Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods 7th Edition Test Bank

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TB_Leary_Chapter 1Key: Answer, Type, Learning Objective, LevelTypeA=AppliedC=ConceptualF=FactualLevel(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=DifficultTB_Leary_Chapter 1Multiple Choice Single SelectM/C Question 1Wilhelm Wundta)was the first clinical psychologist.b)conducted the first scientific studies of children.c)was the father of modern statistics.d)founded one of the first psychological laboratories.ANS:dM/C Question 2The first psychological laboratory in the United States was established bya)James McKeen Cattell.b)G. Stanley Hall.c)John Watson.d)William James.ANS:dM/C Question 3Research that is conducted to enhance our understanding of behavior without regard for the immediateapplication of this knowledge isa)descriptive research.b)applied research.c)basic research.d)empirical research.ANS:cM/C Question 4Research that is designed to find solutions to particular problems is calleda)applied research.b)post hoc research.c)deductive research.d)action research.ANS:a

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M/CQuestion 5Research that uses behavioral research methods to investigate the effects of social and educational programsis calleda)evaluation research.b)prediction research.c)intervention research.d)pseudoscientific research.ANS:aM/C Question 6Whether a particular investigation is considered to be scientific depends on whethera)it analyzes the data with statistics.b)the topics it studies are scientific.c)its findings are accurate.d)its methods are empirical, verifiable, and deal with solvable questions.ANS:dM/C Question 7How does the scientific observation of events differ from everyday observation?a)Scientific observations are always correct.b)Scientific observations are structured in a systematic fashion.c)Scientific observations use highly specialized equipment.d)Scientific observations may be interpreted in only one way.ANS:bM/C Question 8Empiricism refers to the practice of relying on ________ to draw conclusions.a)statisticsb)expertsc)observationd)deductionANS:cM/C Question 9How does pseudoscience differ from true science?a)Pseudoscientific ideas are wrong.b)Pseudoscience is conducted by people without scientific degrees.c)Pseudoscience violates the central criteria of true science.d)Pseudoscience is not empirical.ANS:cM/C Question 10Concluding that aliens have visited Earth on the basis of one person’s report that he saw a UFO fails tosupport which criterion of science?a)Empiricismb)Public verifiabilityc)Solvabilityd)Statistical analysisANS:b

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M/C Question 11A set ofpropositions that attempts to specify the interrelationships among constructs is a(n)a)theory.b)pseudoscientific proposition.c)post hoc explanation.d)operational definition.ANS:aM/C Question 12When researchers derive research hypotheses from a theory, they usea)induction.b)operational definitions.c)empiricism.d)deduction.ANS:dM/C Question 13A theory differs from a model in that a theorya)can be tested by research.b)is developed after data are collected.c)explains both how and why concepts are related to each other.d)is more strongly supported by empirical evidence.ANS:cM/C Question 14A specific proposition that logically follows from a theory is a(n)a)induction.b)hypothesis.c)empirical generalization.d)post hoc explanation.ANS:bM/C Question 15Deriving a general explanation from specific facts involvesa)induction.b)a priori reasoning.c)post hoc analysis.d)deduction.ANS:aM/C Question 16Empirical generalizations area)derived from observed results.b)deduced from theories.c)inferred from models.d)generalized from assumptions.ANS:aM/C Question 17A scientifichypothesis must be stated in such a way that it isa)deduced.

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b)proven.c)logical.d)falsifiable.ANS:dM/C Question 18Some philosophers of science have suggested that the defining characteristic of science is its emphasis ona)statistics.b)falsifiability.c)deduction.d)experimentation.ANS:bM/C Question 19An explanation that is developed after obtaining a particular result is calleda)operational.b)deductive.c)post hoc.d)a priori.ANS:cM/C Question 20Ana priorihypothesis isa)scientifically valid.b)not falsifiable.c)pseudoscientific.d)made before collecting data.ANS:dM/C Question 21Operational definitions differ from conceptual definitions in that operational definitions area)more general.b)specific to a particular research context.c)similar to dictionary definitions.d)not used in scientific research.ANS:bM/C Question 22In a study of embarrassment, which of the following would be an operational definition of “blushing”?a)A participant’s rating of how much he or she blushed on a 1 to 7 scaleb)A researcher’s rating of whether a participant blushed on a 1 to 5 scalec)A physiological measure of blushingd)All of these answers are operational definitions of blushing.ANS:dM/C Question 23Although theories can never be______, they can be _______ by the results of a particular research study.a)proved; disprovedb)disproved; provedc)proved; supportedd)falsified; proved

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ANS:cM/C Question 24Given that theories cannot be proved nor disproved by the results of a research study, how does scientificknowledge progress?a)On the basis of null findingsb)By considering the results of many related studiesc)Through experimentationd)Knowledge does not progress.ANS:bM/C Question 25A researcher who was applying the strategy of strong inference would design a study thata)proved a theory.b)generated null findings.c)used many different research methods.d)tested hypotheses derived from competing theories.ANS:dM/C Question 26The practice of using many different methods and designs to test theories is calleda)strong inference.b)methodological pluralism.c)operationism.d)deductive research.ANS:bM/C Question 27Null findings are results of a study thata)disconfirm the researcher’s hypothesis.b)confirm a common sense hypothesis.c)reveal no relationships among the variables being studied.d)are dismissed as invalid by the scientific community.ANS:cM/C Question 28Null findings are often uninformative regarding the hypothesis being tested because theya)indicate that the study is flawed.b)are not based on empirical observation.c)may be the result of a poor research design.d)are not verifiable.ANS:cM/C Question 29A researcher measured the public’s attitudes toward nuclear power after a nuclear accident. This is anexample of ______ research.a)correlationalb)post hocc)experimentald)descriptiveANS:d

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M/C Question 30A researcher was interested in the effects of loud music on physiological arousal. After playing music toparticipants through headphones at one of five decibel levels (from very quiet to very loud), she measuredtheir level of arousal. This is an example of ______ research.a)correlationalb)post hocc)experimentald)descriptiveANS:cM/C Question 31A researcher was interested in whether extraversion is related to drug use. He administered a measure ofextraversion, along with a questionnaire regarding drug use, to 200 respondents, then looked at therelationship between the scores on the two measures. This is an example of ________ research.a)correlationalb)post hocc)experimentald)descriptiveANS:aM/C Question 32In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is the _______ variable.a)independentb)controlc)operationald)dependentANS:aM/C Question 33In an experiment, the variable that is measured is the ______ variable.a)independentb)controlc)empiricald)dependentANS:dM/C Question 34Whenresearchers are interested in studying the effects of a variable that they cannot control, they use_______ designs.a)experimentalb)pseudoscientificc)quasi-experimentald)descriptiveANS:cM/C Question 35Research thatinvolves the study of thinking and memory is most likely to be conducted withina)cognitive psychology.b)educational psychology.c)school psychology.

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d)social psychology.ANS:aM/C Question 36A researcher who studies the relationship between processes occurring in the nervous system and behavior ismost likely to be a(n)a)cognitive psychologist.b)personality psychologist.c)clinical psychologist.d)physiological psychologist.ANS:dEssayEssay Question 37In what sense is psychology both a science and a profession?Essay Question 38Describe the difference between basic and applied research.Essay Question 39Explain why systematic empiricism, public verification, and solvability are eachessential to the scientificmethod.Essay Question 40Describe how researchers use induction and deduction to generate hypotheses for research.Essay Question 41Why are scientists skeptical of post hoc explanations?Essay Question 42Suggest three operational definitions of (a) selfishness and (b) fear of snakes.Essay Question 43What are null findings, and why have journals historically been reluctant to publish them?Essay Question 44When do researchers conduct correlational research?Essay Question 45In what was is a quasi-experiment different from a true experiment?Essay Question 46Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

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TB_Leary_Chapter 2Key: Answer, Type, Learning Objective, LevelTypeA=AppliedC=ConceptualF=FactualLevel(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=DifficultTB_Leary_Chapter 2Multiple Choice Single SelectM/C Question 1Psychologists studybehavioral variabilitya)among individuals.b)across situations.c)over time.d)All of these answers are correctANS:dM/C Question 2Behavioral research should be designed so thata)variability in the dependent variable is eliminated.b)factors that are related to variability in behavior can be identified.c)behavior varies randomly.d)participants’ behavior does not vary across conditions.ANS:bM/CQuestion 3When measuring behavior, researchers want the variability in participants’ scores on the variable beingmeasured toa)be as large as possible.b)be unaffected by their manipulation of the independent variable.c)correspond to the variability in participants’ actual behavior.d)be random.ANS:cM/C Question 4Statistics that are used to draw conclusions about the reliability and generalizability of one’s findings arecalleda)the range and variance.b)descriptive statistics.c)effect sizes.d)inferential statistics.ANS:d

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M/C Question 5The variance expressesa)the degree to which participants’ scores vary from the mean of the scores.b)the degree to which the data are skewed.c)the range of the scores.d)the mean of the scores.ANS:aM/C Question 6What is the range of these scores: 2, 4, 9, 4, 7, 6, 11, 3, 5, 9?a)7b)9c)10d)Cannot determine from the information givenANS:bM/C Question 7What is the mean of these scores: 2, 2, 4, 6, 6?a)4b)5c)6d)20ANS:aM/C Question 8Which of thefollowing is the statistical formula for the mean?a)yi-ӯb)∑(yi-ӯ)2c)∑yi/ nd)∑(yi-ӯ)2/ n-lANS:cM/C Question 9If we calculate the deviation scores (yi-ӯ) for all of the observations in a set of data and add them, what willthe sum be?a)The meanb)Zeroc)The sum of squaresd)1ANS:bM/C Question 10The total sum of squares is thea)sum of the squared deviations of participants’ scores from the mean.b)standard deviation.c)sum of the scores divided by the number of scores.d)variance divided by the mean.ANS:a

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M/C Question 11In statistical notation, s2is the symbol for thea)sample size.b)mean.c)variance.d)range.ANS:cM/C Question 12Variance in abehavior that is related to variables that an investigator is investigating isa)systematic variance.b)standard variance.c)error variance.d)total variance.ANS:aM/C Question 13Variance in a behavior that is not related to the variables that an investigator is investigating isa)systematic variance.b)standard variance.c)error variance.d)total variance.ANS:cM/C Question 14In an experiment that examined the effects of room temperature onaggression, systematic variance would becaused bya)error variance.b)participants’ personalities.c)aggression.d)differences in temperature.ANS:dM/C Question 15In an experiment, which of the following does not contribute to error variance?a)The personalities of the participantsb)The independent variablec)The weatherd)Random equipment malfunctionsANS:bM/C Question 16Error variancea)reflects that researchers were not sufficiently careful in designing a study.b)equals the sum of the systematic and total variance.c)must be eliminated entirely for the results of a study to be valid.d)can obscure the effects of the variables of interest to a researcher.ANS:dM/C Question 17When the relationship between two variables is “perfect,”

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a)one variable causes the other.b)the effect size is zero.c)all of the variability is systematic variance.d)the hypothesis is confirmed.ANS:cM/C Question 18Which of the following is used to integrate results across a set of individual studies?a)Meta-analysisb)Effect size analysisc)Cumulative analysisd)Descriptive analysisANS:aM/C Question 19Effect size indicatesa)the amount of variance in a set of scores.b)the strength of the relationship between variables.c)whether one variable causes another.d)whether an obtained research finding is valid.ANS:bM/C Question 20Compared to the effect sizes found in other sciences, including the biomedical sciences, the effect sizes inpsychology area)smaller.b)larger.c)about the same size.d)more variable.ANS:cEssayEssay Question 21In what sense may it be said that psychology is the study of behavioral variability?Essay Question 22What does the variance tell us about a set of data?Essay Question 23Why is thevariance preferred over the range as an index of variability?Essay Question 24What is the formula for the variance?Essay Question 25What is the total sum of squares?

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Essay Question 26Tell what each of the following statisticalsymbols represents:a. ӯb.∑(yi-ӯ)2/n-lc.s2d. ne.∑Essay Question 27Explain the difference between systematic and error variance.Essay Question 28Would researchers like their data to contain more systematic variance or more error variance? Explain.Essay Question 29What are some factors that can contribute to error variance?Essay Question 30What is a perfect relationship between two variables?Essay Question 31What does it mean if one variable accounts for 20% of the variance in another variable? 0%? 100%?Essay Question 32Why do researchers conduct a meta-analysis?

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TB_Leary_Chapter 3Key: Answer, Type, Learning Objective, LevelTypeA=AppliedC=ConceptualF=FactualLevel(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=DifficultTB_Leary_Chapter 3Multiple Choice Single SelectM/C Question 1The field that isdevoted to the study of psychological measurement is calleda)statistics.b)evaluation.c)psychometrics.d)phrenology.ANS:cM/C Question 2A researcher counting the number of times a rat presses a bar is using a(n) ______measure.a)observationalb)self-reportc)cognitived)physiologicalANS:aM/C Question 3Which type of measure tends to require sophisticated equipment?a)Behavioralb)Psychometricc)Archivald)PhysiologicalANS:dM/C Question 4A researcher who asks people to answer questions on questionnaires is using a(n) _________ measure.a)observationalb)self-reportc)ratiod)affectiveANS:b

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M/C Question 5Measuring aconstruct with several different kinds of measures is calleda)converging operations.b)scaling.c)strong inference.d)convergent validity.ANS:aM/C Question 6The measurement of weight is on a(n) _______ scale.a)ordinalb)nominalc)ratiod)intervalANS:cM/C Question 7Political preference (Democrat, Republican, Independent) is measured on a(n) ___________ scale.a)ordinalb)nominalc)trichoticd)intervalANS:bM/C Question 8Highschool class graduation rank is measured on a(n) _________ scale.a)intervalb)nominalc)ratiod)ordinalANS:dM/C Question 9Intelligence is measured on a(n) __________ scale.a)ordinalb)nominalc)intervald)ratioANS:cM/C Question 10Which scale of measurement provides the greatest amount of information about a construct?a)Ordinalb)Nominalc)Ratiod)IntervalANS:cM/C Question 11The relationship between measurement error andreliability isa)inverse.

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b)direct.c)curvilinear.d)none; measurement error and reliability are not related.ANS:aM/C Question 12A participant’s observed score consists ofa)reliability and validity.b)convergent and discriminant validity.c)transient and stable variables.d)measurement error and true score.ANS:dM/C Question 13If you wanted to reduce measurement error in a study, which would you be most likely to do?a)Use items with low item-total correlations.b)Use face valid measures.c)Measure all participants under the same conditions.d)All of these would reduce measurement error.ANS:cM/C Question 14If all participants’ observedscores equal their true scores,a)the measure is valid.b)measurement error is high.c)reliability is higher than validity.d)measurement error is zero.ANS:dM/C Question 15The ratio of true score variance to total variance reflects a measure’sa)reliability.b)measurement error.c)validity.d)variability.ANS:aM/C Question 16A perfectly reliable measurea)has a reliability of .00.b)has no measurement error.c)is valid.d)has as much true score variance as error variance.ANS:bM/C Question 17As a rule of thumb, a measure is considered sufficiently reliable ifa)it is valid.b)there is no measurement error.c)at least half of the total variance is true-score variance.d)its correlation is 1.00.

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