Motivation: Theory, Research, and Application, 6th Edition Test Bank

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TB01-1CHAPTER 1-Test BankOverview: Conceptualizing and MeasuringMotivation and the Role of Evolution inMotivation[Note: After each question, the correct answer, the textbook page from which it comes,and the question type is provided.]1. Motivation can best be viewed as:a. an on and off mechanismb. a constant flow of behavior that can be directed in only one wayc. a constant flow of behavior that can be directed in many different waysd. a state where one is either motivated or not motivated[c 3 factual]2. The concept of motivation is used to describe forces acting on or within an organismthat influence which of the following aspects of behavior?a. initiation and directionb. growth and maturationc. speed and durationd. verbal only[a 4 factual]3. A student studies hard to earn a slice of pizza. In this situation, studying might beconsidered a _____ variable.a. determinationb. persistencec. performanced. stimulus[c 5 conceptual]4. According to the stimulus-response analysis, motivationa. can be measured directlyb. can be seen as an intervening variablec. can be studied only in laboratory ratsd. can not be studied in humans[b 5 factual]

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TB01-25. Which of the following is NOT a reason that motivation is difficult tostudy?a. its presence must often be inferred rather than observed directlyb. it is often an intervening variablec. it is a performance variable and therefore temporary in natured. it can usually be determined through a survey[d 5 conceptual]6. According to the authors of the text, twomaincharacteristics of motivation are:a. activation and inactivationb. activation and directionc. performance and interventiond. persistence and performance[b 6-7 factual]7. Prof Psyche is studying motivation by examining how individuals make choices. Thisapproach involves which characteristic of motivation?a. deprivationb. directionc. needsd. activation[b 7 conceptual]8. Activation involves all of the following EXCEPT:a. production of behaviorb. persistence of behaviorc. vigor of behaviord. directionality of behavior[d 7 factual]9. A preference test can be a good indicator of:a. directionalityb. vigorc. activationd. intervention[a 7 factual]10. A friend who persistently tries to find a date for the dance is displaying the _____component of motivation.a. vigorb. nomotheticc. activationd. homeostasis[c 7 conceptual]

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TB01-311. Going to a movie theater and selecting a romantic comedy indicates whichcomponent of motivation?a. directionb. activationc. persistenced. vigor[a 7 conceptual]12. Preference may be considered an index of motivation because it shows:a. activation of behaviorb. persistence of behaviorc. differences between several choices of behaviorsd. that persistence and activation are linked[c 7 conceptual]13. The nomothetic approach to the study of motivation involves the development of:a. general or universal lawsb. ideas about individual differencesc. ideas about how learning causes behaviord. ideas about how behavior is influenced by genetic factors[a 7-8 factual]14. Categories of analysis used in the study of motivation include all of the followingEXCEPT:a. nomothetic vs. idiographicb. innate vs. acquiredc. internal vs. externald. instinct vs. attribution[d 8 factual]15. Theorists who emphasized instincts in the past, or who advocate ethology today aremost likely to use which approach to the study of motivation?a. cognitiveb. mechanisticc. innated. acquired[c 8 factual]16. Needs are generally viewed as _____ sources of motivation, while goals emphasize_____ sources of motivation.a. internal; externalb. external; internalc. mechanistic; cognitived. problematic; innate[a 8 conceptual]

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TB01-417. The assumption that changes in specific factors activate circuits that in turn motivatethe organism to engage in appropriate behavior typifies which approach to the study ofmotivation?a. cognitiveb. mechanisticc. internald. nomothetic[b 9 factual]18. Which of the following statements best represents the assumptions held by theoristswho advocate the cognitive approach?a. "The manner in which information is interpreted influences motive states"b. "Motive states are influenced by environmental factors acting on the organism"c. "Instincts control most motive states"d. "Motive states are controlled by needs that promote behaviors to reduce those needs"[a 9 conceptual]19. The example of the Olds and Milner (1954) experiment in which electrodes wereintroduced into areas of a rat's brain best exemplifies which level of analysis?a. philosophicalb. individualc. physiologicald. social[c 9 factual]20. Which of the following is NOT a technique used in motivational research at thephysiological level?a. electrical stimulation of the brainb. chemical stimulation of the brainc. electrical recording of brain cell activity via EEGd. depriving a rat of food and observing how it's behavior changes[d 9-10 conceptual]21. Bandura's (1973) study with the Bobo doll is an example of which level of analysis?a. individualb. physiologicalc. sociald. philosophical[a 11 conceptual]22. One reason why Bandura's (1973) study with the Bobo doll is important is that:a. it shows how brain functions influence behaviorb. it shows that aggression may be learned through observationc. it shows that children are naturally aggressived. it shows that some motive states are innate[b 11 conceptual]

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TB01-523. Asch's (1952) studies on conformity are an example of which level of analysis?a. physiologicalb. individualc. sociald. philosophical[c 11 factual]24. The social level of analysis deals with:a. why individuals are aggressiveb. how individuals learn different motive statesc. how brain circuits mediate different motive statesd. how behaviors are influenced by situational factors or the presence of others[d 11 factual]25. At the philosophical level, one way that motivation can be viewed is as _____, as inFreud's view.a. an aversive state which behavior seeks to overcomeb. a positive state toward which people aspirec. self-actualizationd. a situational factor[a 12 factual]26. Rogers and Maslow take the view that behavior is directed toward:a. self-actualizationb. aversive statesc. situational factorsd. unconscious forces[a 12 factual]27. The analysis of Angie's problem with her anxiety in the text is an example that showsthe importance of:a. the individual level of analysisb. the physiological level of analysisc. how none of the levels of analysis can adequately explain her problemd. how all the levels of analysis contribute to a fuller explanation of the problem[d 12 conceptual]28. Most theories of motivation assume the existence of some source of _____ that drivesbehavior.a. philosophyb. physiologyc. energyd. cognition[c 13 factual]

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TB01-629. In motivation, ideas such as energy, learning, heredity, social interaction andcognitive processes are known as:a. constructsb. theoriesc. philosophical assumptionsd. hypotheses[a 13-14 factual]30. Which of the following is NOT an example of the concept of cognitive processes?a. Heider's balance theoryb. Olds's self-stimulation theoryc. Festinger's cognitive dissonance theoryd. Bem's self-perception theory[b 14 conceptual]31. The attempt of the brain to maintain the body at some optimal level is called:a. homeostasisb. hedonismc. growth motivationd. locus of control[a 14-15 factual]32. The idea that people are motivated by pleasure and pain is called:a. homeostasisb. hedonismc. growth motivationd. locus of control[b 15 factual]33. Both Rogers and Maslow attempted to explain human motivation in terms of:a. the pleasure principleb. homeostasisc. growth motivationd. hedonic motivation[c 15 factual]34. Which of the following are the two roots of psychology in general and the study ofmotivation in particular?a. science and medicineb. philosophy and physiologyc. science and psychiatryd. philosophy and applied medicine[b 15 factual]

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TB01-735. The idea that all behavior is the result of conditions that precede the behavior iscalled:a. hedonismb. free willc. determinismd. associationism[c 16 factual]36. The idea that the human mind is a blank slate at birth originally comes from _____and was later used by _____.a. Descartes; Aristotleb. Aristotle; Lockec. Galen; Locked. Aristotle; Descartes[b 16-17 factual]37. Descartes's ideas about the dualistic nature of man most strongly influenced whichpsychological theories?a. instinctb. learningc. geneticd. cognition[a 16-17 conceptual]38. Psychologists who accept the idea of the "blank slate" would be likely to agree withwhich of the following statements?a. "Human behavior is caused by our genetic inheritance"b. "Human behavior is caused by experience and learning"c. "Human behavior is cause by an interaction of nature and nurture"d. "Human behavior is not determined but is an expression of our free will"[b 17 conceptual]39. Locke and other British philosophers proposed a fundamental concept in psychologycalled:a. reductionismb. associationc. innate ideasd. free will[b 17 factual]

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TB01-840. The idea that different nerve fibers carry different coded information to and from thebrain was known as the:a. doctrine of interactive dualismb. locus of functionc. doctrine of specific nerve energiesd. reflex arc of nervous activity[c 18 factual]41. One reason that Helmholtz's discovery of the speed of an electrical impulse along anerve is important is because it showed that:a. the speed of a neural impulse is greater than 100 miles per hourb. Galvani's ideas about nerve impulses was wrongc. it is possible to experimentally study the function of the nervous systemd. instinct theories were wrong[c 18 factual]42. An example of a theory based on the idea of localization of function is:a. Gall's theory of phrenologyb. Maslow's theory of self-actualizationc. Muller's doctrine of specific nerve energiesd. Galen's theory of separate motor and sensory neurons[a 18 factual]43. Gall's proposal that bumps on the skull correspond to specific mental abilities wascalled:a. instinctb. depressionc. situational factorsd. phrenology[d 18 factual]44. Which of the following is NOT true about drive theory?a. it was first introduced by Woodworth (1918)b. it proposed that motivated behavior occurred in response to changing bodily needsc. it was a precursor to research on how the brain controls behaviord. it was strongly promoted by Freud in 1900[d 20 factual]45. Researchers such as Köhler and Tolman, in the early part of the 20th century arguedthat:a. behavior is the result of stimulus-response connectionsb. behavior can be seen as the result of drives within the organismc. organisms engage in active information processingd. unconscious desires are the basis of human behavior[c 20 conceptual]

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TB01-946. Two metaphors that have provided the framework for research in motivation are:a. the machine metaphor and the Godlike metaphorb. the drive metaphor and the cognitive metaphorc. the sensory nerves and motor nerves metaphord. the ghost in the machine metaphor and the Andromeda metaphor[a 20 factual]47. The most fundamental process of life isa. consciousnessb. mitosisc. evolutiond. reproduction[d 21 factual]48. The mechanism for maintaining genetic information is called:a. metabolismb. reproductionc. evolutiond. hedonism[b 21 factual]49. The process through which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells iscalled _____ ; the process through which two specialized cells combine to form a newcell with genetic information from each cell is called _____.a. mitosis; meiosisb. meiosis; evolutionc. mitosis; recombinationd. reproduction; evolution[a 21 factual]50. Sexual reproduction has several evolutionary advantages. Which of the following isNOT an advantage?a. it increases genetic variabilityb. it allows repair of genetic information within the gene poolc. it allows rapid expansion of beneficial mutations within the gene poold. it limits the spread of new combinations of genetic information in the gene pool[d 23 conceptual]51. In humans and some other primates, such as Bonobos, sexual behavior:a. almost always is linked to reproductionb. is strictly regulated by female receptivityc. often occurs for reasons not directly related to reproductiond. rarely occurs for reasons of reproduction[c 24 conceptual]

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TB01-1052. Evolution can be defined as:a. the progressive change of organisms through timeb. the continuity of species through timec. survival of the fittest at a particular timed. the sum total of experiences of an individual[a 25 factual]53. Natural selection influences all characteristics of genes except which of thefollowing?a. viabilityb. fertilityc. fecundityd. activation[d 26 factual]54. _____ is to mating success as _____ is to number of offspring.a. Viability; fecundityb. Fertility; fecundityc. Fecundity; viabilityd. Fertility; viability[b 26 conceptual]55. Mating rituals in different species may be related to which of the followingcharacteristics of genes?a. viabilityb. fecundityc. fertilityd. opportunity[c 26 factual]56. In some species bright coloration in males or elaborate male behaviors may be relatedto which of the following?a. viabilityb. sexual selectionc. genetic packetsd. reproductive strategies[b 27 factual]57. When there is competition for mates among members of an animal species, usuallythe female makes the choice of a sexual partner. This is called:a. sexual selectionb. survival of the fittestc. fecundityd. viability[a 27 factual]

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TB01-1158. The finding that women are more attracted to men who have the necessary resourcesfor supporting both the women and any children they produce is predicted by the:a. parental investment modelb. natural selectionc. fecundityd. viability[a 27-28 factual]59. A genetically programmed bit of behavior that occurs when circumstances areappropriate and that requires no learning of the behavior is called:a. reproductive valueb. instinctc. ethological action patternd. natural selection[b 28 factual]60. According to evolutionary psychology, reproductive value in human females isassociated with:a. age and wisdomb. youthfulness and healthc. wealth and social statusd. education and beauty[b 28 factual]

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TB02-1CHAPTER 2-Test BankGenetic Contributions to Motivated Behavior[Note: After each question, the correct answer, the textbook page from which it comes, and thequestion type is provided.]1. According to Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1972), the "eyebrow flick," or brief lifting of the eyebrows inhumans, signals:a. recognition of someone who is familiarb. recognition of someone who is a possible threatc. the first move in an aggressive encounterd. an intention of courtship[a 35 factual]2. A genetically programmed bit of behavior that occurs when circumstances are appropriateand that require no learning is called:a. habitb. instinctc. imprintingd. inhabitation[b 36 factual]3. Among the problems with the early instinct theories was the idea of the nominal fallacy, whichmeans that:a. labeling or naming something does not explain itb. the idea of instincts was a fallacy; there are no such things as instinctsc. instincts are either inhibited or become habitsd. instincts are the same as learned behaviors[a 36 factual]4. Which of the following did William James NOT believe about instincts? Instincts were:a. similar to reflexesb. elicited by sensory stimulic. only seen in animalsd. occur blindly the first time[c 36 conceptual]

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TB02-25. Which of the following was NOT a component of instincts, according to WilliamMcDougall?a. cognitionb. learningc. emotiond. conation[b 37 conceptual]6. According to William McDougall, which of the following is NOT true?a. instincts consist of cognitive, affective and conative componentsb. all behavior is instinctivec. some instinctive behavior is purposived. instincts can never be changed or modified[d 37 conceptual]7. The anthropomorphic method of analysis used by McDougall:a. stresses the continuity between humans and animalsb. clearly distinguished between instinct and learningc. is recognized today as being too objectived. could only be applied to animals[a 38 conceptual]8. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of early instinct theories?a. arbitrary lists of instincts do not help us understand behaviorsb. scientists do not agree on how many types of instincts existc. behaviors are responses to both internal and external stimulid. the idea that behavior may come from genetic programs[d 39 conceptual]9. The branch of biology that concerns itself with the study of the evolution, development andfunction of behavior of animals and humans in their natural habitats is called:a. anthropologyb. psychologyc. ethologyd. ethnography[c 39 factual]10. A list of all behaviors observed in a species is called:a. an ethogramb. a species gramc. a species listd. an ethnographic list[a 40 factual]

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TB02-311. According to Craig (1918), _____ is to well-coordinated, fixed patterns of responding as_____ is to restless, searching, adaptive behavior.a. consummatory; appetitiveb. appetitive; consummatoryc. taxis; fixed action patternd. displacement; taxis[a 40 factual]12. According to ethological theory, behaviors are inhibited by:a. fixed action patternsb. appetitive action patternsc. innate releasing mechanismsd. learned releasing mechanisms[c 40 factual]13. Environmental stimuli which act as keys to allow behavior to occur are called:a. innate releasing mechanismsb. sign stimulic. fixed action patternsd. action specific energy[b 40 factual]14. In Tinbergen's study of mating in stickleback fish, the female triggers the male courtshipritual. She would be called the:a. social releaserb. appetitive behaviorc. action specific energyd. innate releasing mechanism[a 40 conceptual]15. An example of a _____ stimulus is when a bird prefers an egg that is larger than its normal-size egg.a. socialb. supernormalc. subliminald. extraordinary[b 40 conceptual]16. Rowland's (1989) finding that female sticklebacks preferred dummy males who were largerthan normal male sticklebacks fits ethological theory because it shows how:a. mate size is important in the mating behavior of sticklebacksb. preference for a superoptimal male stimulus does not provide advantagesc. organisms' reactions to environmental stimuli are learnedd. males are able to interact with females[a 40 conceptual]

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TB02-417. The response that a key stimulus releases is called the:a. fixed action patternb. stimulation responsec. innate action patternd. superoptimal response[a 41 factual]18. Which of the following is NOT a property of a fixed action pattern? The fixed action patternis:a. stereotypedb. independent of immediate external controlc. entirely learnedd. spontaneous[c 41-42 factual]19. According to the text, the main difference between taxes and fixed action patterns (FAPs) is:a. taxes are innate and FAPs are learnedb. FAPs are innate and taxes are learnedc. taxes are responsive to change, but FAPs are notd. taxes are unresponsive to change, while FAPs are modifiable[c 42 conceptual]20. Low intensity, incomplete responses indicating that energy is beginning to accumulate in aninstinctive behavior system is typical of which type of behavior?a. fixed action patternsb. intention movementsc. prepared behaviorsd. appetitive behaviors[b 43 factual]21. In an encounter with another person, changing one's stance by shifting one's weight andincreasing one's distance from the other person is an example of:a. an intention movementb. an appetitive behaviorc. a fixed action patternd. a learned behavior[a 43 factual]22. If two or more sign stimuli are present simultaneously, which general type of behavior islikely to result?a. aggressiveb. conflictc. dominantd. displacement[b 44 factual]

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