Solution Manual for Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures, 6th Edition

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iiiTABLE OF CONTENTSChapter 1:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................1Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................2Answers to Quizzes…..................................................................................4Test Questions............................................................................................4Chapter 2:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................11Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................12Answers to Applications.............................................................................14Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................14Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................15Test Questions............................................................................................15Chapter 3:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................23Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................23Answers to Applications.............................................................................25Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................25Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................25Test Questions............................................................................................26Chapter 4:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................33Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................34Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................36Test Questions............................................................................................36Chapter 5:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................45Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................45Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................46Test Questions............................................................................................47Chapter 6:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................55Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................55Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................57Test Questions............................................................................................58Chapter 7:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................67Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................67Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................69Test Questions............................................................................................69

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ivChapter 8:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................77Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................78Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................79Test Questions............................................................................................80Chapter 9:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................89Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................89Answers to Applications.............................................................................91Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................91Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................92Test Questions............................................................................................92Chapter 10:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................101Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................102Answers to Applications.............................................................................104Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................105Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................105Test Questions............................................................................................106Chapter 11:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................115Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................115Answers to Applications.............................................................................118Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................119Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................119Test Questions............................................................................................120Chapter 12:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................129Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................130Answers to Applications.............................................................................132Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................134Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................134Test Questions............................................................................................135Chapter 13:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................143Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................143Answers to Applications.............................................................................146Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................148Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................148Test Questions............................................................................................149

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vChapter 14:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................157Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................157Answers to Applications.............................................................................159Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................160Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................160Test Questions............................................................................................161Chapter 15:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................169Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................170Answers to Applications.............................................................................172Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................173Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................174Test Questions............................................................................................174Chapter 16:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................183Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................183Answers to Applications.............................................................................185Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................186Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................187Test Questions............................................................................................188Chapter 17:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................197Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................198Answers to Applications.............................................................................199Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................200Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................200Test Questions............................................................................................201Chapter 18:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................209Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................210Answers to Applications.............................................................................212Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................212Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................213Test Questions............................................................................................213Chapter 19:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................221Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................221Answers to Applications.............................................................................224Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................225Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................226Test Questions............................................................................................226

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viChapter 20:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................235Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................236Answers to Applications.............................................................................237Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................238Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................239Test Questions............................................................................................240Chapter 21:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................247Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................247Answers to Applications.............................................................................249Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................250Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................250Test Questions............................................................................................251Chapter 22:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................259Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................259Answers to Applications.............................................................................261Answers to Misapplications.........................................................................262Answers to Quizzes.....................................................................................263Test Questions............................................................................................263Chapter 23:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................271Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................271Answers to Applications.............................................................................273Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................274Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................275Test Questions............................................................................................275Chapter 24:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................283Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................283Answers to Applications.............................................................................285Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................286Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................287Test Questions............................................................................................287Chapter 25:Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities...............................................295Answers to Practice Test Questions...........................................................295Answers to Applications.............................................................................297Answers to Misapplications.......................................................................298Answers to Quizzes...................................................................................299Test Questions............................................................................................299

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1Chapter 1Introduction to Behavior ModificationChapter OutlineDefining Human BehaviorExamples ofBehaviorDefining Behavior ModificationCharacteristics of Behavior ModificationHistorical Roots of Behavior ModificationMajor FiguresEarly Behavior Modification ResearchersMajor Publications and EventsAreas of ApplicationDevelopmental DisabilitiesMental IllnessEducation and Special EducationRehabilitationCommunity PsychologyClinical PsychologyBusiness, Industry, and Human ServicesSelf-managementChild ManagementPreventionSports PsychologyHealth-Related BehaviorsGerontologyProfessional Practice, Certification, and EthicsThe Structure of This TextbookMeasurement of Behavior and Behavior ChangeBasic Principles of BehaviorProcedures to Establish New BehaviorProcedures to Increase Desirable BehaviorandDecrease Undesirable BehaviorOther Behavior Change ProceduresChapter SummaryKey TermsPractice TestIdeas for Class Activities1.Ask students to share what they think behavior modification is all about before reviewing the characteristics ofbehavior modification in the chapter.2. Discuss a few research articlesin which behavior modification procedures were used to address socially significantproblemsto illustrate some of the areas of application of behavior modification.Answers to Practice Test Questions

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21. Behavior is what people do and say. Behavior involves an individual’s actions.2. An example of a description of behavior is: Jennifer screamed at her mother, ran upstairs, and slammed the door to herroom. Alabel that may beapplied to this behavior is“anger.”3. Thefourphysical dimensions of behavior that can be observed and recorded are:(1) frequency—the number of times a behavior occurs; (2) duration—the time from when an instance of the behavior startsuntil it stops; (3) intensity—the physical force involved in the behavior; and latency—the time from some stimulus to theonset of the behavior.4. Turning a light switch to the off position has an effect on the physical environment in that it causes the light to go off.Asking a question has an effect on the social environment when another individual provides an answer to the question.5. To say that behavior is lawful is to say that its occurrence is systematically influenced by environmental events. A“functional relationship”refers to how our behavior is influenced by, or occurs as a function of, environmental events.6. An overt behavior is an action of an individualthat can be observed and recorded by an individual other than the oneengaging in the behavior. An example of an overt behavior is talking. Covert behaviors, on the other hand, are notobservable to others. For example, thinking is a covert behavior. This textbook will focus on behavior modification withovert behaviors.7. The six characteristics of behavior are as follows:-Behavior is what people do and say-Behaviors have one or more dimensions-Behaviors can be observed, described, and recorded-Behaviors have an impact on the environment-Behavior is lawful-Behaviors may be overt or covert8. Behavior modification is the application of basic principles originally derived from experimental research withlaboratory animals.9. Human behavior is controlled by events in the immediate environment. However, a label might be mistakenly identifiedas a cause of behavior. A label is derived from observable patterns of behavior. For example, to say that an autistic childengages in problem behaviors because he is autistic is incorrect. Rather, the label of autism is made based on a pattern ofbehaviors observed in the child. The label cannot be the cause of the behavior because the label does not exist as a physicalentity or event.10. By describing behavior modification procedures precisely, researchers and other professionals make it more likely thatthe procedures will be used correctly each time to produce the desired changes in behavior.11. While behavior modification procedures are developed by professionals or paraprofessionals trained in behaviormodification, the procedures are often implemented by people such as teachers, parents, job supervisors, or others.12. It is important to measure behavior before and after behavior modification procedures are used to document thebehavior change resulting from the use of the behavior modification procedures.

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313. Behavior modification places emphasis on current environmental events as causes of behavior. Althoughinformation of past events is useful, knowledge of current controlling variables will be most useful for developingeffective behavior modification interventions, because you can only change events in the current environment as part ofa behavior modification intervention.14. Ninedefining characteristics of behavior modification are as follows:-Focus on behavior-Guided by the theory and philosophy of behaviorism-Based on behavior principles-Emphasis on current environmental events-Procedures are described precisely-Implemented by persons in everyday life-Measurement of behavior change-De-emphasis on past events as causes of behavior-Rejection of hypothetical“underlying”causes of behavior15. Ivan B. Pavlov conducted experiments which uncovered the basic processes of respondent conditioning. Pavlovdemonstrated that a reflex (salivation in response to food) could be conditioned to a neutral stimulus (the sound of ametronome). Edward L. Thorndike described the“law of effect,”which says that a behavior that produces a favorableeffect on the environment will be more likely to be repeated in the future. In his article,“Psychology as the behavioristviews it,”John B. Watson asserted that observable behavior was the proper subject matter of psychology and that allbehavior was controlled by environmental events. B. F. Skinner expanded the field of behaviorism originally describedby Watson. His research elaborated the basic principles of operant behavior, and is the foundation of behaviormodification.16. Examples of how behavior modification procedures have been applied in various areas are as follows:•Developmental disabilities—to train a variety of functional skills to overcome behavioral deficits; to eliminateserious behavioral problems such as self-injurious behaviors, aggressive behavior, and destructive behavior; inthe areas of staff training and staff management.•Mental illness—to modify such behaviors as daily living skills, social behavior, aggressive behavior, treatmentcompliance, psychotic behaviors, and work skills; the development of a motivational procedure for institutionalpatients called a token economy.•Education and Special Education—researchers have analyzed student-teacher interactions in the classroom,improved teaching methods, and developed procedures for reducing interfering problem behaviors in theclassroom; improvement of instructional techniques and increases in student learning. In special education,research has focused on teaching methods, control of problem behaviors in the classroom, improving socialbehaviors and functional skills, self-management, and teacher training.•Rehabilitation—to promote compliance with rehabilitation routines such as physical therapy, to teach newskills to replace skills lost due to the injury or trauma, to decrease problem behaviors, to help manage chronicpain, and to improve memory performance.•Community psychology—reducing littering, increasing recycling, reducing energy consumption, reducingunsafe driving, reducing illegal drug use, increasing the use of seat belts, decreasing illegal parking inhandicapped spaces, and reducing speeding.•Clinical psychology—treatment of a wide range of problems experienced by people; training of clinicalpsychologists.•Business, industry, and human services—to increase the quantity and quality of work performance and safetyon the job; to decrease tardiness, absenteeism, and accidents on the job.•Self-management—to control personal habits, health-related behaviors, professional behaviors, and personalproblems.•Child management—to help children overcome such problems as bedwetting, nailbiting, temper tantrums,noncompliance, aggressive behaviors, bad manners, stuttering, and other common problems of childhood.•Prevention—of child sexual abuse, child abduction, accidents in the home, child abuse and neglect,andsexually transmitted diseases.

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4•Sportsperformance—to improve athletic performance.•Health-related behaviors—to increase healthy lifestyle behaviors (exercise, nutrition, etc.) and decreaseunhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, overeating, etc.); to promote behaviors that have a positive influenceon physical or medical problems; to increase compliance with medical regimens.•Gerontology—to help elderly individuals deal with their deteriorating physical abilities, to help them adjust tonursing home environments, to promote health-related behaviors and appropriate social interactions, and todecrease problem behaviors that may arise from Alzheimer’s disease, other types of dementia, or institutionaldemands.Answers to QuizzesQuiz 11. do and say2. physical, social3. analysis, modification4. excess5. deficit6. dimensions7. c. d. a8. Watson9. overt10. covertQuiz 21. behavior2. frequency, duration, intensity, latency3. behavior modification or applied behavior analysis4. excess5. deficit6. behaviorism7. law of effect8.Skinner9. behavior that can be observed by anotherperson10. behavior that cannot be observed by another personQuiz 31. what people say and do2. behavioral excess3. behavioral deficit4. duration5. frequency6. intensity7.any observable action,such as speaking in class8. any behavior that cannot be observed by another person,such asthinking of the answer to a test question9. Thorndike10. PavlovTest Questions1. In behavior modification, what a person says and does is referred to as:a) behaviorb) effortc) motivated actsd) intentionANS:A2. Behavior is defined as:a) traits of a personb) what a person says and doesc) a person’s mental processesd) attitudes and beliefs that lead to actionANS:B3. The subject matter behavior modification concerns itself with is/are:a) past eventsb) human characteristicsc) internal motivationd) human behaviorANS:D

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54. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behavior?a) behavior has dimensionsb) behavior is lawfulc) behavior can be observed, described, and recordedd) behavior is always overtANS:D5. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of behavior?a) frequencyb) impactc) durationd) intensityANS:B6. Frequency, duration, intensity, and latency are __________________ of behavior.a) statesb) dimensionsc) phasesd) qualitiesANS:B7. During a basketball game, John made 10 baskets. The number of baskets John made is an example of:a) latency.b) intensity.c) duration.d) frequency.ANS:D8. The amount of time it takes a student to complete a test would be an example of what dimension of behavior?a) frequencyb) intensityc) durationd) latencyANS:C9. What dimension of behavior is a measure of how long the behavior occurred?a) latencyb) frequencyc) durationd) intensityANS:C10. Mary’s parents are concerned about her screaming. If the loudness of Mary’s screams iswhat they are interestedin, this would be an example of:a) latencyb) frequencyc) intensityd) durationANS:C

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611. Tommy’s teacher observes him purposely shove another student. Tommy’s observable act of shoving would be anexample of:a) covert behaviorb) overt behaviorc) frequencyd) durationANS:B12. An example of covert behavior would be:a) thinkingb) writingc) runningd) frowningANS:A13. Mark’s parents are trying to figure out why he hits his little brother. The process of trying to identify the functionalrelationship between a behavior and the environment is referred to as:a) targetingb) analysisc) modificationd) explorationANS:B14. With training from a behavior analyst, Mark’s parents take steps to help him change his behavior of hitting his littlebrother. The process of developing and implementing techniques to influence behavior is known as:a) assessmentb) observationc) modificationd) analysisANS:C15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behavior modification?a) focus on behaviorb) procedures based on behavioral principlesc) emphasis on past eventsd) precise description of proceduresANS:C16. Behavior modification procedures are designed to change:a) behaviorb) characteristics of peoplec) traitsd) all of theseANS:A17. Cindy bites her nails but wants to stop. The behavior she wants to change (biting her nails) is called the:a) negative behaviorb) target behaviorc) controlling variabled) independent variableANS:B18. A behavior excess is a behavior that:

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7a) occurs too muchb) annoys other peoplec) occurs at the wrong timed) needs to be increasedANS:A19. Alex likes to drive faster than the speed limit. Alex’s behavior of driving too fast is an example of a:a) behavioral riskb) behavioral deficitc) behavioral excessd) behavioral intentionANS:C20. Sam gets poor grades in school because he rarely studies. Sam’s lack of studying is an example of:a) avoidanceb) poor motivationc) a behavioral excessd) a behavioral deficitANS:D21. An event in the immediate environment that controls a behavior is referred to as:a) a dependent variableb) a reactive variablec) a controlling variabled) an extraneous variableANS:C22. In behavior modification, measurement of behavior is taken:a) before interventionb) during interventionc) following interventiond) all of theseANS:D23.Which of the following was an important figure in the development of behavior modification who demonstratedthat a reflex could be conditioned to a neutral stimulus?a) Freudb) Pavlovc) Thorndiked) SkinnerANS:B24. Thorndike demonstrated that a behavior which produces a favorable effect on the environment will likely berepeated. This is known as the:a) law of effectb) law of causationc) law of behaviord) law of replicationANS:A25. Watson started a movement in psychology known as:a) psychoanalysis

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8b) experimental psychologyc) behaviorismd) existentialismANS:C26. Who is credited with laying the foundation of behavior modification?a) Freudb) Skinnerc) Watsond) PavlovANS:B27. In which area has the most behavior modification research been conducted?a) mental illnessb) clinical psychologyc) community psychologyd) developmental disabilitiesANS:D28. In what area(s) can behavior modification procedures be used?a) educationb) rehabilitationc) business and industryd)all of theseANS:D29. In which area do individuals use behavior modification procedures on their own behaviors?a) mental illnessb) developmental disabilitiesc) gerontologyd) self-managementANS:D30. Behavior modification:a) has a limited number of applicationsb) has a broad number of applicationsc) is mostly used with childrend) is rarely used these daysANS:B1. Behavior is defined as _________________________________________________________.ANS:what people say and do2. Frequency, duration, intensity,andlatencyare called _________________________ of behavior.ANS:dimensions3. Behavior has an impact on the ________________________ and/or __________________________environment.ANS:social, physical; physical, social4. A(n)_______________________ behavior can be observed and recorded by another individual.ANS:overt5.A(n)________________________ behavior, also called a private event, is not observable to others.

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9ANS:covert6. Behavior modification is the field of psychology concerned with the ____________________________ and_____________________________ of human behavior.ANS:analysis, modification; modification, analysis7. A behavioral excess is defined as _______________________________________________.ANS:too much of a particular behavior8. A behavioral deficit is defined as _______________________________________________.ANS:too little of a particular behavior9. Another term for behavior modifications is _______________________________.ANS:applied behavior analysis10.(Theorists)______________ first described the conditioned reflex.______________ demonstrated the law ofeffect.______________ conducted research on basic principles of operant behavior that laid the foundation forbehavior modification.ANS:Pavlov; Thorndike; Skinner1. TFBehavior modification places emphasis on current environmental events as important causes of behavior.ANS:T2. TFBehavior modification treatments are implemented by persons in everyday life.ANS:T3. TFBehavior modification emphasizes past events as important causes of behavior.ANS:F4. TFBehavior modification emphasizes hypothetical underlying causes of behavior.ANS:F5. TFIn behavior modification, measurement of behavior before and after treatment is important.ANS:T6. TFBehavior modification is also referred to as applied behavior analysis.ANS:T7. TFPavlov did experiments in operant behavior.ANS:F8. TFA behavior does not have an impact on the environment.ANS:F

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109. TFBehavior is defined as what people do and say.ANS:T10. TFAll behavior is overt or observable by others.ANS:F1. Identify fiveareas of application of behavior modification.ANS:Areas of application of behavior modification are developmental disabilities, education, communitypsychology, business, industry and human services, self-management, prevention, health-related behaviors, mentalillness, rehabilitation, clinical psychology, child-management, sports psychology, and gerontology.2. What arefourdimensions of behavior that can be observed?ANS:Four dimensions of behavior that can be observed are frequency, duration, intensity, and latency.3. What does it mean to say that behavior is lawful?ANS: To say that behavior is lawful is to say that its occurrence is systematically influenced by environmental events.4. What is the difference between overt and covert behavior?ANS:An overt behavior is an action of an individual that can be observed and recorded by an individual other thanthe one engaging in the behavior. Covert behaviors are not observable to others.5. Why does behavior modification focus on changing current environmental variables rather than past events tochange behavior?ANS:Although information of past events is useful, knowledge of current controlling variables will be most usefulfor developing effective behavior modification interventions because you can only change events in the currentenvironment as part of a behavior modification intervention.

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11Chapter 2Observing and Recording BehaviorChapter OutlineDirect and Indirect AssessmentDefining the Target BehaviorsThe Logistics of RecordingThe ObserverWhen and Where to RecordChoosing a Recording MethodContinuous RecordingFrequencyDurationRealtime RecordingIntensityLatencyPercentage of OpportunitiesProduct RecordingInterval RecordingPartialIntervalWhole IntervalFrequency-within-intervalTime Sample RecordingChoosing a Recording InstrumentData SheetGolf-stroke CounterStop WatchLaptop, Smart Phone orHand-held ComputerBarcode TechnologyCoin TransferTears in PaperRanger BeadsPhysical Activity Recording Device (Pedometer, Accelerometer, GPS Device)ReactivityInterobserverAgreementChapter SummaryKey TermsPractice TestApplicationsMisapplicationsIdeas for Class Activities1. Engage in a somewhat complex behavior in front of the classroom (e.g., a child’s tantrum consisting of multiplebehaviors) and have students write down a behavioral definition of the behavior they just observed. Ask a number ofstudents to read their definitions and discuss the various definitions.2. Bring a videotape of a 5 minute segment of someone engaging in a specific behavior (for example, a habit such as

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