Methods in Behavioral Research 11th Edition Test Bank

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11.Knowledge of research methods may be useful inA.understanding and evaluating research results reported in the media.B.many occupations.C.conducting research.D.All of these.2.The problem with using intuition to makeconclusions about human behavior is thatA.it is easy to draw erroneous conclusions because our biases affect our perceptions.B.intuitions are never correct, contrary to what people believe.C.it rarely leads to meaningful insight.D.None of these.3.One reason for why the use of intuition results in erroneous conclusions isA.intuitions are never correct.B.it is unethical to employ intuition in research.C.we have a tendency to conclude that there must be acausal relationship when we observe theoccurrence of two related events.D.our perceptions are always incorrect.4.When you accept unquestionably what your own personal judgment tells you about the world, youare relying on_____________.A.skepticismB.authorityC.intuitionD.scientific understanding5.People are likely to believe information presented by a speaker who is seen as prestigious,trustworthy, and credible because of a reliance onA.intuition.B.authority.C.pseudoscientific information.D.informational bias.

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6.Accepting the information in a professor's lecture without question is a reliance on____________.A.intuitionB.authorityC.scientific evidenceD.pseudoscientific information7.A scientist states that "there is evidence for the existence of ghosts because she herself has felttheir presence." This claim shouldA.be accepted because she is also ascientist.B.be accepted because she has personally felt their presence.C.cause you to believe in ghosts.D.result in your being skeptical about her claim.8.John has decided to purchase several copies of a new children's bookbecause he has a feelingthat the availability of this book will be scarce in the future. Which of the following best explainsJohn's behavior?A.AuthorityB.SkepticismC.IntuitionD.Empirical evidence9.The advantage ofemploying the scientific approach over other ways of knowing about the worldis that itA.allows scientists to show that the explanations we make for the actions we observe are alwayscorrect.B.allows one to rule out intuition and authority as sources of ideas about behavior.C.provides an objective set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting information.D.allows scientists the opportunity to show the public their findings are always correct.10.The scientificmethod differs from intuition and authority in that the scientific methodA.does not rely on accepting assertions set forth by others.B.does not rely on one's own personal perceptions of the world.C.provides an objective set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting information.D.All of these.

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11.Scientists use intuition and their positions of authorityA.to generate ideas for research.B.to draw conclusions about behavior.C.under nocircumstances.D.whenever they need to replicate another scientist's findings.12.Using opinions or beliefs as explanations for why people behave in the way they do is acceptableas long asA.they are presented as opinions orbeliefs.B.they are scientifically testable.C.there is scientific evidence that relates to the opinion or belief.D.All of these.13.Which one of the following is NOT true of the scientific approach?A.All propositions must besubjected to empirical tests.B.The methods used to gather scientific evidence should be critically evaluated.C.Anything reported by a scientist should be assumed to be accurate.D.Scientific methods and evidence must be described inprecise terms.14.The fundamental characteristic of the scientific approach isA.intuition.B.authority.C.falsifiability.D.empiricism.15.Which is NOT a characteristic of scientific inquiry as described byGoodstein's evolved theory ofscience?A.Scientists must report their observations accurately to others.B.Scientists search for observations that will verify their ideas about the world.C.Science will grow when there is open exchange and competition among ideas.D.Peer review of research is unnecessary with well designed studies.

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16.The empirical approach to science requires thatA.ideas based on intuition not be examined.B.only knowledge presented by anauthority figure be deemed correct.C.knowledge be based on observations.D.All of these.17.The scientific approach requires that observations and findings be accurately reported. Thisrequirement is important becauseA.it allowsother to replicate the findings.B.fabricating data is inherently unethical and is dealt with by strong sanctions.C.it advances the field of science.D.All of these.18.When data fails to provide support for some idea that isadvanced, we can say that_____________ has occurred.A.intuitionB.peer reviewC.authorityD.falsifiability19.______________ is the process by which scientists with expertise in a particular field judge thescientific merit ofanother's research within that same field.A.IntuitionB.Peer reviewC.SkepticismD.Falsifiability20.An important component of the scientific approach is peer review. Which of the following is NOT areason for employing peerreview? ItA.assures that only the best research is published.B.ensures that research with major flaws will not be part of the scientific literature.C.allows publication of only those findings with which other researchers agree.D.assures that the best ideas are supported by research and allows others to build upon theresearch, further advancing the field of study.

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21.Peer review is an important process in scientific research because itA.assures that only the bestresearch is published.B.ensures that research with major flaws will not be part of the scientific literature.C.assures that the best ideas are supported by research and allows others to build upon theresearch, further advancing that field ofstudy.D.All of these.22.Claims that are made on the basis of evidence that is designed to appear scientific is referred toasA.scientific reference.B.pseudoscience.C.empiricism.D.illusory correlations.23.Which ofthe following characteristics is true of pseudoscience? TheA.hypotheses are testable.B.claims rigorously consider conflicting evidence.C.claims are stated in scientific-sounding terminology and ideas.D.claims are always revised.24.A general rule to help detect pseudoscience is to be highly ____________ when scientificassertions are made by evidence that is _____________.A.skeptical; vagueB.convinced; vagueC.skeptical; reputableD.convinced;reputable25.The science of psychology strives to _____________ behavior.A.describeB.predictC.determine the causes ofD.explainE.All of these.

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26.Which of the following is not a goal of science?A.Predicting behaviorB.Describing behaviorC.Determining the cause of behaviorD.Convincing others that research findings are accurate27.The four goals of scientific research are toA.describe, prescribe, eliminate, andundermine behavior.B.describe, prescribe, explain, and undermine behavior.C.describe, predict, eliminate, and determine the causes of behavior.D.describe, predict, explain, and determine the causes of behavior.28.Which statement best illustrates the scientific goal ofdescribingbehavior?A.A loud noise will gain a person's attention more than will a soft noise because the loud noisestartles the person.B.Puppies who drink milk will grow more thanpuppies who drink water because milk contains agreater amount of nutrients.C.Alcohol consumption increases the likelihood of an automobile accident because it affects adriver's reaction time.D.Jurors judge attractive defendants more leniently than unattractive defendants.29.Which statement best illustrates the scientific goal ofpredictingbehavior?A.People who live in warm climates have different attitudes about the environment than peoplewho live in cold climates.B.Females have more conservative attitudes towards casual sex than do males.C.People drink more beer at football games than at the opera.D.Plants that are played music will grow more than plants that are not played music.30.Which statement best illustrates the scientific goal ofexplainingbehavior?A.Females who commit a crime will be rated more leniently than males who commit the samecrime.B.Differences in assigned guilt ratings between attractive and unattractive defendants is due to aphysical attractiveness stereotype.C.Fourth grade boys run faster than fourth grade girls.D.Men do not like to go shopping with women.

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31.Which of the following goals of science is most important forchanging behavior?A.DescriptionB.PredictionC.Determination of causeD.Explanation32.Which of the following is NOT a requirement for identifying a cause of a behavior?A.Temporal precedenceB.Covariation of cause andeffectC.Elimination of alternative explanationsD.Observational analysis33.In determining the cause of behavior, which principle considers the order in which two eventsoccur together?A.Temporal precedenceB.Covariation of cause and effectC.Elimination of alternative explanationsD.Observational analysis34.Dave knows that when Ken drinks alcohol he becomes very talkative. This identification of acause of behavior is an example of what typeof evidence?A.Temporal precedenceB.Covariation of cause and effectC.Elimination of alternative explanationsD.Observational analysis35.In determining the cause of behavior, the principle of ____________ considers that whenthecause is present, the effect occurs; but, when the cause is not present, the effect does not occur.A.temporal precedenceB.covariation of cause and effectC.elimination of alternative explanationsD.illusory correlations

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36.Professor White finds that students who read a daily newspaper display more knowledge ofcurrent events than students who do not read a daily newspaper. This identification of a cause ofbehavior is an example of what type of evidence?A.Cognitive awarenessB.Temporal precedenceC.Covariation of cause and effectD.Elimination of alternative explanations37.A researcher finds that people who own more than two cars have bigger homes, more garagespace, and make more money thanpeople who own only one or two cars. The researcher'sinference that having more than two cars causes people to have homes with bigger garages islacking which type of causal evidence?A.Temporal precedenceB.Covariation of cause and effectC.Elimination of alternative explanationsD.Economic instability38.Determining the cause of behavior is an important goal of science becauseA.it is important to know the cause of behavior if we want to change a behavior.B.wecannot predict behavior without knowing the cause of behavior.C.we cannot describe behavior without knowing the cause of behavior.D.it makes the scientist appear more credible.39.The statement "People eat more when they are alone thanwhen they are with friends" is anexample of ____________ behavior.A.describingB.predictingC.explainingD.determining the cause of40.Determining the cause of a behavior is difficult becauseA.it is difficult to know thetrue cause or all causes of behavior.B.explanations that are initially satisfying may turn out to be inadequate.C.satisfactory explanations may be discarded or revised as new evidence is gathered.D.All of these.

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41.Thestatement, "Participants in quiet environments score consistently higher on mathachievement tests than participants in noisy environments" is an example of ______________behavior; while the statement, "The difference between participants in quiet versus noisy roomson math achievement scores occurs because there is less distraction in quiet rooms" is anexample of ______________ behavior.A.explaining; determining the cause ofB.explaining; predictingC.describing; determining the cause ofD.describing; predicting42.The statement, "Obese persons eat faster than non-obese persons" is an example of______________ behavior; and the statement, "The different eating habits of obese and non-obese persons are caused byphysiological factors" is an example of ______________ behavior.A.explaining; predictingB.explaining; describingC.describing; explainingD.predicting; explaining43.The statement, "The average intelligence test score ofchildren in the Central School District is108" is an example of a(n) ______________ of behavior; the statement "Children from smallerfamilies have higher intelligence test scores than children from larger families" is an example ofa(n) ______________ of behavior.A.explanation; descriptionB.description; descriptionC.explanation; explanationD.description; explanation44.The statement, "High school seniors with higher SAT scores will have higher college GPAs" is anexample of______________ behavior. The statement "Males have higher average quantitativeSAT scores than do females" is an example of ______________ behavior.A.predicting; describingB.describing; predictingC.explaining; describingD.predicting; explaining

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45.When Dr. Jones attempts to determine reasons why female defendants are rated more lenientlythan male defendants, he is attempting to meet which goal of science?A.Describing behaviorB.Predicting behaviorC.Determining cause of behaviorD.Explaining behavior46.Martha observes which food item is purchased the most in the student cafeteria. Martha'sbehavior best illustrates which goal of science?A.Describing behaviorB.Predicting behaviorC.Determining cause of behaviorD.Explaining behavior47.You have just read an article in a popular magazine that stated, "People who jog live longer thanpeople who don't jog." As a scientist, you would probablyA.begin jogging.B.accept the statement as true.C.want to see the study that lead to this conclusion.D.None of these.48.Which one of the following journal-article titles most likely represents an example of basicresearch?A."Teaching youths with autism to offer assistance"B."Encouraging recycling: An evaluation of a media campaign"C."Effect of situational factors on assessment of blame: A test of attribution theory"D."Effect of size and lettering style of signs on wayfinding accuracy in a hospital"49.Which one of the following journal-article titles most likely represents an applied research study?A."Measurement of reaction times to different colored lights"B."The influence of a foodreward on maze running behavior in kittens"C."Cognitive factors influencing logical reasoning"D."Increasing recycling of styrofoam containers: A test at an amusement park"

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50.Which one of the following journal article titles mostlikely represents an example of a basicresearch study?A."The effect of self awareness on a cognitive reasoning task"B."Buying behavior: The influence of item shelf placement in retail grocery stores"C."Increasing knowledge ofdangers in the home: A tri-state phone survey"D."A peer tutoring program as a method to increase cultural sensitivity"51.Which one of the following statements is accurate?A.Basic research is more important than applied research.B.Applied research is more important than basic research.C.Basic and applied research are of equal importance.D.Basic and applied research are both of less importance than theoretical research.52.In what sense does basic researchbenefit society?A.It keeps scientists employed.B.Its purpose is to provide practical solutions to society's problems.C.It provides knowledge which may be of value at a later time.D.None of these.53.Applied research isA.more valuable than basic research.B.often guided by findings of basic research.C.designed to answer fundamental questions about the nature of behavior.D.only of value if the results are published.54.The distinction betweenbasic research and applied research is that basic research______________, while applied research ______________.A.relies more heavily on the fundamental sciences such as chemistry or biology; relies moreheavily on the social sciences such as psychology or sociologyB.relies more heavily on the social sciences such as psychology or sociology; relies more heavilyon the fundamental sciences such as chemistry or biologyC.concentrates on fundamental questions often of a theoretical nature; concentrates onidentifying and resolving practical problemsD.concentrates on identifying and resolving practical problems; concentrates on fundamentalquestions often of a theoretical nature

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55.A major area of applied research thatevaluates the social reforms and innovations that occur ingovernment, industry, and mental health settings is ______________ research.A.industrialB.governmentalC.program evaluationD.theory-oriented56.Administrators at the county's juvenile hall have implemented a reward program to decreasedisruptive behavior during meal times. The scientific approach would dictate that the programA.address theoretical issues.B.be evaluated to determine whether or not it is having the intended effect.C.modify theoretical concepts.D.integrate intuition in the design of the program.57.Dr. Pentel conducts research to determine whether or not an after-school program improvesschoolperformance in fifth-grade children. Dr. Pentel is most likely engaged in ______________.A.basic researchB.theoretical researchC.topical researchD.a program evaluation58.Research in psychology has impacted legaldecisions including ______________?A.U.S. Supreme Court decisionsB.Sentencing of juvenilesC.Procedures for law enforcement agenciesD.All of the above59.When evaluating the claims of a scientist, we should do all of thefollowing except_____________?A.ask about the scientist's credentialsB.examine the funding sourceC.be skeptical of pseudoscienceD.disregard applied research

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60.Which of the following best describes a basic research study?A.Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demandB.Relocation of children after divorce and children's best interests: New evidence and legalconsiderationsC.Did you see the unicycling clown? Inattentional blindness while walking andtalking on acellphoneD.Will they stay or will they go? The role of job embeddedness in predicting turnover inindividualistic and collectivistic cultures61.Which of the following best describes an applied research study?A.Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demandB.Relocation of children after divorce and children's best interests: New evidence and legalconsiderationsC.How readers experience characters' decisionsD.The effect of negative performance stereotypes on learning62.Pseudoscientific claims differ from science in that pseudoscientific claims ___________?A.ignore conflicting evidenceB.are revisedC.are stated in non-scientific languageD.tend to be specific

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1Key1.Knowledge of research methods may be useful inA.understanding and evaluating research results reported in the media.B.many occupations.C.conducting research.D.All of these.Cozby-Chapter 01 #12.The problem with using intuition to make conclusions about human behavior is thatA.it is easy to draw erroneous conclusions because our biases affect our perceptions.B.intuitions are never correct, contrary to what people believe.C.itrarely leads to meaningful insight.D.None of these.Cozby-Chapter 01 #23.One reason for why the use of intuition results in erroneous conclusions isA.intuitions are never correct.B.it is unethical to employ intuition inresearch.C.we have a tendency to conclude that there must be a causal relationship when we observethe occurrence of two related events.D.our perceptions are always incorrect.Cozby-Chapter 01 #34.When you acceptunquestionably what your own personal judgment tells you about the world,you are relying on _____________.A.skepticismB.authorityC.intuitionD.scientific understandingCozby-Chapter 01 #4

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5.People are likely tobelieve information presented by a speaker who is seen as prestigious,trustworthy, and credible because of a reliance onA.intuition.B.authority.C.pseudoscientific information.D.informational bias.Cozby-Chapter 01 #56.Accepting the information in a professor's lecture without question is a reliance on____________.A.intuitionB.authorityC.scientific evidenceD.pseudoscientific informationCozby-Chapter 01 #67.A scientist states that"there is evidence for the existence of ghosts because she herself hasfelt their presence." This claim shouldA.be accepted because she is also a scientist.B.be accepted because she has personally felt their presence.C.cause you to believe in ghosts.D.result in your being skeptical about her claim.Cozby-Chapter 01 #78.John has decided to purchase several copies of a new children's book because he has afeeling that the availability of this book will be scarce in thefuture. Which of the following bestexplains John's behavior?A.AuthorityB.SkepticismC.IntuitionD.Empirical evidenceCozby-Chapter 01 #8

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