Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology Eighth Edition Test Bank

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Page11.Psychological abnormality is generally defined using “the four D's.” First, explain whatthe four Dsare and what they mean regarding psychological abnormality. Then providean example of a time when each aspect of abnormality would not be consideredabnormal.2.Suppose a friend says to you, “I feel really lousy today, and I don't know why. You'retaking abnormal psych—what do you think?” If, after a conversation, your friend feelsbetter about things, have you provided psychological therapy? Why or why not? Includethe essential features of therapy in your answer.3.What is demonology? How does demonology stand in the way of a more completeunderstanding of the causes and treatment of psychological abnormality?4.Discuss the contributions of three individuals to the treatment of abnormal psychology.Be sure to include when and where each lived.5.Create a time line on which you place five major events in the history of abnormality.Briefly describe why each event is important to an understanding of abnormality.6.Define and contrast the somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives regarding abnormalpsychological functioning, and provide at least one example of evidence supportingeach perspective.7.Assume that Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix suddenly appeared in the twenty-firstcentury, about 50 years after the U.S. policy of deinstitutionalization began. What wouldthey think about our treatment of the “mentally ill”? What suggestions might they makefor changes in our policy of deinstitutionalization?8.According to your text, deinstitutionalization has resulted, in part, in large numbers ofpeople with severe psychological disturbances either becoming homeless or ending upin jail or prison. Is deinstitutionalization an ethical and appropriate strategy for thetreatment of mental illness that the United States should continue to follow? Back upyour answer with specific examples.9.Increasingly, people seeking treatment for mental health reasons are members ofmanaged care programs. How are managed care programs changing how psychologicalservices are provided? Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of such programs.

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Page210.Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and clinical researchers are mental healthprofessionals that work in the area of psychological abnormality. Describe what eachdoes and how they differ from each other.11.What are important differences between case studies and single-subject experiments? Besure to mention advantages and disadvantages of each.12.Case studies can be used to help more than just the one being studied. Briefly describethree ways one could use information gathered from a case study besides helping theone being studied.13.Describe three hypothetical correlations: positive correlations, negative correlations, andunrelated correlations, and give an example for each.14.A major shortcoming of a correlational study is that even when a correlation betweentwo variables is statistically significant, one cannot infer causation. For example, asignificant correlation exists between life stress and depression, yet one cannot say forsure that life stress causes depression. Given this major shortcoming, what are somespecific reasons one might still wish to conduct a correlational study, as opposed to anexperimental study (from which one might infer a cause-and-effect relationship)?15.Assume that a researcher wishes to do research designed to pinpoint early-childhoodevents related to later development of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. Whattype of investigation might the researcher use? What would be potential strengths andweaknesses of that type of investigation? Finally, are there any ethical concerns theresearcher ought to address?16.Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that older women who take estrogen are lesslikely to develop Alzheimer's disease. Be sure to identify the control group,experimental group, independent variable, and dependent variable.17.A researcher wishes to use experimentation to study the effect of stress on thedevelopment of abnormal behaviors. Describe how the researcher might conduct thatstudy, using either natural or analogue experiments.

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Page3Answer Key1.There are said to be four “Ds” of psychological abnormality.The first is “deviance,” which describes abnormal behavior, thoughts, and emotions thatdiffer markedly from society's ideas about proper functioning. An example of deviancethat would not be considered abnormal is a person who sleeps outside when camping.While sleeping outdoors is not the norm in our society, we make exception for thisbehavior under this specific circumstance.The second is “distress.” When an individual feels distress over symptom manifestation,we often consider this a marker of abnormality. An example of when distress would notbe considered abnormal would be a situation in which a parent experiences distressbecause his or her child is serving in the military in a war zone. The feelings of distressinherent in a daughter or son serving abroad would not be enough to label someone asabnormal in functioning.The third element in psychological abnormality is “dysfunction.” Abnormal behaviortends to be considered dysfunctional when it interrupts the ability to function in dailyliving. An example of when dysfunction would not be considered abnormal would be ifsomeone voluntarily engaged in a hunger strike out of protest. Often these individualsare considered heroic rather than dysfunctional.The final element is “danger,” which is usually classified as an individual being adanger or threat to him-or herself or others. An example of when dangerousness wouldnot be considered abnormal could be during times of military service in combat.Individuals in combat are sometimes called on to harm others, and in acts consideredheroic, some soldiers sacrifice their own lives for the safety of their group.2.According to my text, I have not provided psychological therapy. Clinical theoristJerome Frank stated that all therapy has three essential features. One is a sufferer whoseeks relief from the healer. The second feature of true therapy is that it must beadministered by a trained, socially accepted healer who has expertise in what theindividual struggles with. The third essential element of therapy is that there should be aseries of contacts with the sufferer to produce changes.In this example the second andthird criteria have not been satisfied. As such, psychological therapy has not taken place.3.Demonology is the view that psychological dysfunction was caused by Satan'sinfluence. In Europe during the Middle Ages, members of the clergy had great power,and their religious beliefs and explanations dominated education and culture. Due to itsinfluence, the Church controlled how psychological phenomena were interpreted, andalternative scientific explanations were dismissed.4.Answers may include any of the following, or other figures discussed in the text:Hippocrates: 460–377 B.C. Greece. Referred to as the father of modern medicine,Hippocrates contributed the belief that illnesses had natural causes, and he saw abnormalbehavior as arising from physical problems.

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Page4Emil Kraepelin: 1856–1926. Germany. Kraepelin was a German researcher who published atextbook in 1883 stating that physical factors such as fatigue were responsible for mentaldysfunction. He also developed the first modern system for classifying abnormal behaviorusing symptoms, as we do today.Dorothea Dix: 1802–1887. Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Dix was a schoolteacher who calledfor mental health treatment reform by speaking to both state legislatures and the U.S.Congress about the horrors she witnessed at asylums. Her campaign led to improved lawsand funding, specifically to set up state hospitals to care for the mentally ill.Philippe Pinel: 1745–1826. Paris, France. Pinel argued that the mentally ill should be treatedwith sympathy and kindness, and, after becoming chief physician at La Bicêtre, unchainedpatients and renovated rooms to reflect his perspective.Friedrich Anton Mesmer: 1734–1815. Mesmer was an Austrian physician who set up a clinicin Paris. He used hypnotism to heal those with hysterical disorders, showing that a personsometimes holds the keys for healing him-or herself. Mesmer's hypnotism paved the way forlater psychoanalytic explanations using the unconscious.Benjamin Rush: 1745–1813. Pennsylvania, U.S. Considered the father of Americanpsychiatry, Rush developed humane treatment approaches to mental illness, even hiringsensitive attendants to work with patients he treated.William Tuke: 1732–1819. England. Tuke founded a rural retreat for those with mentalillness using methods of rest, talk, prayer, and work to assist healing. His moral treatmentinspired others, such as Benjamin Rush, to treat patients humanely and with respect.5.The five major events in the history of abnormality in the order of their occurrencewould be:1. Demonology. The belief that evil spirits or dark forces created psychologicaldysfunction permeated the belief about mentally ill individuals and their treatment foryears. Demonology led to some of the greatest atrocities committed against those whowere mentally ill and may still be a factor in the stigma many feel against the mentallyill today. Our text, for example, notes that 43 percent of people still believe that thosewith mental illness have brought it on themselves.2. The Rise of Asylums. The unspeakably cruel ways in which the mentally ill havebeen treated should not be forgotten. The asylums began with good intentions buteventually became a national shame. Asylums reflect the ways in which we viewedthose who struggled with mental illness.3. Moral Treatment. Figures such as Tuke, Pinel, Rush, and Dix were essential torevolutionizing the way in which those who struggled with mental illness were treatedand represent a turning point in the history of how those with mental dysfunction wereviewed and treated. By framing mental dysfunction as an illness to be treated, it set thestage for those like Freud to develop theories that framed clients and their treatmentswith humanity.4. The Advent of Psychotropic Medications. When individuals with mental dysfunctionswere institutionalized, even with humane practices, there were many who could not behelped because the nature of their illness was so inherently biological. Psychotropicmedication allowed many to function outside of an institutional setting who may neverhave had a chance of recovery otherwise. Psychotropic medications of the past alsosolidified the status of mental illness as a treatable and often biologically based illness.5. Deinstitutionalization. The final inclusion of deinstitutionalization is present because

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Page5it both reflects hope and the need for improvement. While people were released frominstitutions, the care and support structure provided when they left has still been sorelylacking. While so many mentally ill individuals are still homeless or in prisons, and 40to 60 percent of those with severe mental illness receive no treatment at all, there is stillmuch work to be done.6.The somatogenic perspective is the view that abnormal psychology has physical causes.An example would be syphilis and the mental symptoms such as delusions of grandeurthat can be caused by this physical illness.The psychogenic perspective is that the causes of abnormal functioning arepsychological. Examples include hysterical disorders such as blindness or other bodyailments that individuals may experience without a physical cause.7.Today, in the wake of deinstitutionalization, many atrocities continue to occur. BothBenjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix were advocates of moral treatment, so one couldassume that both would be greatly disappointed by our lack of continued care for thosewho struggle.They might make many suggestions for changes in our policy of deinstitutionalization.For example, we now know that although community mental health centers wereintended to be plentiful, there are far too few to meet the needs of those who struggle.They would likely advocate for more mental health centers to be constructed and thatthose centers be accessible to those who require them. Another change in our policywould be transitional release. Rather than simply allowing hundreds of thousands ofpeople to be immediately released, teaching individuals skills of survival and providingplacement in transitional living facilities as well as employment might have helpedprevent the homelessness and struggles the mentally ill in our country continue to face.8.Deinstitutionalization in America was not conducted ethically or with an appropriatestrategy. Patients who were residents of hospitals for years, with no knowledge of howthe outside world operated and often no support structures when they left hospitals, weresimply released to become homeless and without care. The text stated that only 40 to 60percent of those with severe psychological disturbances are receiving care, at least100,000 are homeless, and another 135,000 reside in jails or prisons. This isnot astrategy America should continue to follow. One thing we could do differently is toincrease the numbers and accessibility of community health centers. The text states thattoo few community mental health programs are available to those who need them most.9.Insurance companies provide health care coverage through managed care programs bylargely determining the nature, scope, and cost of the services received. Through theseprograms, insurance companies, rather than therapists or physicians, also determinetreatment course and progression. One advantage of managed care programs is that theycan provide preventive care, but a disadvantage is that they can limit choice of therapist,how long treatment lasts, and what type of treatment a patient receives.10.Clinical psychologists earn a doctorate in clinical psychology and provide counselingservices to those who are mentally ill. Psychiatrists are physicians and have gonethrough medical school, earning either an MD or DO, and specializing in treatment ofthe mentally ill. Psychiatrists can also provide counseling services, and often providemedication when needed. Clinical researchers tackle the problems of psychological

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Page6abnormality from the laboratory, attempting to explain and predict abnormal behaviorbut not working with clients directly unless studying an illness. Clinical researchers donot treat patients, as both psychiatrists and clinical psychologists often do.11.A case study follows an individual, describing that person's life and problems as well ashistory, symptoms, and treatment. In a case study, a clinician can follow the course of atreatment and offer new ideas or treatments to future clinicians. The benefits of casestudies are that they can often show the value of new therapeutic techniques and giveunusual problems focused attention that can be used to help others who show similarproblems.The limitations of case studies are that often the observers can be biased, because theymay have an interest in seeing the patient succeed or having their methods work. Casestudies rely solely on subjective evidence and so they also lack internal validity. Casestudies also are limitedly generalizable, and because we often find that case studies havedifficulty being applicable beyond the actual person of study, they rate low on externalvalidity.Single-subject experiments negate many of the weaknesses of case studies becausesingle-subject experiments use experimental design, giving them additional power. Insingle-subject experiments, a lone participant is observed both before and after themanipulation of an independent variable. While the benefits of this type of experimentare clearly control and the ability to establish a baseline, there are still limitations.Forinstance, having only one subject does not allow for comparison of results againstothers, so there is no control group, random assignment, or ability to test for a placeboeffect.12.One could use information gathered from a case study in three ways:First, case studies can be a source of new ideas about behavior, opening the way forfuture discoveries. An example of this would be that Freud used his case studies indeveloping psychoanalysis. Second, case studies can show the value of new therapeutictechniques and demonstrate new ways of applying existing techniques for outcomes.Finally, case studies give clinicians opportunities to study rare or unusual problems inways that offer the opportunity to help others—both clinicians who treat and clients whostruggle—with these disorders in the future.13.There are three possible results of a correlational study: positive correlations, negativecorrelations, or unrelated correlations between variables.A positive correlation occurs between variables that increase or decrease together, suchas study time and test grades. In a study of these variables, the researcher may find thatas one variable (studying) goes up, the other (test grades) goes up. The principle alsoworks in reverse—for example, as study time goes down, test grades go down.A negative correlation occurs between variables that are inversely related; that is to say,as one variable goes up, the other variable goes down. One example would be a study ofshyness and friendships. In that study, the researcher might find that as one variable(shyness) increases, the second variable (number of friendships) decreases. Also, as the

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Page7number of friendships increases, the amount of shyness decreases.The third type of relationship is between variables that are unrelated. An example of thiswould be the relationship between, say, hairstyle and phases of the moon. There is noknown weak or strong existing relationship between hairstyle and any phase of themoon.14.Although correlations do not determine causation, they can still be of great use,particularly to clinicians. Correlational studies tend to have good external validity,meaning that they often can be generalized to the general population, and, even thoughthey do not explain the relationship, often just noting that a strong relationship existsbetween variables can be significant. An example from the text examining correlationalresearch between suicide attempts and depression noted that even if the “cause”of thesuicide attempt is not fully understood, just knowing the relationship to depression helpsclinicians significantly (and, ultimately, clients) when they know what signs to watchfor in individuals.15.If a researcher wanted to design a study to pinpoint early-childhood events related tolater development of eating disorders, that researcher would likely use a combinedapproach. Epidemiological studies, a special form of correlational research thatmeasures the incidence (number of new cases) and prevalence (total number of cases ofa disorder), would show the trends of the disorder generally over a period of time. It islikely that trends discovered would lead the researcher to isolate unique variables withincertain groups that help to cause certain disorders, such as eating disorders. As noted inthe text, such studies have been used to examine eating disorders and their prevalence inWestern countries over non-Western countries.Combining epidemiological studies with longitudinal studies (sometimes calleddevelopmental studies or high-risk studies), a researcher would examine the sameindividuals over a period of time to further pinpoint specific childhood events.Despite the strengths and amount of information, longitudinal studies do not pinpointcausation. The ethical concern of this approach is the question of harm in simplyobserving individuals as they develop a disorder without intervention. The researchershould address this issue in the design of the study before proceeding.16.Hypothesis: Older women who take estrogen are less likely to develop Alzheimer'sdisease.First, because a researcher cannot follow all older women, the researcher must definethe age range and then get a representative sample of them. The sample should representwomen at large in economics, demographic variables (race, etc.), and so on, so that anyresults can be generalized to the larger population.After acquiring a sample, the researcher should randomly assign the women to twogroups: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group would beexposed to the independent variable (estrogen) and the control group would not. Theresearcher would then follow the women, and, in an established time frame, give themcognitive tests that measure symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (the dependent variable).

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Page8After measurement of the dependent variable, comparing both experimental and controlgroups would offer the outcome. If women who took estrogen were less likely to getAlzheimer's disease, the hypothesis would be confirmed, and, if not, the hypothesiswould be disproven.17.In natural experiments, nature itself manipulates the independent variable. One methodfor studying the effect of stress on the development of abnormal behaviors would be toexamine individuals after a natural disaster (which would inherently place stress on anindividual). For example, if a natural disaster like a tsunami flooded and destroyed acoastal city, a researcher could study the survivors (who function as an experimentalgroup) and then gather data on individuals well outside the affected region (whofunction as a control group). The researcher could then compare them on behavioralmeasures of abnormality (dependent variable) and acquire results.In analogue experiments, researchers can induce participants in a laboratory to behavein ways that resemble real-life abnormal behavior and then conduct experiments onthem to shed light on real-life abnormality. A researcher looking to study individuals inthis way may have difficulty ethically, even if using animal models, because it naturallyplaces both animals and humans in a distressed state.To conduct an analogue experiment examining the effects of stress in the developmentof abnormal behaviors, an experimenter could elicit stress in the subject by placing himor her in a situation that would be inherently stressful and then measuring the abnormalbehaviors (dependent variable) to determine relationship.

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Page11.The stated and unstated rules that a society establishes to govern proper conduct arereferred to as _____.2.The aspect of the definition of abnormality that characterizes behavior as different fromwhat a society considers normal for a given time and place is _____.3.Ken is so anxious that his anxiety by itself causes him to suffer. Ken's situationrepresents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called _____.4.Colleen is so afraid of open spaces that she cannot leave her house to go to work and isnow in danger of losing her job. This represents the aspect of the definition ofabnormality called _____.5.Heather has been feeling depressed and has begun to feel helpless and hopeless and isconsidering committing suicide. Killing herself represents the aspect of the definition ofabnormality called _____.6.The idea that the behaviors we label abnormal are just problems in living was proposedby _____.7.While some clinicians refer to the person they are treating as a patient, others refer tothe person as a(n) _____.8.The early form of surgery in which a hole was made in the skull of a person, presumablyto allow evil spirits to escape, was called _____.9.The procedure that a priest or other powerful person might perform to drive evil spiritsfrom a person is called _____.10._____ believed that abnormal behavior was caused by brain pathology that was aconsequence of an imbalance in the four humors of the body.11.The "father" of modern medicine who believed that illnesses had natural causes was_____.

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Page212.During the Middle Ages, a person who believed that he or she was possessed by wolvesand other animals was said to be suffering from _____.13.The roots of today's community mental health programs can be traced back to thefifteenth century when people came to the Belgian town of _____ for psychic healing.14.The physician who instituted a series of reforms at La Bicêtre asylum and “unchained”mental patients was _____.15.The treatment for mental illness espoused by French physician Philippe Pinel andEnglish Quaker William Tuke was called _____ treatment by their contemporaries.16.An approach totreating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized humane andrespectful approaches was known as _____ treatment.17.The American advocate for laws mandating the improved treatment of people withmental disorders was _____.18.The view that physical causes are at the root of mental illnesses is called the _____perspective.19.The somatogenic view of mental illness was given a boost in the 1800's when it wasdiscovered that general paresis was caused by _____.20.Psychotropic medications fit into the _____ model of treating mental illness.21.According to the _____ perspective, psychological causes are at the root of mentalillness.22.The inducement of a trancelike state in which a person becomes extremely suggestiblefits into the _____ model of treating mental illness.23.Psychoanalysis' view of causes of abnormal and normal behavior fits into the _____model.

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Page324.The major development utilizing drugs in the treatment of the mentally ill in the secondhalf of the twentieth century was the development of _____.25.The reduction in the number of people housed in mental hospitals in the last 40 yearscan be attributed to a trend called _____.26.Moving the focus for the care of the mentally ill out of hospitals is part of the _____approach.27.The largest group of professionals who provide mental health services are _____.28.The degree that psychiatrists hold is the _____.29.Sound research in abnormal psychology uses the _____ method.30.Clinical researchers form general, or _____, knowledge about the nature, causes, andtreatments of abnormal behavior.31.A tentative explanation or hunch that provides a basis for study is a(n) _____.32.Jasonmet with a researcher several times. He was interviewed, he took tests, and he wasphysically evaluated. In addition, the researcher studied his school and employmentrecords and interviewed key people in his life. This type of study is called a(n) _____.33.Tall people tend to have larger feet than do short people. This statement indicates a(n)_____ correlation between foot size and height.34.The more television one watches, the lower that person's grades in school are likely tobe. This statement indicates a(n) _____ correlation between hours watching TV andgrades.35.The strength or magnitude of a correlation can vary from _____ to _____.

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Page436.If a result is statistically significant, it is unlikely to be the result of _____.37.Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given populationare called _____ studies.38.The number of new cases of a disorder that appear during a set period of time is the_____ of that disorder.39.If one knew that there were 500,000 total cases of schizophrenia in the United States asof now, that person would know the _____ of schizophrenia in the United States.40.Sammi agreed to be in the study of memory, but she had not anticipated how she wouldfeel about returning to the lab every other year for 10 years. She is involved in a(n)_____ study.41.A study of the same individuals on many occasions over a period of time is a(n) _____study.42.The type of study that allows a direct determination of a causal relationship between twovariables is a(n) _____.43.Jack was doing a study on anxiety. Members of one group were asked to estimate howmany years each had to live. Members of the other group were asked to estimate howmany months until their next vacation. Jack then gave each of his participants a test thatmeasured anxiety and scored them. The score on this test is an example of a(n) _____.44.Ian made the participants in one of his groups anxious by making loud noises but keptthe participants in the other group in quiet surroundings. The presence of noise in thiscase is an example of a(n) _____.45.Dr. Han did his experimental manipulation and then tested his experimental group at 9A.M.and his control group at 9P.M.His study contains a(n) _____.46.The nontreatedor comparison group that is NOT exposed to the independent variable inan experiment is called the _____.

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Page547.If a participant does NOT know in which condition she is being tested, she isparticipating in a(n) _____ design.48.Dr. Pliny did NOT tell her subjects which group (what level of the independentvariable) they were in. She didn't tell them this to guard against _____.49.In addition to subject bias, the double-blind design guards against _____.50.Any study that compares the responses of men and women (the “independent variable”)is BEST described as a(n) _____ design.51.Genie was isolated from human contact and language by her (badly disturbed) parentsfor most of the first 13 years of her life. The effects of early language deprivation couldeasily be seen and studied. This is an example of a(n) _____ experiment.52.If a researcher did a study of anxiety and used cats for subjects instead of people, shewould likely be doing a(n) _____ study.

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Page6Answer Key1.norms2.deviance3.distress4.dysfunction5.danger6.Thomas Szasz7.client8.trephination9.exorcism10.Hippocrates11.Hippocrates12.lycanthropy13.Gheel14.Philippe Pinel15.moral16.moral17.Dorothea Dix18.somatogenic19.syphilis20.somatogenic21.psychogenic22.psychogenic23.psychogenic24.psychotropic medications25.deinstitutionalization26.community mental health27.psychiatric social workers28.MD or DO29.scientific30.nomothetic31.hypothesis32.case study33.positive34.negative35.–l.00, +1.0036.chance37.epidemiological38.incidence39.prevalence40.longitudinal41.longitudinal42.experiment43.dependent variable44.independent variable

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Page745.confound46.control group47.blind48.subject bias, or participant bias49.experimenter bias50.quasi-experimental51.natural52.analogue

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