Sensation and Perception Second Edition Test Bank

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Import Settings: BaseSettings: Brownstone DefaultInformation Field:LevelInformation Field: PageInformation Field:TopicInformation Field: Question TypeInformation Field: Bloom’s LevelHighest Answer Letter: DMultiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: NoChapter: Chapter 1: EssayEssay1.Describe five distal stimuli and their associated proximal stimuli thatoneexperiencesintheenvironment.No twostimuli shouldhavethe same perceptual dimension. For each of these distalstimulus,discussthe top-downinformationused in perceiving it.Ans:Answers should first relate sensory experience (visual, auditory, olfactory, etc.) to thephysical objects (or, distal stimuli) in the environment, and then show how knowledge andexpectations of an observer lead to perception of the stimuli.2.Describe three activities in whichone uses three different sensesto detect small differences inthe intensity of sensory stimuli. What role does difference threshold play in each activity?Ans:Cooking can be taken as an example here because one needs to adjust seasonings based onthe perception of taste. Similarly, proper functioning of a mechanical device (car, air conditioner,etc.) can be detected based on the sound it makes. In the same way, an observer’s like or dislikefor a painting depends on his or her visual perception. The minimum difference between twostimuli that allows an observer to perceive that the two stimuli are different is known as adifference threshold. In all these cases, difference threshold helps an observer to differentiatebetween any two given stimuli.

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3.Comparethe advantages and disadvantages of the method of adjustment, the method ofconstant stimuli, and the staircase method in determining absolute threshold.Ans:The method of adjustment is the simplest method for estimating absolute thresholds. In thismethod, a person observes the stimulus and manipulates a control that directly adjusts theintensity of the stimulus. The results tend to vary quite a bit, even when the method is usedrepeatedly with the same person. When compared to the method of adjustment, the method ofconstant stimuli provides more reliable results. It isn’t very efficient because it involves repeatedpresentations of stimuli that are already known to be well below or well above threshold. Hence,presenting these stimuli doesn’t generate much useful data. The staircase method is a moreefficient version of the method of constant stimuli. It can be used to eliminate repeatedpresentations of stimuli well below or above the threshold and to focus instead on presentingstimuli near the threshold.4.Ifthe volumeon an audio deviceis increasedfromone to two, how should the physicalintensity of the soundbechangedso that the perceived intensity is doubled? Explainwith thehelp of Fechner’s law.Ans:According to the text, when the physical intensity of a stimulus is low, doubling thephysical stimulus will double the perceived intensity of the stimulus. However, if the intensity ofthe stimulus is much greater, there should be a considerable increase in the physical stimulus toproduce a noticeable difference in the perceived intensity.5.What is the role of voltage-gated channelsin the course of an action potential?Describe theevents in whichthey play their crucial role.Ans:When a neuron receives a signal from another neuron, the receiving neuron undergoes anabrupt change in membrane potential, which causes voltage-gated sodium channels to open at thebase of the axon, where it emerges from the cell body. This in turn allows extracellular sodiumions (Na+) to flow into the axon. They move into the axon because the concentration of Na+ ionsis much greater outside the membrane than inside. The influx of positively charged Na+ ionscauses the membrane potential to become more positive. This change in membrane potential iscalled depolarization, because the membrane potential is becoming less polarized—that is, lessextreme, moving from−70 mV toward 0. If the depolarization surpasses a threshold at about−45mV, the inflow of Na+ ions continues rapidly until the difference in electric charge at the innerand outer surfaces of the membrane is reversed, with the inside of the axon becoming morepositively charged than the outside, resulting in a membrane potential of about +30 mV at itspeak. Immediately after the sodium channels open, they close again, stemming the inflow of Na+ions, and nearby potassium channels open (in response to the depolarization of the membrane),allowing positively charged potassiumions (K+) to flow out of the axon, again driven by the

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concentration difference. The outflow of K+ ions pushes the membrane potential back toward itsresting value of−70 mV, a process called repolarization. Like the sodium channels, thepotassium channels close again immediately after opening. The membrane potential brieflyexceeds the resting potential—this is termed hyperpolarization—before returning to the restingpotential.6.How are neural signals transmitted across a synapse?How do thepresynapticmembrane,thepostsynaptic membrane, thesynaptic vesicles, and neurotransmitters react to an action potential?Ans:A synapse is a tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite or cellbody of another neuron. Within an axon terminal, synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmittermolecules. The arrival of an action potential causes the synaptic vesicles to merge with thepresynaptic membrane, which releases neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse. Someneurotransmitter molecules drift across the synapse and bind to receptors on the postsynapticmembrane (the neurotransmitter molecules fit into the receptors the way a key fits into a lock).Binding causes ion channels to open on the postsynaptic membrane.7.Whatisdiffuse optical tomography (DOT)and how is itadvantageous overPET and fMRI?Ans:Diffuse optical tomography (DOT), an emerging type of brain imaging, senses changes inthe blood oxygen level in the brain by using optical techniques. DOT employs an array of near-infrared light sources and sensors placed on the head that measure changes in the light reflectedby the brain, caused by changes in blood flow. The method has some advantages over PET andfMRI: it does not require the introduction of radioactive substances into the participant’s body(as PET does), and it can be used with participants who have metal implanted in their body(fMRI cannot be used with such participants because of the strong magnetic fields produced bythat method). Also, DOT can be used in more naturalistic settings than PET and fMRI can beused in, because DOT equipment is relatively compact. DOT has similar temporal resolution tofMRI, but somewhat lower spatial resolution.8.Explainhowfunctionalneuroimaging can beused to investigate areas in the brain thatperform specific functions.Ans:Functional neuroimaging is an array of techniques that makes it possible for neuroscientiststo measure brain activity in healthy volunteers carrying out carefully designed perceptual andcognitive tasks. Functional neuroimaging techniques can be divided into two broad types:techniques for measuring the electrical or magnetic fields produced by populations of active

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neurons (electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography) and techniques for measuringthe changes in blood flow and blood oxygenation that accompany brain activity (positronemission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and diffuse optical tomography).All of these techniques rely on the same assumptions of modularity and cognitive uniformity.Electroencephalography (EEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique based on measurement ofthe electrical fields associated with brain activity.Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique based on measurementof the magnetic fields associated with brain activity. Positron emission tomography (PET) isfunctional neuroimaging technique based on measurement of the changes in blood flowassociated with brain activity; relies on the introduction of a radioactive substance into the blood.Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging technique based onmeasurement of the changes in blood oxygenation associated with brain activity. It relies onproduction of magnetic fields in the brain.9.Explain the concept of modularity incognitiveneuropsychologywith the help ofan example.Ans:Cognitive neuropsychology depends on the concept of modularity. Modularity is the ideathat the human mind and brain consist of a set of distinct modules, each of which carries out oneor more specific functions. Any complex task involves the coordinated activity of manymodules, each contributing its part—for example, the task of typing to spoken dictation engagesmodules involved in audition, language, and finger movements, among others. A moduleprocesses only specific types of information, such as information about faces or about speech—that is, a module is domain specific.10.Comparethe advantages and disadvantages of self-driving cars over human-controlled ones.Ans:Self-driving cars may be involved in fewer serious accidents and help with gains in humanproductivity by allowing people to work while traveling. Self-driving cars may be disadvantagedin situations where humans do not strictly abide by driving laws. Many accidents result fromdriver inattention or from a driver’s failure to correctly perceive the speed and location of anapproaching vehicle or a road obstruction, and in theory, the sensors in self-driving cars wouldnever experience such attentional lapses or perceptual failures. However, a recent study hasfound that the likelihood of a minor accident involving a self-driving car may be greater thanwith a human-controlled one.

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3.Aperceived object or event in the worldis known as a_____.A) sensory receptorB) distal stimuliC) proximal stimuliD) neural signalAns: BLevel:EPage:4Topic: The Perceptual Process4.Sensory receptorsconvert_____ intoneural signals.A)difference thresholdB)absolute thresholdC)distal stimuliD)proximal stimuliAns: DLevel:EPage:4Topic: The Perceptual Process5.Arvi is standing outside his house. He turns his headas hehearsan approaching motorcycle.Inthisscenario,thedistalstimuluswould bethe:A)sound waves reaching his ears.B)light waves reaching his eyes.C)vibrationsproduced by the motorcycle.D)motorcycle itself.Ans: DLevel:DPage: 4Topic: The Perceptual ProcessFormatted:Indent: First line: 0 cm

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6.Marco is cooking dinner. He detects the smell of the garlic that he is chopping. Inthisscenario,the proximal stimulus isthe:A)garlic clove.B)signal being sent to the brain about the smell from the receptors.C)odor molecule entering the nose from the garlic.D)interpretation of neural signals in the brain.Ans: CLevel:DPage: 4Topic: The Perceptual Process7.The objects and events that are perceived and the physical phenomena they produce areknownas _____.A)stimuliB)receptorsC)neuronsD)representationsAns:ALevel:EPage:4Topic: The Perceptual Process8.In baseball, most hitters can detect the initial rotation of a pitched ball.Experienced hittersare able to use this information to accurately anticipateaball’s position when it reaches theplate.This shows thatexperienced hitters canutilize:A)bottom-up information.B)top-down information.C)distal stimuli.D)transduction.Ans: BLevel:DPage: 5Topic: The Perceptual Process

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9.A person’s knowledge, expectations, and goalswhichcan affect perception,are referred to as:A) bottom-up information.B) top-down information.C)theabsolute threshold.D) proximal stimuli.Ans: BLevel:EPage: 5Topic: The Perceptual Process10.Cognitive neurosciencemeasuresneural activity:A)onlyat the levelof individual neurons.B)only inneural circuits.C)bothatthe levelof individual neuronsandgroups of neurons andneural circuits.D)throughsimple behavioral responses.Ans: CLevel:MPage: 5Topic: Three Main Types of Questions11.Psychophysicsassessesperceptual experience on the basis of:A) neural activity at thelevel ofindividual neurons.B)transduction.C)depolarization.D) simple behavioral responses.Ans: DLevel:MPage: 5Topic: Three Main Types of Questions12.Body sensesdoNOTinclude:A) skin temperature.B) gustation.

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C) balance.D)body movement.Ans: BLevel:EPage: 5Topic: How Many Senses Are There?13.Our sense oflimb position and movementisdue to_____.A)proprioceptionB) nociceptionC) olfactionD) gustationAns: ALevel:EPage: 6Topic: How Many Senses Are There?14.Which type of perception is NOT one of the traditional five senses?A) tactileB) auditionC) olfactionD) proprioceptionAns: DLevel:MPages: 5-6Topic: How Many Senses Are There?15.Which statement does NOT describe an idea contained in the modern theory of evolution?A) Organisms with adaptive new traitsaremore likely to survive and reproduce thanorganismslacking these traits.B)Occasionally, amutation that yields an adaptive new trait could be passed on to the offspringthrough DNA.C) Organisms have genotypes that are observable characteristics or traits.D)Like all other traits,senses have evolved through natural selection.

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Ans: CLevel:MPage: 7Topic: Evolution andPerception16.Wavelengths oflightvisibleby humans:A)donot detectinfrared or ultraviolet light.B) are the least abundant wavelengths of light emitted by the sun.C) are poorly transmitted inseawater.D)does not consist of electromagnetic radiation.Ans: ALevel: MPage: 7Topic: Evolution andPerception17.The minimum intensity of a physical stimulus that can just be detected by an observer iscalledthe_____.A)absolute thresholdB) difference thresholdC)minimum thresholdD)approximate thresholdAns: ALevel:EPage: 9Topic: Absolute Threshold18.Dr.Atherton, a psychologistwants a very quickand easywayto estimateabsolutethresholds for a study.Which psychophysicalmethodwould be MOST appropriate for him?A)themethod of constant stimuliB)themethod of adjustmentC)themethod of random stimuliD)the method of psychometric functionAns: B

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Level:DPage: 9Topic: Absolute Threshold19.A psychophysical researcherwantsto measure the absolute threshold of a particularfragrance. He wantsquick resultsandcan compromise onitsaccuracy. In this scenario, hewould use the_____.A) method of adjustmentB) method of constant stimuliC) method of limitsD) Lamaze methodAns: ALevel:MPage: 9Topic: Absolute Threshold20.Dr. Lazarte is testing an elderly patient’s hearing by presenting a set of tones at differentintensities. Each tone is presented multiple times, interleaved with the other tones in a randomorder. After each presentation, the patient indicates whether she heard the tone. Thepsychophysical technique being usedin this scenariois the:A)method of adjustment.B)staircase method.C)method of constant stimuli.D)method of random stimuli.Ans: CLevel:DPage: 9Topic: Absolute Threshold21.A curve that relates a measure of perceptual experience to the intensity of a physicalstimulus is calleda(n):A)audibility curveB) neuropsychological function.C) psychometric function.D)receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

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Ans: CLevel:EPage: 10Topic: Absolute Threshold22.The staircase method is a variation on the method of:A)limits.B) adjustment.C) constant stimuli.D) minimal perception.Ans: CLevel:EPage: 10Topic: Absolute Threshold23.An example ofan absolute threshold judgmentwould be:A)an individualdetecting that the room is brighter when twoextracandlesarelit.B)an individualperceiving the light touch of an ant crawling acrosshisorherfoot.C)an individualperceiving thathis/herbackpack is heavier when another bookis added.D)an individualturningupthe radio so thatheorshecanhear the music overother noises.Ans: BLevel:MPage:9Topic:Absolute Threshold24._____ statestherelationship between the intensity of a standard stimulus and the size of thejust noticeable difference.A)Weber’slawB)Sherrington’slawC)Fechner’slawD)Stevens’slawAns: ALevel: E

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Page: 14Topic: Difference Threshold

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25.The JND for a 100 g weight is 2 g. According to Weber’s law, the JND for a 1,000 gweight would be:A)0.002g.B) 2 g.C) 20 g.D)200 g.Ans: CLevel:MPage: 14Topic: Difference Threshold26.Through some tasty culinary investigation, Chef Willie has found the difference thresholdfor the sweetness of sugar in a cake. For a cake with 100 mg of sugar, the difference thresholdis 5 mg.According toWeber’s law,how much sugar would need to be added to a cake alreadycontaining 250 mg of sugar in order to make it taste just noticeably sweeter?A) 5 mgB) 10 mgC) 12.5 mgD) 20 mgAns: CLevel: DPage: 14Topic: Difference Threshold27.Weber's Law does NOT account properly for the perception of some dimensions, such as_____.A)tasteB) brightnessC) loudnessD) electric shockAns: DLevel:E

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Page: 16Topic: Psychophysical Scaling28.Accordingtothe“lawofspecificnerveenergies,”articulated by the German scientistJohannes Müller,thebraininterpretscertainincoming signals as visual informationbecause of:A)lightentering the eye.B)gentle pressure of a finger against the side of an eye.C)receptor neuronsin the eye.D)electrical currents from retinal prosthetic devices.Ans: CLevel:MPage: 17Topic: Exploring Perception by Studying Neurons and the Brain29.The_____states that the kinds of perceptions we have depend on which neurons areactivated, not on whatisactivating those neurons.A)law ofspecificnerveenergiesB)law ofabsolute thresholdC)law ofneural doctrineD)law ofperceptual processingAns: ALevel:EPage: 17Topic: Exploring Perception by Studying Neurons and the Brain30.The_____ statesthat perception depends on the combined activity of many specializedneurons, each of whichrespondstospecificaspectsofastimulus.A) neuron doctrineB) lawofspecificnerveenergiesC) principle of natural selectionD) lawofstructuralspecificityAns: ALevel:EPage: 17

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