Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank

Preview (16 of 1105 Pages)

100%

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 1 preview image

Loading page ...

Page11.Contrast the views of Plato and Aristotle on the nature versus nurture debate. Why werePlato and Aristotle unable to settle their debate?2.Differentiate between a structuralist andfunctionalist approach to understandingconsciousness. Identify the founders of both approaches and the earlier influences thatgave rise to these schools of psychology.3.Discuss Sigmund Freud's influence on the field of psychology. What are thecontributions and critiques of psychoanalytic theory?4.Why would John Watson disagree with the definition of psychology as stated in thetextbook?5.While the underlying views of B. F. Skinner about the human condition differ markedlyfrom humanistic views, interestingly his goals for the advancement of humanity areremarkably similar. Compare and contrast Skinner's views with humanistic psychology.6.Discuss some benefits that behaviorism brought to the field of psychology. Then,discuss some problems associated with behaviorism.7.Discuss how technological advancements, along with work in the field of linguistics,advanced cognitive psychology and ultimately led to the downfall of behaviorism as thedominant field within psychology.8.How might an evolutionary psychologist explain human behavior that is largelydetrimental to the individual or the culture, such as aggression or a preference for ahigh-fat diet?9.Humans have a tendency to be afraid of the dark. Provide an explanation of thisphenomenon within the framework of both behaviorism and evolutionary psychology.Are the two explanations necessarily incompatible?10.Discuss the growing impact on psychology of women and non-White minorities, andidentify some pioneering women and minorities within psychology.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 2 preview image

Loading page ...

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 3 preview image

Loading page ...

Page211.Describe four non-research career specializations within psychology.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 4 preview image

Loading page ...

Page3Answer Key1.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Plato argued that the infant isborn with certain kinds of knowledge that are innate, or inborn, such as the ability tolearn language. This philosophical viewpoint, termed nativism, is consistent with a viewof psychology based partly on nature; (2) Aristotle argued that the mind is a blank slate,and thus every experience an infant has contributes to his or her personality, thoughtprocesses, emotions, and so on. This corresponds to a view of psychology based entirelyon nurture, known as philosophical empiricism; (3) They could not settle the natureversus nurture debate because they had no objective means of testing those positions.2.The answer should indicate thatWilhelm Wundtbegan structuralism and was greatlyinfluenced by the physiological research of Helmholtz. Structuralism attempts toidentify the basic elements that constitute the mind by deconstructing the consciousexperience through techniques such as introspection. William James beganfunctionalism. He did not believe that consciousness can be broken down into basicelements; rather, he believed consciousness was more like a flowing stream than acollection of component parts. Functionalism sought to identify the adaptivesignificance, or functions, of consciousness rather than deconstructing it into elements.James was highly influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection.3.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Though many people disagreewith Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, he is one of the most influential thinkersof the twentieth century; (2) Freud had been educated as a physician and noticed thatpatients were coming into his office with problems that had no physical justification.Freud decided to talk with these patients about their symptoms. Over time, he developeda therapy called psychoanalysis which has had a great impact on clinical practice; (3)Freud developed a theory of how the mind works and how people may be governed byforces of which they are unaware. This idea of an unconscious has had a tremendousimpact on psychology, literature, and art. It also formed the basis of psychoanalysis,which involves bringing unconscious motivations, desires, and thoughts into theconscious mind; (4) One limitation of psychoanalytic theory is that it does not lend itselfto testable predictions. Because there is little empirical support for Freud's theories, hisinfluence has diminished over the decades. Another criticism of psychoanalytic theory isthat it portrayed the human condition pessimistically, positing that human behavior wasgoverned by rather dark forces that were outside of our conscious awareness.4.The answer should indicate that psychology can be defined as the scientific study ofbehavior and mental processes. John Watson was the founder of behaviorism. Hebelieved that mental processes could not be studied scientifically because they were notobjectively observable. He believed that, if psychology was to be a science, it shouldconfine its subject matter to objectively observable behavior. For this reason, Watsonwould disagree with the definition of psychology as presented in the textbook.5.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Skinner denied the existenceof free will. According to Skinner, behavior was largely determined by a history ofreinforcement; (2) Humanistic psychologists, such as Maslow and Rogers, believed thathumans are free and active agents in trying to fulfill their own potential; (3)Nevertheless, both Skinner and the humanists shared an optimistic goal thatpsychologists could help improve the human condition. (4) Skinner and the humanists

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 5 preview image

Loading page ...

Page4attempted to better humanity using radically different methods. Skinner advocatedarranging environments in which desirable behavior would be reinforced. The principlesof reinforcement thus could be used to increase social welfare. Humanisticpsychologists, on the other hand, focused on the power of a person's free choice inreaching his or her full potential, and developed therapies to facilitate this process.6.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Behaviorists highlighted theneed for psychologists to study phenomena that were objectively observable. Thisadvanced the science of psychology; (2) The research of Ivan Pavlov and John Watsondemonstrated how associations between stimuli and responses are formed; (3) Usingrats, B. F. Skinner developed a methodology demonstrating that the consequences ofbehavior determine its future occurrence. This work has taught psychologists howpeople—and not just rats—learn. His principle of reinforcement pervades modernpsychology; (4)Skinner's suggestion that we do things in the present that have beenrewarding in the past, and our sense of “choosing” to do them is nothing more than anillusion sparked an outcry from critics who believed that Skinner was calling for arepressive society that manipulated people for its own ends.As a result, mostpsychologists ultimately shifted away from the behaviorist approach.7.The answer should indicate that the advent of the computer gave psychologists a usefulmodel of mental processes. For example, both computers and people seem to register,store, and retrieve information. This computer model inspired much research in the fieldof cognitive psychology. This growing field of cognitive psychology studied importantprocesses that behaviorists largely ignored, such as perception, memory, and attention,and ultimately supplanted behaviorism as the dominant theoretical position withinpsychology. Contributing to the downfall of behaviorism was Noam Chomsky'sscathing review of B. F. Skinner'sVerbal Behavior. Skinner believed that language (hecalled it verbal behavior) was essentially the product of reinforcement. For example, ifsaying “please” is reinforced, that person may become more polite. Chomsky chargedthat Skinner's theory of language was overly simplistic. Children use grammar rules thatare not explicitly taught and generate novel phrases that were never explicitlyreinforced.8.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Evolutionary psychologistsbelieve that human behavior is the product of millions of years of natural selection.Although these behaviors are largely detrimental today, they were adaptive in theenvironment of our ancestors; (2) Our ancestors who aggressively procured food andsexual partners tended to be the ones who lived and passed on their genes; (3) In anancestral environment where food was scarce, those ancestors who had a preference forhigh-fat foods obtained the calories that they needed to survive; (4) In today'senvironment where food is abundant and behaving aggressively can send one to prison,these behaviors are largely detrimental. But we are stuck with the genes of ourancestors. To the extent that these behaviors are, in part, biologically determined, wewill continue to have a propensity to engage in these behaviors.9.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Humans tend not to see wellat night. As such, we are prone to accidents when navigating in the dark. In addition, weare at a disadvantage if surrounded by large nocturnal animals that could possibly harmus. In contrast, hunkering down and sleeping in small groups at night provides somemeasure of safety; (2) Behaviorists would focus on the learning that occurs within an

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 6 preview image

Loading page ...

Page5individual's lifetime. For example, the last time Bob went hunting at night he broke hisankle and almost got eaten by a lion. Hunting at night, then, has been punished by itsconsequences. Conversely, seeking a safe shelter is reinforced with warmth, safety, andcompanionship. As a result of these learning experiences, Bob fears the dark and wouldrather stay inside; (3) Evolutionary psychologists would note that, during the course ofmammalian evolution, our ancestors who ventured outside in the dark tended not toreproduce in great numbers, perhaps because they fell off cliffs or got eaten bycrocodiles. Those ancestors, who just so happened to be leery of the dark, lived to passon their genes. Thus, we are left with the genes of those who did not particularly enjoynightly jaunts through the forest; (4) On the surface, the two explanations are verydifferent. While behaviorists do not deny the role of genetics, they point to theenvironment as the major determinant of behavior. As such, a behaviorist would firstseek to understand the learning experiences that shaped an individual's fear of the dark.On the other hand, an evolutionary psychologist will focus on differential reproductivesuccess as a result of the behavior of our ancestors. We are left with their genes, andthus, their behavior patterns; (5) The two explanations are not incompatible but ratherrepresent different levels of analysis. For example, early mammals might learn to avoidthe dark through natural consequences within their lifetime.Principles of reinforcementand punishment from a behavioral account would explain this behavior. These are themammals that live to reproduce and pass on their genes. To the extent that susceptibilityto reinforcement is, in part, genetically based, we are genetically predisposed to fear thedark due to the learning experiences of our remote ancestors.10.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Today, women andnon-White minorities play leading roles in all areas of psychology; (2) Kenneth Clark,an African American who became the first President of the American PsychologicalAssociation in 1970, worked extensively on the self-image of African Americanchildren and argued that segregation of the races created great psychological harm.Clark's research was fundamental and contributed to the Supreme Court's 1954 ruling(Brown v. Board of Education) to outlaw segregation in public schools. Clark's interestin psychology was sparked by taking a course taught by Francis Cecil Sumner, the firstAfrican American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in 1920; (3) In 1894, Margaret FloyWashburn became the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology; (4) Mary Calkins,the first woman elected as president of the APA in 1905, was mentored by WilliamJames and advanced a theory of the role of “self” in psychology. She argued that selfisa single unit that cannot be broken down; (5) Women now earn the majority of Ph.D.degrees granted in psychology. Psychology is becoming a female-dominated field. Inaddition, the number of Ph.D. degrees granted to minorities has increased from a verysmall number to 24 percent since 1950.11.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Clinical psychologists assessand treat people with psychological disorders. They work closely with psychiatrists,who have a medical degree and can prescribe medication. Clinical psychology makes upalmost half of the doctorates awarded with psychology; (2) Counseling psychologistsassist people dealing with career issues, or common personal problems such as divorce,unemployment, or the loss of a loved one; (3) School psychologists work in educationalsettings and provide guidance to students, parents, and teachers; (4)Industrial/organizational psychologists work in business and industry and focus on

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 7 preview image

Loading page ...

Page6issues such as improving productivity, developing effective planning strategies, anddealing with change.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 8 preview image

Loading page ...

Page11.Psychology is the scientific study of:A)mind and body.B)mind and behavior.C)mood and behavior.D)mood and body.2.Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Behavior refers to:A)perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings.B)explanations.C)urges.D)observable actions of humans and nonhuman animals.3.Today, psychologists believe that mental processes:A)arise from electrical and chemical activities of the brain.B)arise from a nonphysical mind interacting with the pineal gland in the brain.C)are not proper subject matter for science research.D)usually are not adaptive in helping us function effectively in the world.4.Today, most psychologists would agree with which statement concerning mentalprocesses?A)The scientific method cannot be applied to mental processes.B)Mental processes are nonphysical entities that control the brain and body.C)Mental processes arise from brain functioning.D)Mental processes are the only subject matter worthy of study in psychology.5.Using _____, Krings et al. (2000) demonstrated that the brains of professional pianoplayers were _____ active than novice players when both groups made fingermovements like those involved in piano play.A)fMRI; moreB)fMRI; lessC)CT scans; moreD)CT scans; less6.The case of Elliot, as documented by Damasio (1994), suggests that:A)cognitive functioning can be severely impaired while emotion remains unaffected.B)emotions usually interfere with adaptive behavior.C)even negative emotions such as anxiety and sorrow have adaptive functions.D)emotion and intelligence share a common neural substrate.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 9 preview image

Loading page ...

Page27.Which is the primary reason why modern psychologists study the mind's mistakes inbehavior and cognition?A)They are more intriguing than normal psychological functioning.B)They allow us to learn about the normal operations of mental life and behavior.C)They provide a window into the sexual urges of the unconscious.D)They vividly illustrate the fact that most psychological functioning is not adaptive.8.Some early philosophers believed that certain kinds of knowledge were innate or inborn,a theory known as:A)functionalism.B)nativism.C)philosophical empiricism.D)structuralism.9.Which early philosopher was interested in certain kinds of knowledge as being innate orinborn?A)HippocratesB)PlatoC)AristotleD)Descartes10.The older position of nativism is reflected in psychological views that emphasize theeffect of _____ on behavior.A)nurtureB)intuitionC)schemasD)nature11.Plato is to _____ as Aristotle is to _____.A)philosophical structuralism; nativismB)nativism; philosophical empiricismC)nativism; dualismD)dualism; nativism12.Nature is to nurture as nativism is to:A)experience.B)adaptation.C)behaviorism.D)phrenology.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 10 preview image

Loading page ...

Page313.Some early philosophers believed that all knowledge was acquired through experience,an idea now known as:A)functionalism.B)philosophical empiricism.C)structuralism.D)nativism.14.The notion that the mind at birth is ablank slateis consistent with the views of:A)Plato.B)Descartes.C)Aristotle.D)Gall.15.The fact that very young children almost universally master the basics of languagewithout formal training is most consistent with:A)Plato's nativism.B)Gall's phrenology.C)Aristotle's philosophical empiricism.D)Locke'stabula rasa.16.The major limitation of the works of the classical Greek philosophers to anunderstanding of human behavior is that:A)much of these works remains lost to history.B)differences among translations have fueled misunderstanding and debate.C)the works tended to underestimate the role of nurture in shaping human behavior.D)these philosophers did not develop ways to test their theories.17._____ believed that the mind and body are different from each other.A)GallB)HobbesC)DescartesD)Aristotle18.A spiritual leader believes that the soul and the body are fundamentally different fromeach other, but are linked via a special structure in the brain. His beliefs are similar tothose of:A)Gall.B)Descartes.C)Hobbes.D)Broca.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 11 preview image

Loading page ...

Page419.The modern view that the subjective experience of having a mind is the result of brainactivity can be traced to which philosopher?A)HobbesB)PlatoC)DescartesD)James20.The problem of dualism refers to how:A)different areas in the brain control different types of behavior and cognition.B)mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior.C)brain activity produces consciousness.D)both genetic and environmental factors influence human behavior.21.After suffering a stroke, Lisa was able to understand what people said to her but wasunable to speak to them. The stroke probably damaged her:A)pineal gland.B)Broca's area.C)hippocampus.D)temporal lobe.22.The research of Broca:A)established phrenology as a true science.B)confirmed Descartes'belief that the mind and body were linked via the pinealgland.C)is consistent with the view of the mind held by Thomas Hobbes.D)demonstrated that mental processes can occur independently of brain activity.23.The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in physiology and in:A)anatomy.B)logic.C)dualism.D)philosophy.24.Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathyto remove her fingerfrom the flame of a lighted match. Penny is studying what type of process?A)classical conditioningB)introspectionC)reaction timeD)stimulus time

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 12 preview image

Loading page ...

Page525.Hermann von Helmholtz is most remembered for:A)debunkingphrenology.B)opening the first laboratory to conduct purely psychological experiments.C)being the first to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.D)discovering the relation between emotion and the amygdala.26.An acupuncturist asks you to respond as soon as you feel a pinprick as she stimulatesyour upper thigh, hamstring, calf, and foot with a needle. Based on Helmholtz'sresearch, you will react most quickly when the _____ is stimulated.A)upper thighB)hamstringC)calfD)foot27.Hermann von Helmholtz is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.A)phrenology; functionalismB)reaction time; structuralismC)reaction time; functionalismD)phrenology; structuralism28.Historians generally credit the emergence of psychology as a science to:A)Wundt.B)Helmholtz.C)Watson.D)Titchener.29.The first laboratory devoted exclusively to psychology as an independent field of studyopened in:A)Paris in 1859.B)Leipzig in 1879.C)Berlin in 1889.D)Cornell University in 1909.30.Wundtbelieved that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing the basic elementscomprising consciousness, an approach he called:A)functionalism.B)psychoanalysis.C)structuralism.D)dualism.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 13 preview image

Loading page ...

Page631.The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind is:A)psychoanalysis.B)functionalism.C)structuralism.D)consciousness.32.A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind is:A)empiricism.B)dualism.C)structuralism.D)consciousness.33.What technique did psychologists who studied structuralism use?A)conditioningB)introspectionC)psychoanalysisD)hypnosis34.Presented with a stimulus, student observers in Wundt'slab were asked to report on their“raw” sensory experience, a technique known as:A)inspection.B)circumspection.C)retrospection.D)introspection.35.A participant seated in an otherwise darkroom stares at the flickering of a lit candle andreports on her subjective experiences, such as the visual experience of the candleflickering and the hepatic sensation of warmth. The psychologist conducting thisexperiment is most likely to be _____, and the method being used is _____.A)Wundt; psychoanalysisB)Wundt; introspectionC)James; functionalismD)Titchener; functionalism36.William James viewed consciousness as similar to:A)a flowing stream.B)the parts of an atom.C)an explanatory fiction.D)the parts of a clock.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 14 preview image

Loading page ...

Page737.William James was a noted:A)structuralist.B)behaviorist.C)functionalist.D)empiricist.38.The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling us to adapt to ourenvironment is called:A)structuralism.B)social Darwinism.C)functionalism.D)behaviorism.39.William James is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.A)functionalism; behaviorismB)functionalism; structuralismC)structuralism; behaviorismD)structuralism; functionalism40.Which school of psychology was most concerned with the adaptive importance ofmental processes?A)structuralismB)functionalismC)behaviorismD)empiricism41.William James's school of functionalism was most influenced by the works of:A)B. F. Skinner.B)Wilhelm Wundt.C)Charles Darwin.D)René Descartes.42.The functionalist approach was MOST influenced by the theory of:A)phrenology.B)nativism.C)natural selection.D)psychodynamics.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 15 preview image

Loading page ...

Page843.Research participants are asked to rotate a three-dimensional object in their minds.William James would be MOST interested in which research question?A)What are the subjective experiences of the participants as they do this task?B)In what ways does the ability to manipulate objects in the mind aid problemsolving in the real world?C)At what age does this ability develop?D)What are the unconscious processes underlying this task?44.Studies have demonstrated that we attend to only a fraction of the sensory informationthat the brain receives. Based on this information, William James would be MOSTinterested in which research question?A)What are the basic elements of sensory information?B)Do unattended sensory experiences exist in the unconscious?C)Will more information be perceived if participants are reinforced by cashincentives for better attention?D)Why might it be advantageous for the mind to filter out most sensory information?45.In the late 1800s, a temporary loss of cognitive or motor function, usually as a result ofemotionally upsetting experiences, was termed:A)agoraphobia.B)hysteria.C)neurosis.D)generalized anxiety.46.In the late 1800s, Charcotnoted that symptoms of hysteria were eliminated whenpatients:A)were paid for not exhibiting those symptoms.B)received electroconvulsive shock therapy.C)were hypnotized.D)introspected on the causes of their hysteria.47.Freud emphasized that the problems of many patients could be traced to:A)effects of painful childhood experiences that could not be remembered.B)“mind bugs,” or curious failures of otherwise adaptive cognitive processes.C)feelings of shame and inadequacy acquired during adolescent sexual development.D)maladaptive patterns of behavior that could be observed during infancy.

Introducing Psychology Third Edition Test Bank - Page 16 preview image

Loading page ...

Page948.Freud termed the _____ as the part of the mind that operates outside of consciousawareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions.A)preconsciousB)unconsciousC)self-consciousD)subconscious49.The theory that emphasizes the importance ofunconscious mental processes in shapingfeelings, thoughts, and behaviors is called:A)Gestalt theory.B)structuralism.C)functionalism.D)psychoanalytic theory.50.Carrie is working with a patient to uncover the patient's early experiences as well astrying to bring unconscious anxieties and conflicts into awareness. Carrie is using whichapproach to work with her patient?A)cognitiveB)psychoanalyticalC)GestaltD)humanistic51.Psychoanalysis focuses on:A)the adaptability of certain psychological disorders.B)deconstructing consciousness into its component parts.C)bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness.D)ways to banish anxiety into the unconscious.52.Which psychologist was NOT part of the psychoanalytic movement?A)Sigmund FreudB)Alfred AdlerC)Carl JungD)Carl Rogers53.Psychoanalysis became quite controversial in American culture because it:A)proposed that behavior was governed, in part, by unconscious sexual desires.B)lacked empirical support for its effectiveness.C)denied the existence of the mind and human free will.D)focused only on observable behavior and ignored the role of cognition.

Preview Mode

This document has 1105 pages. Sign in to access the full document!

Report

Study Now!

Document Details

Related Documents

Psychology - Social Psychology

Psychology - Research Methods in Psychology

Psychology - Psychology Treatments

Psychology - Psychology Stress and Health

Psychology - Psychology Sensation

Psychology - Psychology Personality

Psychology - Psychology Perception

Psychology - Psychology Motivation

Psychology - Psychology Memory

Psychology - Psychology Measurement and Statistics

Company

Explore

Study Tools