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Introduction to Learning and Behavior 5th Edition Test Bank

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    Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. In a study on expert performance, Ericsson et al. (1993) reported that top - level performers practice their craft: a. for only one or two hours per day. b. for eight or more hours per day. c. only when they feel like practicing. d. for about four hours per day. 2. The concept that individuals or species that are capable of adapting to environmental pressures are more likely to reproduce and pass along their adaptive characteristics than those that cannot adapt is called _____. a. inheritanc b. functionalism c. natural selection d. Darwinism 3. Who among the following behaviorists proposed the notion of reciprocal determinism? a. B. F. Skinner b. Clark Hull c. Edward Tolman d. Albert Bandura 4. When we look for causal relationships between thoughts and behaviors, we need to recognize that thoughts and feelings sometimes: a. follow a behavior. b. precede a behavior. c. occur parallel to the behavior. d. All of these are correct. 5. A mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings is a _____. a. spatial mentation b. spatial cognition c. cognitive map d. spatial heuristic 6. When I visited Paris for a conference, I spent the first few days just wandering the streets. On the third day, when I had to meet a friend at the Louvre museum, I knew exactly how to get there. This is best described as an example of _____ learning. a. delayed b. S - R c. latent d. observational 7. Who among the following individuals is most likely a behaviorist? a. Amir believes that the existence of internal events can be inferred using intervening variables. b. Herman believes that psychological processes should be approached from a molar, holistic perspective. c. Abigail believes that the method of introspection is highly unreliable to study human psychology. d. Angelina believes that internal events, observable behavior, and environmental factors interact with each other.

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    8. In the method of _____, the subjects in an experiment try to accurately describe their inner thoughts and emotions. a. attentive vigilance b. cognitive mapping c. introspection d. introversion 9. Skinner observed that when parents teach children to label internal events, they: a. can only make inferences about what the children are actually feeling. b. pay too little attention to this type of training. c. often punish children for inaccurately describing their feelings. d. Both b and c are correct. 10. Operant conditioning is a sort of mini - evolution of an organism’s behaviors in the sense that _____ responses become more frequent while _____ responses become less frequent a. nonadaptive; adaptive b. adaptive; nonadaptive c. reflexive; operant d. operant; reflexive 11. Edward Tolman’s “molar” approach to behaviorism was inspired by the _____ approach of _____. a. holistic; Gestalt theorists b. molecular; Hull c. introspective; Titchener d. methodological; Watson 12. Which of the following statements is true of Skinner’s daughter? a. She grew up in an experimental chamber. b. She became mentally ill. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct. 13. According to _____, a major problem with the study of internal events is that one has to make inferences that are often _____. a. Albert Bandura; too simplistic b. John Watson; unreliable c. John Watson; too simplistic d. Albert Bandura; unreliable 14. Who among the following strongly promoted the notion that almost all knowledge is a function of experience? a. René Descartes b. The British empiricists c. Plato d. All of these are correct. 15. “What purpose is served by our ability to dream?” This question would most likely be asked by a psychologist who follows the approach of _____. a. associationism b. structuralism c. mind – body dualism d. f unctionalism

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    16. A strong trait of B. F. Skinner’s character that later reflected in his brand of behaviorism was his _____. a. objectivity b. mysticism c. mathematical ability d. fear of emotions 17. Which of the following approaches to psychology was partially derived from Darwin’s theory of evolution? a. British empiricism b. Structuralism c. Functionalism d. Mind – body dualism 18. “I am able to control only some of my behaviors.” This statement best exemplifies _____ theory of human behavior. a. Descartes’ b. Plato’s c. John Locke’s d. Edward B. Titchener’s 19. The science of physiology is to the practice of medicine as _____ is to _____. a. behavior analysis; applied behavior analysis b. radical behaviorism; behavior analysis c. behavior analysis; radical behaviorism d. radical behaviorism; applied behavior analysis 20. The statement “Great athletes are made, not born” reflects the _____ approach to behavior. a. nativist b. empiricist c. humanist d. existentialist 21. Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism? a. It encourages the use of introspection in studying conscious experiences. b. It recommends an objective, natural science approach to psychology. c. It strongly rejects the value of animal research in psychology. d. It considers internal events as an important determinant of behavior. 22. A major challenge to methodological behaviorism came from _____, who used intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior. a. Clark Hull b. Edward Tolman c. B. F. Skinner d. John Watson

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    23. Janice loses her way whenever she deviates from the usual route she takes to go home. Tolman would most likely say that Janice has a defective _____. a. schema b. schemata c. cognitive map d. vestibular system 24. Which school of behaviorism is most likely to consider reports about thoughts and feelings to be unscientific? a. Radical behaviorism b. Methodological behaviorism c. Neobehaviorism d. S ocial learning theory 25. Changes in a species is to _____ as changes in an individual is to _____. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. operant conditioning; classical conditioning c. natural selection; operant conditioning d. operant conditioning; natural selection 26. Tolman and Honzik’s (1930) maze study suggested that: a. there is no distinction between learning and performance. b. there is a distinction between learning and performance. c. maze running in rats is a largely reflexive action. d. Both a and c are correct 27. Bob believes that he has trouble studying because his parents neglected him as a child. Who among the following theorists is most likely to consider Bob’s explanation over - simplistic? a. John Watson b. B. F. Skinner c. Albert Bandura d. Clark Hull 28. With respect to the nature - nurture debate, _____ shifted over time toward becoming an extreme proponent of the _____ perspective with respect to human behavior. a. B. F. Skinner; nurture b. John Watson; nurture c. B. F. Skinner; nature d. John Watson; nature 29. Which of the following behaviorists would most likely be interested in robotics, because of its focus on mechanistic aspects of behavior? a. Edward Tolman b. B. F. Skinner c. Clark Hull d. Albert Bandura

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    30. The statement “A person is both a physical being and a spiritual being” agrees with the approach to psychology proposed by _____. a. Aristotle b. J ohn Locke c. Descartes d. B.F. Skinner 31. The structuralist emphasis on _____ helped establish psychology as a scientific discipline. a. i nferences b. systematic observation c. observable behavior d. unconscious processes 32. According to Skinner, the principle of operant conditioning is quite similar to the principle of _____. a. homeostasis b. natural selection c. gravity d. relativity 33. .Dr. Franzoi notices that one of her patients has great difficulty describing her emotions, possibly because she was severely neglected as a young child. Who among the following behaviorists would most likely have been interested in this case? a. B. F. Skinner b. Albert Bandura c. Edward Tolman d. John Watson 34. John Watson’s specific theory of learning was: a. based largely on operant conditioning. b. a type of stimulus - response theory. c. a cognitive - reflex theory. d. based largely on the study of innate patterns of behavior. 35. Which of the following behaviorists would be least interested in conducting an experiment on a person’s ability to form mental images? a. B. F. Skinner b. Clark Hull c. John Watson d. Edward Tolman 36. Judith, a chess player, is asked to report her precise thought patterns as she plans each move in the game. This scenario illustrates the method of _____. a. cognitive perception b. attentive perception c. cognitive elucidation d. i ntrospection

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    37. Which of the following are the three components to the principle of natural selection? a. Traits vary within a population; Organisms must compete for limited resources; Individuals learn to adapt to their environment. b. Organisms must compete for limited resources; Traits are heritable; Successful individuals are better able to survive. c. Traits vary within a species; Traits are heritable; Some species live longer than others. d. Traits vary within a species and between species; Traits are heritable; Organisms must compete for limited resources. 38. Joseph once witnessed an accident in which a car had plowed into a big oak tree. Now, each time he drives by that tree, he is reminded of the accident. Joseph’s behavior illustrates Aristotle’s law of _____. a. frequency b. contrast c. contiguity d. similarity 39. As I look at my messy apartment, I am reminded of my friend’s neat and organized apartment. This is best described as an example of Aristotle’s law of _____. a. contiguity b. contrast c. proximity d. similarity 40. From an evolutionary perspective, the ability to learn is considered to be: a. a non - genetic trait. b. an invariant trait. c. an adaptation. d. All of these are correct. 41. Edward Tolman’s approach to behaviorism utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized _____, to help explain behavior. a. cognitive processes b. fixed action patterns c. physiological processes d. unconscious conflicts 42. Behaviorism, as originally defined by James Watson, is a _____ approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of _____ on observable behavior. a. natural science; internal events b. cognitive; environment influence c. natural science; environmental influences d. cognitive; internal events 43. Which of the following schools of psychology was the immediate predecessor to behaviorism? a. Functionalism b. British empiricism c. Structuralism d. Gestalt psychology

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    44. A student studying hard to win a medal is to _____ conditioning as salivating in response to food is to _____ conditioning. a. operant; classical b. classical; operant c. cognitive; classical d. cognitive; operant 45. James Watson’s methodological behaviorism played a valuable role in enabling psychology to: a. focus more strongly upon human, as opposed to animal, behavior. b. become more experimental in nature. c. break free from the extreme mentalism of the time. d. emphasize the role of biological factors. 46. Who among the following is most likely to say that you go to the supermarket because you expect that food is available at the supermarket? a. A methodological behaviorist b. A radical behaviorist c. A social learning theorist d. A neobehaviorist 47. After writing the book Beyond Freedom and Dignity , Skinner was severely criticized for: a. proposing that governments should be abolished. b. rejecting the concept of free will. c. rejecting the concept of an engineered society. d. Both b and c are correct. 48. Karen is an excellent tennis player. According to Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch - Römer, Karen’s ability is most likely the result of: a. excellent motor skills that were inherited from her parents. b. high self - efficacy. c. high self - esteem. d. an extensive amount of deliberate practice. 49. Aristotle’s laws of _____ and _____ are still considered important aspects of learning. a. contiguity; proximity b. frequency; similarity c. contrast; contingency d. frequency; contiguity 50. Functionalists believed that psychology should be the study of: a. the elements of conscious experience. b. mind – body dualism. c. observable behavior. d. adaptive processes. 51. Skinner’s book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity , proposed that: a. freedom and dignity are necessary for human existence. b. society must be engineered to control human behavior for the better. c. people must be taught to be free. d. society has been over - engineered to the point where people have lost their dignity.

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    52. The mediating events that Hull incorporated into his theory consisted largely of physiological - type reactions, for example, a “hunger drive” that can be _____ as number of hours of food deprivation. a. experienced b. enhanced c. operationalized d. suppressed 53. Removing the magazines from your room so that you will not be distracted by them while studying is an example of what Skinner called _____. a. countercontrol b. counterdeterminism c. reciprocal control d. reciprocal determinism 54. John experiences difficulty learning a new swim stroke. His coach further discourages him by saying that one needs innate talents to learn swimming. John’s coach is most likely a _____. a. nativist b. humanist c. empiricist d. structuralist 55. Who among the following theorists is most likely to explain behavior in terms of thoughts and feelings? a. B. F. Skinner b. John Watson c. Edward Tolman d. Albert Bandura 56. Philosophy is to science as _____ is to _____. a. behavior analysis; radical behaviorism b. cognitive behaviorism; applied behavior analysis c. radical behaviorism; behavior analysis. d. behavior analysis; applied behavior analysis 57. According to B. F. Skinner, thoughts and feelings are a. impossible to be studied. b. the ultimate causes of behavior. c. private behaviors that themselves require explanations. d. reflexes more than operants. 58. B. F. Skinner _____ the role of genetic influences on behavior. a. basically ignored b. adamantly rejected c. clearly recognized d. overemphasized

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    59. In _____, learning occurs even though there may not be any observable demonstration of that learning. a. operant conditioning b. latent learning c. classical conditioning d. adjunctive learning 60. The statement “All that we are is a function of what we have experienced” illustrates the approach to psychology advocated by _____. a. British empiricists b. structuralists c. cognitive behaviorists d. neobehaviorists 61. According to the study on expert performance conducted by Ericsson et al. (1993), heredity may influence expert performance in determining: a. innate ability. b. the extent to which one becomes interested in an endeavor. c. one’s ability to endure the hard work needed to become a top performer. d. Both b and c are correct. 62. .B. F. Skinner believed that punishment: a. often creates more problems than it solves. b. is an effective means of childhood management. c. has a positive effect on children. d. has a positive effect on adults. 63. Structuralism is to functionalism as _____ is to _____. a. William James; Edward Titchener b. Edward Titchener; William James c. John Watson; John Locke d. John Locke; John Watson 64. Skinner’s notion of _____ is similar in some aspects to Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism. a. indeterminism b. countercontrol c. operant conditioning d. counterconditioning 65. Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism? a. It proposed that thoughts and behavior influence each other. b. It suggested that learning takes place when a particular kind of behavior is rewarded or punished. c. It used mediating events to infer the existence of internal events. d. It approached psychology as an objective science based solely on the study of directly observable behavior.

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    66. Tara complains that she is doing poorly in her classes only because she is not being taught well. Who among the following theorists is most likely to consider Tara’s explanation over - simplistic? a. B. F. Skinner b. Albert Bandura c. Edward Tolman d. Clark Hull 67. Which of the following personal characteristics most directly influenced Skinner’s work as a psychologist? a. Love for poetry b. Extreme emotionality c. Inventiveness d. Athleticism 68. The word “behavior” refers to any activity of an organism that can be _____. a. ob served b. v isualized c. precisely measured d. Both a and b are correct. 69. Observational learning is an important aspect of _____. a. purposive behaviorism b. neobehaviorism c. social learning theory d. methodological behaviorism 70. Who among the following philosophers put forward the notion that a newborn’s mind is a blank slate? a. Edward Titchener b. B. F. Skinner c. René Descartes d. John Locke 71. John Watson was a _____, while B. F. Skinner was a _____. a. radical behaviorist; methodological behaviorist b. methodological behaviorist; radical behaviorist c. neobehaviorist; radical behaviorist d. radical behaviorist; neobehaviorist 72. According to the notion of _____, behavior, environment and internal events (person variables) influence each other. a. reciprocal determinism b. interactive determinism c. reciprocal inference d. interactive inference 73. The field of study known as _____ adopts concepts from Tolman’s approach to behaviorism. a. teleological behaviorism b. animal cognition c. humanistic psychology d. evolutionary psychology

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    74. Which of the following is not considered an aspect of evolution? a. Some individuals acquire more resources than others based on some inherited traits that give them an advantage. b. Successful individuals hold reproductive advantage over unsuccessful individuals. c. Traits vary, both within a species and between species. d. All of these are correct. 75. If your friend smiles after you give her a compliment, you are more likely to compliment her in the future. Which of the following types of conditioning does this example illustrate? a. Classical conditioning b. Cognitive learning c. Observational learning d. Operant conditioning 76. Natural selection leads to: a. homogenization of traits within a species. b. changes in species across generations. c. changes in species within a generation. d. reduced competition among the members of a species. 77. According to the stimulus - response theory, learning involves the formation of connections between _____ stimuli and _____ responses. a. general; general b. specific; specific c. observable; covert d. covert; covert 78. Which school of behaviorism would be most likely to study the effect of thirst on behavior? a. Neobehaviorism b. Radical behaviorism c. Purposive behaviorism d. Methodological behaviorism 79. An individual who believes that humans and animals are fundamentally different would most likely agree with the views of _____. a. Clark Hull b. Ivan Pavlov c. René Descartes d. B. F. Skinner 80. Who among the following philosophers strongly believed that there is a fundamental difference between humans and animals? a. B. F. Skinner b. René Descartes c. William James d. Clark Hull

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    81. While participating in a debate on psychology, Julia argues that the study of internal events should be strictly avoided as they are too subjective. In this scenario, Julia most likely adheres to the approach to psychology known as _____. a. behaviorism b. neobehaviorism c. cognitive behaviorism d. purposive behaviorism 82. According to Skinner, behavior is ultimately the result of _____ influences. a. genetic b. environmental c. cognitive d. Both a and b are correct. 83. The statement “Daydreams cannot be scientifically investigated” would most likely come from a _____. a. methodological behaviorist b. neobehaviorist c. cognitive behaviorist d. radical behaviorist 84. Behaviorists _____ the role of genetic factors in learning. a. have a growing appreciation for b. reject c. ignore d. focus solely upon 85. Aircraft engineering is to physics as: a. radical behaviorism is to applied behavior analysis. b. applied behavior analysis is to behavior analysis. c. behavior analysis is to applied behavior analysis. d. behavior analysis is to radical behaviorism. 86. Which of the following statements is true of James Watson? a. He was quite uncomfortable with the discussion of feelings. b. He was extremely interested in the meaning of dreams. c. He hated animals. d. All of these are correct. 87. One of the major difficulties with the structuralist approach to psychology was that the method of _____ was unreliable. a. deduction b. induction c. contemplation d. introspection 88. What is the relationship between "radical behaviorism" and "behavior analysis"? a. Radical behaviorism is the philosophical basis for behavior analysis. b. Behavior analysis is the philosophical basis for radical behaviorism. c. Radical behaviorists conduct scientific research, and behavior analysts are practicing clinicians. d. Behavior analysis is a science, while radical behaviorism is the application of that science.

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    89. Who among the following behaviorists proposed that our behavior is often strongly influenced by the beliefs we have about our own abilities? a. Albert Bandura b. Edward Tolman c. Clark Hull d. B. F. Skinner 90. The “middle man” or broker in a business transaction is analogous to what Hull referred to as a(n) _____. a. extraneous variable b. intervening variable c. independent variable d. confounding variable 91. The statement “Thoughts are just another form of behavior and should be studied as such” closely aligns with the views of _____. a. Clark Hull b. Edward Tolman c. Albert Bandura d. B. F. Skinner 92. Researchers have discovered that expert performers: a. are not born with talent. b. show superlative skills in many different fields of endeavor. c. usually require at least 10 years of practice to achieve a high level of performance. d. Both a and b are correct. 93. According to the text, learning is a(n) _____ in behavior that results from some type of experience. a. temporary change b. permanent change c. relatively permanent change d. irreversible change 94. According to John Watson, a major problem with the study of internal events is that: a. one has to make inferences that are often unreliable. b. it requires a large number of subjects. c. the role of genetic factors is often ignored. d. it is too simplistic to produce anything of value. 95. Based on research findings, Ericsson et al. (1993) argued that the most critical factor in determining expert performance is _____. a. unstructured play b. deliberate practice c. innate ability d. Both a and c are correct. 96. Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning? a. A student being punctual because he has been praised before for his punctuality b. An infant throwing tantrums as this helps her get her parents’ attention c. A dog learning to perform some tricks in order to get food from its master d. rat learning to jump in response to a clap that was previously accompanied by a shock

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    97. The statement “Learning can take place in the absence of reward” would most likely come from a _____. a. methodological behaviorist b. neobehavioristc c. cognitive behaviorist d. classical behaviorist 98. Who among the following strongly criticized psychologists for emphasizing the study of conscious experience? a. Edward Titchener b. John Watson c. John Locke d. William James 99. B. F. Skinner believed that: a. people are often quite inaccurate at describing their feelings. b. people are often quite accurate at describing their feelings. c. males are generally inaccurate whereas females are generally accurate at describing their feelings. d. adults are generally accurate whereas children are generally inaccurate at describing their feelings. 100. Although _____ believed that the conscious mind consists of various combinations of basic elements, it was researchers associated with the approach known as _____ who actually began to test that idea. a. the British empiricists; Platonism b. Plato; British empiricism c. the British empiricists; structuralism d. structuralists; functionalism 101. I head to the cafeteria to get food. With respect to behaviorists, this is a relatively _____ explanation for behavior. a. molar b. molecular c. nondeterministic d. existential 102. “Sean walks quickly to the cafeteria as he is hungry due to food deprivation.” This statement illustrates _____ brand of behaviorism. a. Tolman’s b. Skinner’s c. Hull’s d. Bandura’s 103. Seeing someone who is very old makes me wonder what he or she looked like as a young person. This example illustrates Aristotle’s law of _____. a. frequency b. contrast c. contiguity d. similarity

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    104. Jason believes that great scientists are born and not made, while Allison believes that great scientists have simply been given superior training. Jason is best described as a(n) _____, while Allison is best described as a(n) _____. a. functionalist; structuralist b. empiricist; nativist c. structuralist; functionalist d. nativist; empiricist 105. _____ studied the effect of experience on behavior, whereas _____ studied the effect of expectation on behavior. a. B. F. Skinner; Edward Tolman b. B. F. Skinner; Clark Hull c. Clark Hull; John Watson d. Edward Tolman; John Watson 106. Samantha’s neighbor Amir mows his lawn every Sunday. Samantha is so used to the sound of his lawn mower that she imagines the sound even on those Sundays when Amir does not mow his lawn. In this scenario, Samantha’s behavior illustrates Aristotle’s law of _____. a. contrast b. contingency c. frequency d. proximity 107. Methodological behaviorism asserts that psychologists should study those behaviors that can be: a. investigated in animal experiments. b. directly observed. c. indirectly observed. d. All of these are correct. 108. Neobehaviorism utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized _____, to help explain behavior. a. cognitive processes b. fixed action patterns c. physiological processes d. unconscious conflicts 109. When Trish saw a lush green forest, it reminded her of the desert that she had visited last year. This example illustrates Aristotle’s law of _____. a. contiguity b. similarity c. contrast d. frequency 110. Aristotle was a(n) _____, while Plato was a(n) _____. a. empiricist; nativist b. structuralist; functionalist c. functionalist; structuralist d. nativist; empiricist

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