Social Psychology: The Science of Everyday Life First Edition Test Bank

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Page11.Briefly define the major new perspectives that have emerged in social psychology in thepast few decades to form an integrative perspective on human behavior. Do you believethat any one of these perspectives is more valuable or accurate than the others? Or doyou see them as complementary? How so?2.What are the four core assumptions of social psychology? Apply at least three of theseassumptions to illuminate a recent social event, such as a conflict between two groups, afamous individual's achievement, or a popular television show.3.Discuss some of the reasons why people are not very accurate when it comes toexplaining their own behavior, and the behaviors of others, in their day-to-day lives.Include reference to the ideas of a prioricausal theories and confirmation bias. What aresome examples from your own life that support the idea that people often don'tunderstand the true causes of their behavior?4.Summarize two studies from the literature on stereotype threat that employed differentmethodologies (e.g., correlational, experimental, field research, etc.). What were thefindings of these studies and how did they support stereotype threat theory?5.Consider the abstract conceptual variable ofromantic love. Discuss two ways in whichthis conceptual variable could be operationally defined in a study. Then, for one of thetwo ways described, indicate a possible confound that might problematize that particularoperational definition.6.Define and discuss the concepts of internal and external validity. How are we best ableto determine if a study has either or both of these two types of validity? Is there atrade-off in studies between internal and external validity, or can a study achieve equallevels of both? Which form of validity do you think is most important?7.Discuss at least two of the four limitations of science. Do you agree that science trulyhas these limits? What is an example of an important phenomenon that science may notbe able to address? Why is science important in spite of these limits?8.Do you believe that the use of deception is justified in social psychologicalexperiments? Or do you think that deception isnevernecessary or justified? Providesupporting arguments for your position.

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Page2Answer Key1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.

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Page11.What is social psychology?A)the study of society as a psychological entity (i.e., society as a motivated agent)B)the study of how individual differences in social-emotional functioning drive aperson's behavior across a variety of situationsC)the study of the causes and consequences of people's thoughts, feelings, and actionsregarding themselves and other peopleD)the study of the relationships between and development of different societies2.The earliest treatments of social psychology (such as the theories of Spencer andMcDougal) tended to emphasize:A)a view of humans as driven by unconscious motivation.B)an instinct-based view of human behavior.C)a view of humans as machinelike information processors.D)a reinforcement-centered view of humans as learning from experience.3.The notion that much of human social behavior is driven by the need to keep disturbingand antisocial bodily drives out of conscious awareness is critical to which perspective?A)psychoanalysisB)behaviorismC)the social cognition perspectiveD)the evolutionary perspective4.Which of the following is true of the earliest versions of social psychology (theinstinct-based and psychoanalytic approaches)?A)They were inspired by Darwin's ideas.B)They were not inspired by Darwin's ideas.C)They were pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt.D)They were pioneered by William James.5.Behaviorists emphasized that human behavior is driven primarily by:A)unconscious motivation.B)instinct.C)cognitive processes.D)learning from past experiences.6.What phenomena were behaviorists primarily interested in measuring?A)mental statesB)observable behaviorsC)neurological pathwaysD)unconscious drives

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Page27.While social psychology in the first half of the 20th century tended to stress _____,social psychology from the second half of the 20th Century on stresses ______.A)an instinct-based approach; a behaviorist approachB)a behaviorist approach; an instinct-based approachC)specific, topic-based theories; broad views of human socialityD)broad views of human social behavior; specific, topic-based theories8.Which of the following events had a major influence on the history of socialpsychology?A)the economic crisis of the 1970sB)World War IIC)the Cold WarD)the development of institutional care for people with severe personality disorders9.What is the primary metaphor for the person in the social cognitive perspective?A)a tumultuous storm of conflicting drivesB)a blank slateC)an information processorD)a social animal10.What is the term for the way an individual understands his or her social world?A)social cognitionB)existential perspectiveC)embodied cognitionD)a priori causal theory11.Which of the following is NOT one of the following is NOT one of themajorperspectives that provide an integrated view of human social behavior in contemporarysocial psychology?A)the existential perspectiveB)the evolutionary perspectiveC)the instinct-based perspectiveD)the social cognitive perspective

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Page312.The concept ofadaptationis most central for which influential perspective incontemporary social psychology?A)the existential perspectiveB)the evolutionary perspectiveC)the neuroscience perspectiveD)the cultural perspective13.What does it mean to say that humans arecultural animals?A)Humans create their own symbolic conception of reality.B)Humans tend to live socially in groups.C)Humans in different groups around the world are hostile towards members of othergroups.D)Humans are actually driven by instincts.14.Jeremiah has become deeply depressed because he feels like his life has no meaning.Which of the perspectives in contemporary social psychology is BEST suited to help usunderstand Jeremiah's experience?A)the existential perspectiveB)the evolutionary perspectiveC)the social cognitive perspectiveD)the neuroscience perspective15.Which of the following techniques of measurement is NOT considered a key part of theneuroscience perspective in social psychology?A)brain imagingB)assessing cardiovascular functioningC)assessing self-reported mental statesD)measuring brain waves16.Which of the following occurrences is the best example of the “power of the situation”?A)U.S. citizens vary in the extent to which they conform to the norms of their culture.B)Everyone in a library tends to be quiet.C)More extraverted people are more likely than introverted people to talk at a party.D)A person tends to have a stable identity that is constant through differentenvironments.

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Page417.Which of the foundational thinkers of social psychology argued that behavior is afunction of the person and the situation?A)John DeweyB)Floyd AllportC)Sigmund FreudD)Kurt Lewin18.Consistent preferences, ways of thinking, and behavioral tendencies that manifest acrossdifferent situations and over time are referred to as:A)dispositions.B)situational influences.C)selves.D)core attitudes.19.Carlosis a deeply introverted person. However, at a party with several of his friends heends up talking more than he normally would. Nevertheless, he still talks less than mostof his friends. What is the primary determinant of Carlos's behavior in this case?A)his genetic make-upB)the situation that he is inC)his dispositionsD)the interaction of the situation and his dispositions20.Which of the following assumptions is NOT one of the four core assumptions of socialpsychology?A)Behavior is determined exclusively by situations.B)All human thought is inherently social.C)Social cognition has a strong influence on social behavior.D)The scientific method is essential for understanding the roots of social behavior.21.Which of the following instances is an example of the way we use social comparisons toself-evaluate?A)An instructor provides personal feedback on a test.B)A person shooting rolled-up paper balls into a wastebasket is able to make threebaskets.C)A child thinks about how tall she is by looking around at the other children in herclassroom.D)A mother decides that her son is her favorite person in the world.

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Page522.Akiragot in a car accident recently. After assessing the situation, he believes that theaccident was his fault. This is causing him to be constantly on the lookout for situationsin which he might make a mistake, making him feel continually nervous. What does thisexample BEST demonstrate?A)the importance of an evolutionary perspectiveB)our reliance on social comparisonC)the power of the situationD)the powerful influence of social cognition23.What aspect of social psychology MOST distinguishes it from many other ways ofunderstanding the causes and consequences of people's social behavior, such asphilosophy or general cultural knowledge?A)the idea that humans are inherentlysocialB)an emphasis on the scientific methodC)a sense that people's dispositions play a major role in determining their behaviorD)the use of observations from the real world to form assumptions24.Which theory suggests that people are like “intuitive scientists,” using reasoning andobservation to understand the nature of the social world?A)social cognition theoryB)social comparison theoryC)behaviorismD)attribution theory25.Leleti believes that her friend spilled soda all over her backpack in order to get revengefor a remark Leleti made a few days ago, even though her friend claims that the incidentwas an accident. Leleti is making a:A)dispositional assumption.B)causal attribution.C)third variable assumption.D)social comparison.26.What is the definition ofcultural knowledge?A)a store of information accumulated in a culture about how the world worksB)our understanding of a given culture using the scientific methodC)the way in which people understand themselves through comparison with othersD)people's consistent preferences and ways of thinking that are consistent acrosssituations and time

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Page627.Mbongeni has never seen a “germ,”and he also hasn't read any of the medical researchsupporting germ theory. Since he doesn't have any medical education, he likely wouldn'tbe able to make sense of the literature if he read it. However, Mbongeni believes that ifhe catches a cold, it is because of a germ. Mbongeni is relying on _____ to understandhow colds happen.A)an existential perspectiveB)confirmation biasC)cultural knowledgeD)the scientific method28.A priori causal theories are:A)theories for explaining behavior acquired from culture or situationally salientfactors.B)explanations for behavior constructed from scientific data.C)correlational associations between two kinds of events.D)views of life and the universe that imbue them with ultimate meaning.29.Which of the following is NOT a reason why people are often limited in their ability toexplain their own behavior?A)People often don't tell the truth.B)People sometimes repress unpleasant information.C)People rely on a priori causal theories to explain their behavior.D)People have private access to their own memories and thoughts.30.Researchers Nisbett and Wilson found that when shoppers were asked to choosebetween different silk stockings, the primary factor influencing their decision was thepositioning of the stockings on the table. However, when asked why they chose thestockings they chose, the shoppers generated a variety of different reasons. This findingis evidence that:A)a behaviorist perspective provides the most insight into psychology.B)people rely on a priori causal theories to explain their behavior.C)people are the best sources of information about their own behavior.D)cultural knowledge is generally accurate.

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Page731.What is one of the ultimate conclusions to be drawn from Nisbett and Wilson's researchdemonstratingpeople's reliance on a priori causal theories to explain their ownbehavior?A)While people have access to the products of their thought processes, they have littleaccess to those processes themselves.B)Dispositional factors are more important than situational factors in determininghow people behave.C)Situational factors are more important than dispositional factors in determining theexplanations people give for their own behavior.D)People have exceptional powers of introspection.32.The fact that people tend to seize onto quick and easy answers to questions, rather thanexpending cognitive effort, has led researchers to conclude that people are:A)social cognizers.B)introspective.C)cognitive misers.D)intuitive scientists.33.Confirmation bias is:A)the tendency to be more positive than negative when processing social input.B)the tendency to process information to conform to what we desire and expect.C)a form of prejudice based on familiarity with outgroup members.D)an automatically higher level of agreement with everything that is being said to oneat the moment.34.Lord and colleagues found that, after reading articles with research that both supportedand undermined the value of capital punishment, people with initially favorable attitudesbelieved capital punishment to be more effective, while those with initially negativeattitudes believed it to be less so. This finding is evidence of:A)social comparison.B)confirmation bias.C)causal attribution.D)hypocrisy.

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Page835.Emilianobelieves that dogs are better than cats. He decides to search the Internet oneday to see if his opinion is rooted in fact. He reads several articles that consider all sidesof the matter, presenting a rather blurry picture of whether humans should prefer thecompany of dogs or cats. What does research suggest Emiliano is most likely toconclude based on reading all this new information?A)Dogs are better than cats.B)Cats are better than dogs.C)Both animals should be loved equally.D)There is no way to answer the question definitively.36.In a famous study, participants were told they were “teachers” in an experiment whowere going to give instructions to a “learner.” When the learner failed to do well, theparticipants were ordered to give the learner electric shocks. The learner was actually anactor working for the study, and not a real participant. The learner in this study waswhat is called:A)a confederate.B)a research assistant.C)an experimenter.D)an ersatz-participant.37.Which of the following reasons is NOT a reason why people are often limited in theirability to explain the causes of others' behavior?A)The act of observing the behavior might change it.B)People are biased to try to confirm what they already believe and expect.C)People's observations come from a limited, idiosyncratic perspective.D)People spend as much cognitive energy as possible trying to uncover why a givensituation happened.38.A study demonstrated that if a participant is being interviewed by a person who taps herfeet, the participant is also more likely to tap his feet; and if he is being interviewed by aperson who scratches her head, the participant is also more likely to scratch his head.Which principle does this finding BEST demonstrate?A)People are biased to confirm what they already know.B)The act of observing behavior can change that behavior.C)People develop a priori causal theories to explain their behavior.D)People are cognitive misers.

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Page939.The process whereby scientists observe events, look for patterns, and evaluate theoriesproposed to explain those patterns is referred to as:A)research.B)a priori causal theory.C)intuitive knowledge.D)causal attribution.40.Within the scientific method, atheoryis:A)a narrative about the origin of some psychological trait.B)an explanation (potentially false) that people give for their own behavior.C)an explanation for how and why variables are related to each other.D)a prediction about what will occur given certain specified conditions.41.In the scientific method, _____ are derived from _____ in order to test the accuracy ofthe latter.A)hypotheses; theoriesB)theories; hypothesesC)experiments; hypothesesD)hypotheses; experiments42.Scientists propose that the evolution of species occurs through the process of naturalselection. If this is correct, then it should follow that members of a particular species offruit fly will tend to differ genetically across generations from other members of thatspecies if the two sets are kept in radically different environments. In this example, thestatement about how members of the fruit fly species will begin to differ can be referredto as:A)a theory.B)an a priori causal theory.C)a hypothesis.D)research.43.An if-then statement which specifies what the relationships between variables should belike if a theory is correct is called a _____.A)correlation coefficientB)hypothesisC)research questionD)causal attribution

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Page1044.Which of the following sequences BEST demonstrates the cycle of theory and researchin science?A)Research Outcome ® Hypothesis ® Theory ® Research OutcomeB)Theory ® Hypothesis ® Research OutcomeC)Hypothesis ® Theory ®Research OutcomeD)Theory ® Hypothesis ® Research Outcome ® Theory45.Which of the following statements is most accurate?A)A given theory should generate multiple hypotheses.B)A given hypothesis should only generate one theory.C)If a hypothesis derived from a theory is disproven, then the theory itself should bediscarded.D)Theories cannot be revised once they have been used.46.In science, _____ are the content of the observations that have been made and replicatedby scientists, while _____ are the explanations given by scientists for that content.A)studies; hypothesesB)hypotheses; studiesC)facts; theoriesD)theories; facts47.According to stereotype threat theory, why will a member of a group that is negativelystereotyped for performance on a task feel threatened when he or she is performing thattask?A)The group member will feel like their performance might reflect on the wholegroup.B)The group member will be desirous of confirming the stereotype.C)The group member will encounter direct stereotypes from members of other groupswhile performing the task.D)It is objectively more difficult for members of that group to perform well on such atask.48.Jacob is a male blue collar worker attending a group therapy session. He knows thatpeople from his background are thought of as not being in touch with their feelings andhaving quick tempers. During the session, he worries about how he will appear, andends up getting angry and losing his temper as a result of this anxiety. Jacob's case is anexample of:A)a cognitive miser.B)stereotype threat.C)demand characteristics.D)confirmation bias.

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Page1149.What is a reason posited by stereotype threat theory for gaps in performance amongmembers of stigmatized groups?A)Members of stigmatized groups are threatening to members of majority groups,who then stereotype the stigmatized group members.B)Because of constant exposure to stereotypes, members of stigmatized groups havestopped caring about their performance.C)Members of stigmatized groups experience more threats on a day-to-day basis.D)Situations that remind stigmatized group members of negative stereotypes abouttheir group causes them anxiety.50.A researcher believes that the more neurotic a person is, the more that person will tendto experience negative emotion. This is an example of a:A)third variable problem.B)experimental/causal hypothesis.C)correlational hypothesis.D)theory.51.What is the most general term for the type of research in which two or more variablesare measured and compared to determine the extent to which they are associated?A)experimental approachB)correlational approachC)quasi-experimental designD)random assignment52.A researcher finds a substantial negative correlation between a measure of anxiety and ameasure of life satisfaction. How should we interpret the relationship between thesevariables?A)There is no relationship between anxiety and life satisfaction.B)The higher a person scores on anxiety, the higher they score on life satisfaction.C)The higher a person scores on anxiety, the lower they score on life satisfaction.D)Anxiety and life satisfaction are probably the same variable.53.A positive or negative value that shows the strength and direction of the associationbetween two variables is referred to as:A)a point estimate.B)a dependent variable.C)a conceptual replication.D)a correlation coefficient.

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Page1254.If two psychological variables are correlated atr= +1.0, this probably means that:A)the two variables are measuring the same underlying construct.B)the two variables are completely independent of one another.C)the two variables are moderately related.D)the higher you score on one variable, the lower you score on the other.55.In their research on stereotype threat, Pinel and colleagues found a negative correlationamong stigmatized group members between stigma consciousness and GPA. This studywas designed as a test of which of the following hypotheses?A)The more a person is conscious of the negative stereotype of his or her group, theworse that person will perform in areas related to the stereotype.B)Situations that make a negative stereotype of a person's group prominent in theperson's mind will lead to worse performance than situations that do not.C)People who belong to a stereotyped group will be more likely than those who don'tto have a low GPA.D)Being aware of stigmatization of one's group generally leads to an inflated sense ofGPA.56.Which of the following statements is true regarding the finding that there is a negativecorrelation among stigmatized group members between stigma consciousness and GPA?A)It allows us to conclude that stigma consciousness and GPA are completelyunrelated variables.B)It is consistent with ahypothesis that can be derived from the theory of stereotypethreat.C)It strongly suggests that a person's level of stigma consciousness causallydetermines their GPA.D)It suggests that if we know a person's level of stigma consciousness, we can predictwith near-perfect accuracy what their GPA will be.57.Which one of the following statements is FALSE?A)Some hypotheses can be effectively tested using a correlational approach.B)A correlation between two variables may be primarily driven by a third variablethat is associated with both.C)Correlation does not imply causation.D)Two variables do not need to be correlated with each other for one to have a causalinfluence on the other.

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Page1358.The reverse causality problem refers to what phenomenon?A)The fact that, when a correlation is found between two variables, it is impossible todetermine which variable causes the other.B)People's thoughts about the future can influence their present behaviors.C)The fact that people will explain their own behavior by relying on culturallycommon theories or factors that happen to be salient at the moment.D)There are many situations in which variables influence each other in a reciprocalfashion.59.A researcher finds that self-esteem is positively correlated with academic performance.What can the researcher conclude from these data about the causal relationship betweenthese variables?A)High self-esteem causes people to perform better academically.B)People who perform better academically have higher self-esteem as a result.C)High self-esteem and academic performance both have causal influence on eachother.D)It is impossible to conclude anything about the causal relationship between thesevariables based on these data.60.The third variable problem refers to the fact that:A)experiments allow researchers to assess relationships between independentvariables, dependent variables, and third variables.B)almost all phenomena in social psychology are driven by the interaction betweenthree identifiable variables.C)a correlation between two variables may be driven by their mutual association withanother variable.D)researchers in social psychology tend to statistically investigate the relationshipsbetween only three variables at a time.61.A researcher finds that the number of murders committed during a summer is correlatedwith the number of ice cream cones consumed. However, they realize that there is athird variable problem related to this finding. What might this problem be?A)It's possible that people eat more ice cream to console themselves about news thatmurder is being committed, rather than murder being committed as a result of icecream sales.B)High temperatures might be causing both greater ice cream sales and moreaggressive acts of violence.C)Victims of murder cannot be randomly assigned to a condition.D)The number of murders committed in an area might not only be causing more icecream sales, but also more toy sales.

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