmentC)gerontologyD)prenatal development3.Researchers studying development a century ago MOST likely would focus on whichlife stage?A)child developmentB)adult developmentC)gerontologyD)prenatal development4.A developmental scientist might study all of these topics EXCEPT:A)parenting practices and how they affect normal child development.B)cross-cultural concepts about the right age to toilet train children.C)emotional development during adult life.D)travel and its economic impact on a nation's wealth.5.A developmentalist might study all of these topics EXCEPT:A)when children reach milestones such as walking or puberty.B)what drugs work best for people with schizophrenia.C)what happens to people after they reach retirement.D)how an individual's personality may change over time.6.Which is NOT a normative transition?A)Mary begins kindergarten at age 5.B)Sara has a child when she is in her twenties.C)Josephine has a terrible car accident at age 18.D)Manuel retires at age 65.

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Page27.Which is anormative transition?A)pubertyB)divorceC)sleeping in bed with a childD)living through a recession8.Which person's statement is referring to his or her cohort?A)“We live in the same area of the country.”B)“We play tennis together every week.”C)“We were born around the same time.”D)“We are of the same ethnic group.”9.A cohort refers to a:A)group of friends.B)group of people who were born around the same time.C)family group.D)group of people who live in the same neighborhood.10.When Aracelly tells you she is a baby boomer, Aracelly is referring to her _____.A)societyB)cohortC)incomeD)gender11.Millennial, Generation X, and Baby Boomer are terms that refer to a person's:A)social class.B)cohort.C)society.D)group of friends.12.Which person is NOT a baby boomer?A)Cesar, who was in college during the late 1960sB)Callista, who is 65C)Cami, who is 40D)Corrine, who is about to retire

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Page313.Which person MOST likely is a baby boomer?A)Selma, who is about to turn 65B)Kimiko, who is in her late seventiesC)Kevin, who became a grandpa last yearD)Tan, who just got his Ph.D.14.All are true of the baby-boom cohort EXCEPT that they:A)are larger size-wise than other living cohorts.B)were born in the years after World War I.C)changed society as they moved through life.D)are now entering later life.15.All are true of the baby boomers EXCEPT that they:A)were teenagers during the late 1960s.B)are entering their young-old years.C)are an incredibly large cohort.D)have had little impact on Western society.16.Today, the baby-boom cohort is:A)in the aging phase of life.B)old-old.C)almost completely dead.D)all in middle age.17.Which person is NOT a member of the baby-boom cohort?A)David, who was born in 1946 after his dad returned from World War IIB)Adrianna, who entered college at age 18, during the late 1960sC)Lynnette who was born during the Great DepressionD)Liang, who retired in 2013 at age 6318.A woman who says she is a baby boomer:A)grew up during World War II.B)grew up during the 1980s.C)reached her teens during the 1960s or 1970s.D)reached her teens in the 1980s.

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Page419.Childhood got longer because of:A)schooling—the need for more education.B)economic pressures—the need for kids to stay at home.C)biology—children reaching puberty at younger ages.D)family changes—more single-parent moms.20.When José is explaining some historical facts about childhood, he would MOST likelysay that in previous centuries people:A)cared more about nurturing children than people do today.B)cared more about childhood education than people do today.C)were defined as adults right after college.D)engaged in activities viewed today as child abuse.21.The modern “caring” view of childhood was NOT influenced by:A)the writings Locke and Rousseau, who felt childhood was a special period.B)medical advances which dramatically reduced infant mortality.C)the need for children to receive an education.D)advances in birth control.22.Over the centuries, childhood has become much:A)longer.B)more difficultC)more stressful.D)simpler.23.For people born in the eighteenth century, all of the following are true EXCEPT thatthey would:A)be far more likely to die during early childhood than today.B)be far less likely to go to school than today.C)begin their “adult life”at a far younger age than today.D)have an adolescence.24.Carlos, in his twenties, is trying to decide on a career. Carlos is in the life stage called:A)emerging adulthood.B)wandering adulthood.C)immaturity.D)post adolescence.

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Page525.All are true of emerging adulthood EXCEPT that it:A)refers to the time from age 18 through the late twenties.B)is the time when people explore their place in the adult world.C)came into being because people now live for a long time.D)tends to be a very unhappy life stage.26.If Therese is in her eighties, she is _____.A)old-oldB)a new senior citizenC)in early old ageD)an emerging adult27.The age to which people have a fifty-fifty chance of surviving is their _____.A)ultimate life expectancyB)maximum lifespanC)statistical life spanD)predictable lifespan; ultimate lifespan28.All are true of the twentieth century life-expectancy revolution EXCEPT that it:A)was caused by dramatic medical advances in curing infectious disease.B)occurred in the first half of the twentieth century.C)allowed people to live beyond the maximum lifespan.D)allowed most people to live to “the aging phase of life.”29.The twentieth-century life-expectancy revolution occurred when scientists were able to:A)cure or prevent many infectious diseases.B)slow the progress of many chronic diseases.C)make inroads in curing heart disease.D)allow people to live happier lives.30.Which age group has benefited MOST from the disease-control advances that producedthe twentieth-century life-expectancy revolution?A)young childrenB)adults in their thirtiesC)midlife adultsD)elderly people

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Page631.Deaths from heart disease are much more common today than a century ago becausepeople are:A)living much longer.B)not taking good care of their bodies.C)working harder.D)under more stress.32.Sara is describing some effects of the twentieth-century life-expectancy revolution.Which statement is NOT correct?A)“People today are unlikely to die of infectious diseases.”B)“People today often live beyond the maximum lifespan.”C)“People today expect to survive beyond youth.”D)“People today are apt to die of heart disease and cancer.”33.Ali is discussing the young-old. Which statement is NOT correct?A)“They are in their sixties and seventies.”B)“They are often healthy.”C)“They may say they look and feel middle aged.”D)“They are in their late fifties.”34.The main difference between the young-old and the old-old is:A)health.B)wisdom.C)discrimination.D)the climate in which they live.35.If Phillip is describing the young-old, he should say:A)“They are far more likely to be healthy than the old-old.”B)“They are in their fifties.”C)“They were born during the Great Depression.”D)“They clearly define themselves as senior citizens.”36.If someone says, “My grandma is old-old,”all of the following are apt to be true of thisgrandmother EXCEPT that she is:A)in her late seventies or beyond.B)more likely to be frail.C)more likely to live in a nursing home.D)a recent new grandparent.

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Page737.All are 1960s lifestyle changes in the United States EXCEPT:A)many more divorces.B)men doing much more housework and childcare.C)women fully moving into the workforce.D)more rigid ideas about how adults should behave.38.The main consequence of the lifestyle revolution of the 1960s is greater:A)freedom in lifestyle choices.B)happiness.C)unhappiness in the 1960s.D)obesity.39.Which event does NOT relate to the lifestyle revolution of the 1960s?A)deaths shifting from infectious to chronic diseaseB)the women's movementC)increases in divorceD)increases in unmarried motherhood40.What phenomenon is NOT related to the social media revolution?A)on-line bullyingB)social mediaC)sextingD)increased longevity41.Social media transformed U.S. lifestyles around the:A)1960s.B)1980s.C)early years of this century.D)last two or three years.42.Joe is discussing the causes of the Great Recession of 2008. All of the followingcomments about that event are correct EXCEPT:A)“It began with a bursting of a housing bubble—and a dramatic decline in real estateprices.”B)“It caused strapped consumers to spend less.”C)“It produced widespread layoffs.”D)“Its effects were mainly confined to the northern United States.”

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