Psychology Third Edition Test Bank

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Page11.Contrast the views of Plato and Aristotle on the nature vs. nurture debate. What positiondo modern psychologists take on this issue?2.Differentiate between a structuralist and functionalist approach to understandingconsciousness. Identify the founders of both approaches and the earlier influences thatgave rise to these schools of psychology.3.Discuss Sigmund Freud's influence on the field of psychology. What are thecontributions and critiques of psychoanalytic theory?4.Why would John Watson disagree with the definition of psychology as stated in thetextbook?5.While the underlying views of B. F. Skinner about the human condition differ markedlyfrom humanistic views, interestingly his goals for the advancement of humanity areremarkably similar. Compare and contrast Skinner's views with humanistic psychology.6.Discuss some benefits that behaviorism brought to the field of psychology. Then,discuss some problems associated with behaviorism.7.Discuss how technological advancements, along with work in the field of linguistics,advanced cognitive psychology and ultimately led to the downfall of behaviorism as thedominant field within psychology.8.How might an evolutionary psychologist explain human behavior that is largelydetrimental to the individual or the culture, such as aggression or a preference for ahigh-fat diet?9.Humans have a tendency to be afraid of the dark. Provide an explanation of thisphenomenon within the framework of both behaviorism and evolutionary psychology.Are the two explanations necessarily incompatible?10.Discuss the growing impact on psychology of women and non-White minorities, andidentify some pioneering women and minorities within psychology.

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Page211.Describe four non-research career specializations within psychology.

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Page3Answer Key1.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Plato argued that the infant isborn with certain kinds of knowledge that are innate, or inborn, such as the ability tolearn language. This philosophical viewpoint, termed nativism,is consistent with aview of psychology based partly on nature; (2) Aristotle argued that the mind is atabularasa, or blank slate, and thus every experience an infant has contributes to his or herpersonality, thought processes, emotions, and so on. This corresponds to a view ofpsychology based entirely on nurture; (3) Nature versus nurture has been stronglydebated in psychology. Most psychologists today argue that a combination of nature andnurture influences who we are.2.The answer should indicate thatWilhelm Wundt began structuralism and was greatlyinfluenced by the physiological research of Helmholtz. Structuralism attempts toidentify the basic elements that constitute the mind by deconstructing the consciousexperience through techniques such as introspection. William James beganfunctionalism. He did not believe that consciousness can be broken down into basicelements; rather, he believed consciousness was more like a flowing stream than acollection of component parts. Functionalism sought to identify the adaptivesignificance, or functions, of consciousness rather than deconstructing it into elements.James was highly influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection.3.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Though many people disagreewith Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, he is one of the most influentialpsychologists ever; (2) Freud had been educated as a physician and noticed that womenwere coming into his office with problems that had no physical justification. Freuddecided to talk with these women about their psychosomatic symptoms. Over time, hedeveloped a therapy called psychoanalysis. As a result, today he is considered one of thepioneers of clinical psychology; (3) Freud developed a theory of how the mind worksand how people may be governed by forces of which they are unaware. This idea of anunconscious has had a tremendous impact on psychology, literature, and art. It alsoformed the basis of psychoanalysis, which involves bringing unconscious motivations,desires, and thoughts into the conscious mind; (4) One limitation of psychoanalytictheory is that it does not lend itself to testable predictions. Because there is littleempiricalsupport for Freud's theories, his influence has diminished over the decades.Another criticism of psychoanalytic theory is that it portrayed the human conditionpessimistically, positing that human behavior was governed by rather dark forces thatwere outside of our conscious awareness.4.The answer should indicate that psychology can be defined as the scientific study ofbehavior and mental processes. John Watson was the founder of behaviorism. Hebelieved that mental processes could not be studied scientifically because they were notobjectively observable. He believed that, if psychology was to be a science, it shouldconfine its subject matter to objectively observable behavior. For this reason, Watsonwould disagree with the definition of psychology as presented in the textbook. Infairness to Watson, however, he lived before modern brain-scanning devices allowedpsychologists to make objective observations of the neurological processes underlyingcognition.5.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Skinner denied the existence

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Page4of free will. According to Skinner, behavior was largely determined by a history ofreinforcement; (2) Humanistic psychologists, such as Maslow and Rogers, believed thathumans have free will and are active agents in trying to fulfill their own potential; (3)Nevertheless, both Skinner and the humanists shared an optimistic goal thatpsychologists could help improve the human condition. This is in contrast to the darkviews of humanity advanced by Freud; (4) Skinner and the humanists attempted tobetter humanity using radically different methods. Skinner advocated arrangingenvironments in which desirable behavior would be reinforced. The principles ofreinforcement thus could be used to increase social welfare. Humanistic psychologists,on the other hand, focused on the power of a person's free choice in reaching his or herfull potential, and developed therapies to facilitate this process.6.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Behaviorists highlighted theneed for psychologists to study phenomena that were objectively observable. Thisadvanced the science of psychology; (2) The research of Ivan Pavlov and John Watsondemonstrated how associations between stimuli and responses are formed; (3) Usingrats, B. F. Skinner developed a methodology demonstrating that the consequences ofbehavior determine its future occurrence. This work has taught psychologists howpeople—and notjust rats—learn. His principle of reinforcement pervades modernpsychology; (4) By focusing their study only on observable behavior, however,behaviorists neglected important areas of study such as perception, memory, cognitiveand brain processes, and language. As a result, most psychologists ultimately shiftedaway from the behaviorist approach.7.The answer should indicate that the advent of the computer gave psychologists a usefulmodel of mental processes. For example, both computers and people seem to register,store, and retrieve information. This computer model inspired much research in the fieldof cognitive psychology. This growing field of cognitive psychology studied importantprocesses that behaviorists largely ignored, such as perception, memory, and attention,and ultimately supplanted behaviorism as the dominant theoretical position withinpsychology. Contributing to the downfall of behaviorism was Noam Chomsky'sscathing review of B. F. Skinner'sVerbal Behavior. Skinner believed that language (hecalled it verbal behavior) was essentially the product of reinforcement. For example, ifsaying “please” is reinforced, that person may become more polite. Chomsky chargedthat Skinner's theory of language was overly simplistic. Children use grammar rules thatare not explicitly taught and generate novel phrases that were never explicitlyreinforced.8.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Evolutionary psychologistsbelieve that human behavior is the product of millions of years of natural selection.Although these behaviors are largely detrimental today, they were adaptive in theenvironment of our ancestors; (2) Our ancestors who aggressively procured food andsexual partners tended to be the ones who lived and passed on their genes; (3) In anancestral environment where food was scarce, those ancestors who had a preference forhigh-fat foods obtained the calories that they needed to survive; (4) In today'senvironment where food is abundant and behaving aggressively can send one to prison,these behaviors are largely detrimental. But we are stuck with the genes of ourancestors. To the extent that these behaviors are, in part, biologically determined, wewill continue to have a propensity to engage in these behaviors.

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Page59.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Humans tend not to see wellat night. As such, we are prone to accidents when navigating in the dark. In addition, weare at a disadvantage if surrounded by large nocturnal animals that could possibly harmus. In contrast, hunkering down and sleeping in small groups at night provides somemeasure of safety; (2) Behaviorists would focus on the learning that occurs within anindividual's lifetime. For example, the last time Bob went hunting at night hebroke hisankle and almost got eaten by a lion. Hunting at night, then, has been punished by itsconsequences. Conversely, seeking a safe shelter is reinforced with warmth, safety, andcompanionship. As a result of these learning experiences, Bob fears the dark and wouldrather stay inside; (3) Evolutionary psychologists would note that, during the course ofmammalian evolution, our ancestors who ventured outside in the dark tended not toreproduce in great numbers, perhaps because they fell off cliffs or got eaten bycrocodiles. Those ancestors, who just so happened to be leery of the dark, lived to passon their genes. Thus, we are left with the genes of those who did not particularly enjoynightly jaunts through the forest; (4) On the surface, the two explanations are verydifferent. While behaviorists do not deny the role of genetics, they point to theenvironment as the major determinant of behavior. As such, a behaviorist would firstseek to understand the learning experiences that shaped an individual's fear of the dark.On the other hand, an evolutionary psychologist will focus on differential reproductivesuccess as a result of the behavior of our ancestors. We are left with their genes, andthus, their behavior patterns; (5) The two explanations are not incompatible but ratherrepresent different levels of analysis. For example, early mammals might learn to avoidthe dark through natural consequences within their lifetime. Principles of reinforcementand punishment from a behavioral account would explain this behavior. These are themammals that live to reproduce and pass on their genes. To the extent that susceptibilityto reinforcement is, in part, genetically based, we are genetically predisposed to fear thedark due to the learning experiences of our remote ancestors.10.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Today, women andnon-White minorities play leading roles in all areas of psychology; (2) Kenneth Clark,an African American who became the first President of the American PsychologicalAssociation in 1970, worked extensively on the self-image of African Americanchildren and argued that segregation of the races created great psychological harm.Clark's research was fundamental and contributed to the Supreme Court's 1954 ruling(Brown v. Board of Education) to outlaw segregation in public schools. Clark's interestin psychology was sparked by taking a course taught by Francis Cecil Sumner, the firstAfrican American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in 1920; (3) In 1894, Margaret FloyWashburn became the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology; (4) Mary Calkins,the first woman elected as president of the APA in 1905, was mentored by WilliamJames and advanced a theory of the role of “self” in psychology. She argued that selfisa single unit that cannot be broken down; (5) Women now earn the majority of Ph.D.degrees granted in psychology. Psychology is becoming a female-dominated field. Inaddition, the number of Ph.D. degrees granted to minorities has more than doubled since1985.11.The answer should provide the following information: (1) Clinical psychologists assessand treat people with psychological disorders. They work closely with psychiatrists,who have a medical degree and can prescribe medication. Clinical psychology makes up

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Page6almost half of the doctorates awarded with psychology; (2) Counseling psychologistsassist people dealing with career issues, or common personal problems such as divorce,unemployment, or the loss of a loved one; (3) School psychologists work in educationalsettings and provide guidance to students, parents, and teachers; (4)Industrial/organizational psychologists work in business and industry and focus onissues such as improving productivity, developing effective planning strategies, anddealing with change.

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Page11.Psychology is the scientific study of:A)mind and body.B)mind and behavior.C)mood and behavior.D)mood and body.2.Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Behavior refers to:A)perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings.B)explanations.C)urges.D)observable actions of humans and nonhuman animals.3.Today, psychologists believe that mental processes:A)arise from electrical and chemical activities of the brain.B)arise from a nonphysical mind interacting with the pineal gland in the brain.C)are not proper subject matter for science research.D)usually are not adaptive in helping us function effectively in the world.4.Today, most psychologists would agree with which statement concerning mentalprocesses?A)The scientific method cannot be applied to mental processes.B)Mental processes are nonphysical entities that control the brain and body.C)Mental processes arise from brain functioning.D)Mental processes are the only subject matter worthy of study in psychology.5.Using _____, Krings et al. (2000) demonstrated that the brains of professional pianoplayers were _____ active than novice players when both groups made fingermovements like those involved in piano play.A)fMRI; moreB)fMRI; lessC)CT scans; moreD)CT scans; less6.The case of Elliot, as documented by Damasio (1994), suggests that:A)cognitive functioning can be severely impaired while emotion remains unaffected.B)emotions usually interfere with adaptive behavior.C)even negative emotions such as anxiety and sorrow have adaptive functions.D)emotion and intelligence share a common neural substrate.

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Page27.William James (1890) believed that the influence of _____ could help explainabsentmindedness.A)habitB)sleep deprivationC)emotionsD)personality8.Which is the primary reason why modern psychologists study lapses, errors, andmistakes in behavior and cognition?A)They are more intriguing than normal psychological functioning.B)They allow us to learn about the normal operations of mental life and behavior.C)They provide a window into the sexual urges of the unconscious.D)They vividly illustrate the fact that most psychological functioning is not adaptive.9.The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in physiology and in:A)anatomy.B)logic.C)dualism.D)philosophy.10.Some early philosophers believed that certain kinds of knowledge were innate or inborn,a theory known as:A)functionalism.B)nativism.C)philosophical empiricism.D)structuralism.11.Which early philosopher was interested in certain kinds of knowledge as being innate orinborn?A)HippocratesB)PlatoC)AristotleD)Descartes12.The older position of nativism is reflected inpsychological views that emphasize theeffect of _____ on behavior.A)nurtureB)intuitionC)schemasD)nature

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Page313.Plato is to _____ as Aristotle is to _____.A)philosophical structuralism; nativismB)nativism; philosophical empiricismC)nativism; dualismD)dualism; nativism14.Nature is to nurture as nativism is to:A)experience.B)adaptation.C)behaviorism.D)phrenology.15.Some early philosophers believed that all knowledge was acquired through experience,an idea now known as:A)functionalism.B)philosophical empiricism.C)structuralism.D)nativism.16.The notion that the mind at birth is atabula rasais consistent with the views of:A)Plato.B)Descartes.C)Aristotle.D)Gall.17.The fact that very young children almost universally master the basics of languagewithout formal training is most consistent with:A)Plato's nativism.B)Gall's phrenology.C)Aristotle's philosophical empiricism.D)Locke'stabula rasa.18.The major limitation of the works of the classical Greek philosophers to anunderstanding of human behavior is that:A)much of these works remains lost to history.B)differences among translations have fueled misunderstanding and debate.C)the works tended to underestimate the role of nurture in shaping human behavior.D)these philosophers did not develop ways to test their theories.

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Page419._____ believed that the mind and body are different from each other, and linked by thepineal gland.A)Gall.B)Hobbes.C)Descartes.D)Aristotle.20.Descartesbelieved that the mind influences the body through the:A)pituitary gland.B)hippocampus.C)prefrontal cortex.D)pineal gland.21.A spiritual leader believes that the soul and the body are fundamentally different fromeach other, but are linked via a special structure in the brain. His beliefs are similar tothose of:A)Gall.B)Descartes.C)Hobbes.D)Broca.22.The modern view that the subjective experience of having a mind is the result of brainactivity can be traced to which philosopher?A)HobbesB)PlatoC)DescartesD)James23.The problem of dualism refers to how:A)different areas in the brain control different types of behavior and cognition.B)mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior.C)brain activity produces consciousness.D)both genetic and environmental factors influence human behavior.24.Phrenology suggested that specific mental abilities and characteristics were located inspecific regions of the brain. It was developed by:A)Descartes.B)Flourens.C)Gall.D)Broca.

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Page525.Dr. Quack touches specific bumps on a patient's skull and then indicates specificcharacter traits for the patient, for example, “This patient is cautious.” Dr. Quack isengaging in:A)structuralism.B)phrenology.C)mesmerism.D)psychoanalysis.26.After suffering a stroke, Lisawasable to understand what people said to her but wasunable to speak to them. The strokeprobably damaged her:A)pineal gland.B)Broca's area.C)hippocampus.D)temporal lobe.27.The research of Flourens and Broca:A)established phrenology as a true science.B)confirmed Descartes' belief that the mind and body were linked via the pinealgland.C)is consistent with the view of the mind held by Thomas Hobbes.D)demonstrated that mental processes can occur independently of brain activity.28.The study of biological processes, especially those of the human body, is called:A)psychology.B)anatomy.C)phrenology.D)physiology.29.Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathy to remove her fingerfrom the flame of a lighted match. Penny is studying what type of process?A)classical conditioningB)introspectionC)reaction timeD)stimulus time

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Page630.Hermann von Helmholtz is most remembered for:A)debunking phrenology.B)opening the first laboratory to conduct purely psychological experiments.C)being the first to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.D)discovering the relation between emotion and the amygdala.31.An acupuncturist asks you to respond as soon as you feel a pinprick as she stimulatesyour upper thigh, hamstring, calf, and foot with a needle. Based on Helmholtz'sresearch, you will react most quickly when the _____ is stimulated.A)upper thighB)hamstringC)calfD)foot32.Hermann von Helmholtz is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.A)phrenology; functionalismB)reaction time; structuralismC)reaction time; functionalismD)phrenology; structuralism33.Historians generally credit the emergence of psychology as a science to:A)Wundt.B)Helmholtz.C)Watson.D)Titchener.34.The first laboratory devoted exclusively to psychology as an independent field of studyopened in:A)Paris in 1859.B)Leipzig in 1879.C)Berlin in 1889.D)Cornell University in 1909.35.Wundtbelieved that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing the basic elementscomprising consciousness, an approach he called:A)functionalism.B)psychoanalysis.C)structuralism.D)dualism.

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Page736.The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind is:A)psychoanalysis.B)functionalism.C)structuralism.D)consciousness.37.A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind is:A)empiricism.B)dualism.C)structuralism.D)consciousness.38.What technique did psychologists who studied structuralism use?A)conditioningB)introspectionC)psychoanalysisD)hypnosis39.Presented with a stimulus, student observers in Wundt's lab were asked to report on their“raw”sensory experience, a technique known as:A)inspection.B)circumspection.C)retrospection.D)introspection.40.A participant seated in an otherwise dark room stares at the flickering of a lit candle andreports on her subjective experiences, such as the visual experience of the candleflickering and the hepatic sensation of warmth. The psychologist conducting thisexperiment is most likely to be _____, and the method being used is _____.A)Wundt; psychoanalysisB)Wundt; introspectionC)James; functionalismD)Titchener; functionalism

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Page841.In one experiment, Wundtinstructed participants in one group to concentrate onperceiving a tone when it sounded before pressing a button. Participants in anothergroup were simply instructed to press the button as soon as the tone sounded. Wundtfound that participants in the first group responded slightly more slowly. Thisexperiment was designed to distinguish between:A)the sensation and perception of a stimulus.B)reaction time and accuracy.C)the perception and interpretation of a stimulus.D)the sensation of a stimulus and reaction time.42.Which psychologist established the structuralism school of psychology in the UnitedStates?A)John WatsonB)Edward TitchenerC)G. Stanley HallD)William James43.Edward Titchener is known for:A)establishing structuralism in the United States.B)writing a devastating critique of the functionalist works of John Watson.C)establishing the behaviorist concentration within psychology.D)writingBeyond Freedom and Dignity.44.Whereas Wundt was interested in the relationship between the elements ofconsciousness, Titchener was interested in identifying the:A)basic elements themselves.B)functional value of those elements.C)behavioral correlates of those elements.D)cross-cultural differences in those elemental relationships.45.The unpredictable nature of results from introspection contributed to the decline of:A)empiricism.B)functionalism.C)humanism.D)structuralism.

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Page946.The major reason why structuralism ultimately failed as a school of psychology wasthat:A)by associating itself with Darwin it drew harsh criticism from some religiousauthorities.B)there was no evidence suggesting that Freud's theories were accurate.C)the methods used by structuralists did not produce replicable observations.D)it denied the existence of the mind.47.William James was a noted:A)structuralist.B)behaviorist.C)functionalist.D)empiricist.48.The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling us to adapt to ourenvironment is called:A)structuralism.B)social Darwinism.C)functionalism.D)behaviorism.49.William James is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.A)functionalism; behaviorismB)functionalism; structuralismC)structuralism; behaviorismD)structuralism; functionalism50.Which school of psychology was most concerned with the adaptive importance ofmental processes?A)structuralismB)functionalismC)behaviorismD)empiricism51.William James's school of functionalism was most influenced by the works of:A)B. F. Skinner.B)Wilhelm Wundt.C)Charles Darwin.D)René Descartes.

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