Research Methods: Concepts and Connections 1st Edition Test Bank

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Chapter: Chapter 1: EssayEssay1.The three-door problem plays an integral role in the discussion in chapter 1. Describe theelements of this problem and explain what lessons we can learn about research fromunderstanding the problem and how people (both the general public and scientists) reacted to it.2.There are at least five ways by which we acquire knowledge. Select three of these approaches.Define each of them, and give a specific example of the approach to acquiring knowledge.3.The approach to acquiring knowledge called “authority” has both positive and negativeaspects (or advantages and disadvantages). Describe the positive and negative aspects ofacquiring knowledge via reliance on authority.4.What is theMolyneux problemand what lessons can we learn from it about how peopleacquire knowledge of the world around us?5.One pitfall in acquiring knowledge known to psychologists is “confirmation bias.” Define thisterm and apply it to a person’s efforts to gather information as a basis for buying a new car thisyear.6.What are the four major goals of science? Define each goal and apply each one to thefollowing situation: The state police have asked psychologists for their help in gathering data thatwill helpreduce crime in a high-crime neighborhood.

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7.There are at least three major reasons that research conducted by psychologists is a complextask. Describe these three major reasons and give a concrete example of each of them.8.What is the major difference between a “hypothesis” and a “theory”? Apply the two terms toa psychologist’s efforts to understand how technology affects learning in a college environment.9.One of the keys to acquiring knowledge is to state claims so that they meet the criterion offalsifiability. What does this term mean? Give a specific example of a falsifiable and non-falsifiable claim.10.What are two reasons that operational definitions are so important to researchers?Giveanoperational definition (involving at least four elements for acquiring knowledge) for each of thefollowing: depression, anxiety, and passion (in teaching).11.How are applied and basic research related to one another? Give an example of each fromthe following: the structure of the sleep cycles across the night in the average adult.12.Suppose you decidethat you are interested in pursuing a career in psychology, emphasizingresearch. Give three ideas that would help you enhance your credentials for possible admissionto graduate school in the future.13.Describe at least three of the critical thinking questions you might pose when faced with aclaim in the media, via friends or other sources.

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Import Settings:Base Settings: Brownstone DefaultInformation Field: LevelInformation Field: TypeInformation Field: PageInformation Field: TopicHighest Answer Letter: DMultiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: NoChapter: Chapter 1: Multiple-ChoiceMultiple Choice1.What is theprimaryreason the author introduces the three-door problem?A)to introduce students to the three goals of scientific researchB)to describe the three methods psychologists use toconduct researchC)to provide insight into how people acquire knowledge and beliefsD)to present an analogy that illustrates how research affects real-life decisionsAns:CLevel:MType:AppliedPage:2Topic:The three-door problem2.A newspaper reporter decides to writea story about the three-door problem and itsimplications for understanding science, probability, and how we understand the world.Which ofthese wouldbe thebesttitle for the proposed article?A)Why we should never bet against chance: Lessons learned the hard wayB)Common sense versus actual data:Decision-making is quite difficultC)Relying on the experts: Our best chance to make good decisionsD)The best advice: Know when to fold them, know when to hold them

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Ans:BLevel:HType:AppliedPage:2Topic:The three-door problem3.As part of a research requirement in an Introduction to Psychology class, Alex is takingpartin the three-door game in which he might win a car or a goat. After selecting one of the threedoors, he has a choice of staying with his current door or switching. What is the best advice thatyou would give Alex in order to increase his chance of winning?A)It is best to switch.B)Go with your first hunch, do not switch.C)If you switch, your odds of winning are only 50-50, so stay put.D)Your selection makes no difference, as the game isrigged in favor of the “house.”Ans:ALevel:MType:AppliedPage:3Topic:The three-door problem4.A student istaking part in the three-door problem as part of a research requirement. What arethe odds thatthis studentwill “win” if he decides to switch doors?A)2 to 1 in his favorB)even odds of winning or losingC)2 to 1 against winningD)just over 50% chance of winningAns:ALevel:MType:FactualPage:3Topic:The three-door problem5.Your textbook mentions that, in 1990 Marilyn vos Savant became involved in the three-doorproblem via her newspaper column. What was the general reaction of the public and academicsto her suggestion that the best approach is to switch doors?

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A)Most people recognized she had solved the problem correctly.B)She wasseenas having made anerror in offering her solution.C)Academics accepted her solution but the general public did not.D)Her solution was obvious to almost everyone once she explained it in detail.Ans:BLevel:EType:FactualPage:3Topic:The three-door problem6.Beth is reading an article about the 1990 three-door controversy involving the “Ask Marilyn”column, which was also mentioned in your textbook. In the article, she reads a number ofpotential solutions to the three-door problem. Which of the following best describes Marilyn vosSavant’s controversial answer to the three-door problem?A)The participant should “switch” because this will increase his/her odds of winning to 2/3.B)The participant should “switch” because this will increase his/her odds of winning to 50/50.C)The participant should “stay” because this will increasehis/her odds of winning to 1/3.D)The participant should “stay” because this will increase his/her odds of winning to 50/50.Ans:ALevel:HType:FactualPage:3Topic:The three-door problem7.Dr. Stanley Milgram conducted a famous research study onObedience. Before revealing hisfindings, he asked a group of psychiatrists to predict what percentage ofparticipantswouldadminister 450 volts of shockto a confederate when ordered to do so by a researcher. Milgram’squestion is most consistent with which concept?A)tenacityB)authorityC)reasonD)experimentationAns:BLevel:EType:AppliedPage:4-5Topic:Authority: Knowledge gained from others

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8.A neighbor believes “all this nonsense”about global warming is hype. He notes that it stillsnows in winter and it has always been hot in the summer.What way of knowing has yourneighbor embraced?A)tenacityB)authorityC)reasonD)experimentationAns:ALevel:EType:AppliedPage:4Topic:Tenacity: Knowing by force of habit9.Political scientists have described a group of voters who tend not to seek out new information,do not challenge their long-held beliefs, and hold to their views because they always seemed “tohave worked” in that past. If these political scientists were to name this group of voters, whichterm would be consistent withthe description in your textbook ofCharles Peirce’s views of howwe come to hold beliefs?A)rationaleself-interestB)tenacityC)direct experienceD)authorityAns:BLevel:EType:AppliedPage:4Topic:Tenacity: Knowing by force of habit10.As described in your textbook,Charles Peirce described one of the four ways we come tohold beliefswith these words:“strength,simplicity,and directness.” Which method fits thisdescription?A)reasonB)scienceC)tenacity

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D)authorityAns:CLevel:EType:FactualPage:4Topic:Tenacity: Knowing by force of habit11.For decades, scientists and the general public were convinced that gastric ulcers resultedfrom a high level of difficultdecision-makingand the treatment was a bland diet. We now knowthis view is simply wrong. What is one likely explanation that this incorrect view of the cause ofulcerswasheld on for so long before being completely dismantled?A)tenacityB)reasoningC)empiricismD)operationismAns:ALevel:MType:AppliedPage:4Topic:Tenacity: Knowing by force of habit12.What is one advantage of relying on authority to acquire knowledge?A)Authorities have access to more knowledge than the general public.B)An authority is an unbiased source of information.C)Reliance on authority is an efficient way to pass down knowledge.D)Reliance on authority reduces the need to validate the claims that are made.Ans:CLevel:EType:FactualPage:5Topic:Authority: Knowledge gained from others

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13.As mentioned in your textbook, philosopher and scientist Charles Peirce described fourmethods by which people come to hold beliefs about the world.Which of the following is one ofthe four methods described by Peirce?A)persistenceB)diligenceC)effortD)authorityAns:DLevel:EType:FactualPage:4Topic:Tenacity: Knowing by force of habit14.Which of the following animal analogies best exemplifies philosopher and scientist CharlesPeirce’s description of tenacity.A)acrab burying it’s body in the sand for a mid-day napB)anostrich hiding it’s head in the ground and no longer seeing dangerC)anopossum “playing dead” to deter dangerous predatorsD)abulldog walking through the forest without making a soundAns:BLevel:HType:AppliedPage:4Topic:Tenacity: Knowing by force of habit15.Ralph is in the Army. As a result, he does whatever his commanding officer orders him todo. This situation exemplifies which of the following methods by which people come to holdbeliefs about the world?A)tenacityB)authorityC)reasonD)scienceAns:BLevel:EType:AppliedPage:4Topic:Authority: Knowledge gained from others

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16.In geography class, a substitute teacher misinforms her students by telling them that thereare no deserts in the continental United States. The students believe her. This situationexemplifies which of the following methods by which people come to hold beliefs about theworld?A)tenacityB)authorityC)reasonD)scienceAns:BLevel:EType:AppliedPage:4Topic:Authority: Knowledge gained from others17.On a “Rate my Professor” website where students write reviews of their former professors,Jenny reads that Dr.Zwiebel-Pferd is the easiest professor for the Neuroscience course in whichshe needs to enroll. Based on this review, Jenny enrolls in Dr. Zwiebel-Pferd’s course. Thissituation exemplifies which of the following methods by which people come to hold beliefsabout the world?A)tenacityB)authorityC)reasonD)scienceAns:BLevel:EType:AppliedPage:4Topic:Authority: Knowledge gained from others18.Philosopher RenéDescartes and his contemporaries considered the mind-body problem—thequestion of whether the mind is an entity separate from the body. This situation exemplifieswhich of the following methods by which people come to hold beliefs about the world?A)tenacityB)authority

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C)reasonD)scienceAns:CLevel:HType:AppliedPage:6Topic:Reason: Relying on logic and rationality19.TheMolyneuxproblemis a good example of which way to acquire knowledge?A)reasonB)authorityC)tenacityD)scienceAns:ALevel:EType:FactualPage:6Topic:Reason: Relying on logic and rationality20.Which of thequestionsis the best description of theMolyneuxproblem?A)Would people who become color blind still remember the names of the colors they hadlearned?B)Would a blind person who recovers sight be able to distinguish objects by sight?C)Why do children learn language apparently with ease,yet the same children struggle tolearnanother language in high school or later?D)Is tactual contact necessary for the proper development of a child?Ans:BLevel:EType:FactualPage:6Topic:Reason: Relying on logic and rationality21.Over three centuries ago, this question was posed—Suppose that a man, blind from birth,can use his sense of touch to distinguish between a cube and a sphere of the same size. If this

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man suddenly regains his eyesight and is shown the cube and sphere, would he be able to tell bysight alone which object is which? What isthe name of this famous query?A)theMolyneuxproblemB)themotionparallaxC)thethree-doorproblemD)thetenacityparallaxAns:ALevel:EType:FactualPage:6Topic:Reason: Relying on logic and rationality22.Developing knowledge by collecting and assessing information directly through our sensesis a description of which approach to how we gain knowledge?A)nativismB)sensationC)empiricismD)correlationAns:CLevel:EType:FactualPage:7Topic:Empiricism: Knowledge based on experience23.Our tendency to selectively seek information that supports our views and avoiddisconfirming information is termed:A)confirmationbias.B)validationbias.C)endorsement bias.D)verification bias.Ans:ALevel:EType:FactualPage:8Topic:Empiricism: Knowledge based on experience

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24.A student wants to learn the best way to solve the three-door problem. She decides to watchseveral individuals attempt to solve the problem and takes notes as she observes. From this data,she decides on a strategy she believes will give her the best chance of winning the car.Whatapproach has this student used to arrive at her approach to solving the problem?A)tenacityB)reasoningC)authorityD)empiricismAns:DLevel:MType:AppliedPage:8Topic:Empiricism: Knowledge based on experience25.Most of the people who doubtedthe solution to the three-door problem that was published in“Ask Marilyn,”even after the details of the solution were given, seemed to rely on which methodof acquiring information?A)tenacityB)reasoningC)authorityD)empiricismAns:ALevel:MType:AppliedPage:8-9Topic:Science: Relying on systematic empiricism26.What term is part of another name forconfirmation bias?A)availabilityB)congenialityC)framingD)representativenessAns:BLevel:EType:Factual

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Page:8Topic:Empiricism: Knowledge based on experience27.What was themost convincingmethod that was used to demonstrate the actual odds ofwinning in the three-door problems?A)reliance on reasonB)running simulations in classesC)reading opinions of experts on probabilityD)recognizing that chance is all that is involvedAns:BLevel:MType:FactualPage:9Topic:Science: Relying on systematic empiricism28.Which of the following is a fundamental objective of science?A)descriptionB)clarificationC)disciplineD)replicationAns:ALevel:HType:FactualPage:9Topic:Goals of science29.Dr.Millerand a group of graduate students were interested in studying risk-taking behaviorsincollege students. To do this, they visiteda “semester kick-off” party hosted by one of the moreprominent fraternities on their campus. The researchers’ goal was to countthe number of timesmale and femalecollege students engaged in risky behaviors such as consuming alcohol toexcess. What basic goal of science was addressed in this study?A)descriptionB)explanationC)predictionD)control

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Ans:ALevel:MType:AppliedPage:10Topic:Description30.Based on previous studies, Dr. Sharma hypothesizes thata family history of alcoholism willpredispose students to binge drink during college. What basic goal of science is being addressedin this scenario?A)descriptionB)explanationC)replicationD)controlAns:BLevel:MType:AppliedPage:10Topic:Explanation31.In her research, Dr. Kelly records videos of doctor-patient interactions and then appliesacoding system to categorize these interactions into analyzable units. What basic goal of scienceis being addressed in this scenario?A)descriptionB)explanationC)replicationD)controlAns:ALevel:MType:AppliedPage:10Topic:Description

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32.Dr. Graham is interested in understanding brain reward mechanisms. In her research, sherecords participants’ brain activity as they view a variety of tasty desserts. What basic goal ofscience is being addressed in this scenario?A)descriptionB)explanationC)replicationD)controlAns:BLevel:MType:AppliedPage:10Topic:Explanation33.During a seminar in the department of psychology, Arnoldand his friends listened to avisiting speaker describe her research. As the speaker describedhow shedevelopeda codingsystem for her research, Arnold thought to himself, “It sounds like this will be a talk about a(n)_____research study.”A)descriptiveB)explanatoryC)predictiveD)controlledAns:ALevel:MType:AppliedPage:10Topic:Description34.A psychologist wants to write a book about research and use a title that best summarizeswhatthat research is all about. Which title would best convey the essence ofthepsychologist’sresearch efforts?A)Focus on the individual: The roots of psychologyB)Research limited by inability to manipulate key factorsC)Variables: Associations, causes, control, andpredictionD)Knowledge under conditions of uncertainty: Knowing the unknowableAns:CLevel:HType:Applied

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