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Solution Manual for Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures, 6th Edition

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    iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities .......................................... .... . 1 Ans wers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................ . .. 2 Answers to Quizzes … ............................................... ..... .............................. 4 Test Questions ......................................................................................... . .. 4 Chapter 2: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ..... ..... ..................................... 11 Answers to Practice Test Questions .................................................... ... .... 12 Answers to Applications ................................................................... .... ...... 14 Answers to Misapplications ............................................................. ... ....... 14 Answers to Quizzes ............................................ ................................. ...... 15 Test Questions ................................................................................. ... ........ 15 Chapter 3: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ......... ... ................................... 2 3 Answers to Practice Test Questions ............................................. ... ........... 23 Answers to Applications ................................................................ ... .......... 25 Answers to Misapplications ........................................................... ... ......... 25 Answers to Quizzes .......................................... ......................................... 25 Test Questions .............................................................................. ... ........... 26 Chapter 4: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities . . ... ............................... ........... 33 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 34 Answers to Quizzes ................. ................................................................. . 36 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 36 Chapter 5: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities .............. ................................ . 45 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 45 Answers to Quizzes ......... ................................................................. ......... 46 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 4 7 Chapter 6: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ................ ............................... 55 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 55 Answers to Quizzes ................. ................................................................. . 57 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 58 Chapter 7: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities .............. .............................. . . . 67 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 67 Answers to Quizzes ....... ................................................................. ........... 69 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 69

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    iv Chapter 8: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities .............. ............................ ... . . 77 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................ . .. 78 Answers to Quizzes ................ ................................................................. .. 79 Test Questions ......................................................................................... . .. 80 Chapter 9: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities .............. .............................. ... 89 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 89 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 91 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 91 Answers to Quizzes .............. ................................................................. .... 92 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 92 Chapter 10: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ................ ............................ . . . 101 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 102 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 104 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 105 Answers to Quizzes .............. .................................................................. ... 105 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 106 Chapter 11: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities .............. ............................. .... 115 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 115 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 118 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 119 Answers to Quizzes ............... ................................................................. ... 119 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 120 Chapter 12: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities .. . .......... . .. ............................ ... 1 29 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 1 30 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 1 32 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 1 34 Answers to Quizzes ............. ................................................................. ..... 1 34 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 1 35 Chapter 13: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities .............. ................................ . 1 43 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 1 43 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 1 46 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 1 48 Answers to Quizzes ........... ................................................................. ....... 1 48 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 1 49

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    v Chapter 14: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 1 57 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 1 57 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 1 59 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 1 60 Answers to Quizzes ............. ................................................................. ..... 1 60 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 1 61 Chapter 15: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............... ............................... . 1 69 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 1 70 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 1 72 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 1 73 Answers to Quizzes ............... ................................................................. ... 1 74 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 1 74 Chapter 16: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 1 83 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 1 83 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 1 85 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 1 86 Answers to Quizzes .............. ................................................................. .... 1 87 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 1 88 Chapter 17: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............... .............................. .. 1 97 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 1 98 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 1 99 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 200 Answers to Quizzes ............ ................................................................. ...... 200 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 201 Chapter 18: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 209 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 210 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 212 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 212 Answers to Quizzes ............... ................................................................. ... 213 Test Questions ... .. ....................................................................................... 213 Chapter 19: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 221 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 221 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 224 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 225 Answers to Quizzes ............. ............................. . ..................................... ... 226 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 226

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    vi Chapter 20: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 235 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 236 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 237 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 238 Answers to Quizzes ............. ............................. .. .................................... ... 239 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 240 Chapter 21: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 2 47 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 247 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 2 49 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 250 Answers to Quizzes ............. ............................. . .................................... .... 250 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 2 51 Chapter 22: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 2 5 9 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 2 59 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 261 Answers to Misapplications ................................... .. .................................... 262 Answers to Quizzes ............. ..................... .. ........ . ..................................... ... 263 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 263 Chapter 23: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 2 71 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 2 71 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 273 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 274 Answers to Quizzes ............. ............................. . ..................................... ... 275 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 275 Chapter 24: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 2 83 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 283 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 285 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 286 Answers to Quizzes ............. ............................. . .................................... .... 287 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 287 Chapter 25: Chapter Outline / Ideas for Class Activities ............. ............................. ..... 295 Answers to Practice Test Questions ........................................................... 295 Answers to Applications ............................................................................. 297 Answers to Misapplications ....................................................................... 298 Answers to Quizzes ............. ................................................................. ..... 299 Test Questions ............................................................................................ 299

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    1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Behavior Modification Chapter Outline Defining Human Behavior Examples of Behavior Defining Behavior Modification Characteristics of Behavior Modification Historical Roots of Behavior Modification Major Figures Early Behavior Modification Researchers Major Publications and E vents Areas of Application Developmental Disabilities Mental Illness Education and Special Education Rehabilitation Community Psychology Clinical P sychology Business, Industry, and Human Services Self - management Child Management Prevention Sports Psychology Health - Related Behaviors Gerontology Professional Practice, Certification, and Ethics The Structure of This Textbook Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change Basic Principles of Behavior Procedures to Establish New Behavior Procedures to Increase Desirable Behavior and D ecrease Undesirable Behavior Other Behavior Change Procedures Chapter Summary Key Terms Practice Test Ideas for Class Activities 1. Ask students to share what they think behavior modification is all about before reviewing the characteristics of behavior modification in the chapter . 2. Discuss a few research articles in which behavior modification procedures were used to address socially significant problems to illustrate some of the areas of application of behavior modification . Answers to Practice Test Questions

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    2 1. Behavior is what people do and say. Behavior involves an individual ’ s actions. 2. An example of a description of behavior is: Jennifer screamed at her mother, ran upstairs, and sl ammed the door to her room. A label that may be applied to this behavior is “ anger. ” 3. The four physical dimensions of behavior that can be observed and recorded are: (1) frequency — the number of times a behavior occurs; (2) duration — the time from when an instance of the behavior starts until it stops; (3) intensity — the physical force involved in the behavior ; and latency — the time from some stimulus to the onset of the behavior . 4. Turning a light switch to the off position has an effect on the physical environment in that it causes the light to go of f. Asking a question has an effect on the social environment when another individual provides an answer to the question. 5. To say that behavior is lawful is to say that its occurrence is systematically influenced by environmental events. A “ functional relationship ” refers to how our behavior is influenced by, or occurs as a function of, environmental events. 6. An overt behavio r is an action of an individual that can be observed and recorded by an individual other than the one engaging in the behavior. An example of an overt behavior is talking. Covert behaviors, on the other hand, are not observable to others. For example, thinking is a covert behavior. This textbook will focus on behavior modification with overt behaviors. 7. The six characteristics of behavior are as follows: - Behavior is what people do and say - Behaviors have one or more dimensions - Behaviors can be observed, described, and recorded - Behaviors have an impact on the environment - Behavior is lawful - Behaviors may be overt or covert 8. Behavior modification is the application of basic principles originally derived from experimental research with laboratory animals. 9. Human behavior is controlled by events in the immediate environment. However, a label might be mistakenly identified as a cause of behavior. A label is derived from observable patterns of behavior. For example, to say that an autistic child engages in problem behaviors because he is autistic is incorrect. Rather, the label of autism is made based on a pattern of behaviors observed in the child. The label cannot be the cause of the behavior because the label does not exist as a physica l entity or event. 10. By describing behavior modification procedures precisely, researchers and other professionals make it more likely that the procedures will be used correctly each time to produce the desired changes in behavior. 11. While behavior modification procedures are developed by professionals or paraprofessionals trained in behavior modification, the procedures are often implemented by people such as teachers, parents, job supervisors, or others. 12. It is important to measure behavior before and after behavior modification procedures are used to document the behavior change resulting from the use of the behavior modification procedures.

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    3 13. Behavior modification places emphasis on current environmental events as causes of behavior. Although information of past events is useful, knowledge of current controlling variables will be most useful for developing effective behavior modification interventions, because you can only change events in the current environment as part of a behavior modification intervention. 14. Nine defining characteristics of behavior modification are as follows: - Focus on behavior - Guided by the theory and philosophy of behaviorism - Based on behavior principles - Emphasis on current environmental events - Procedures are described precisely - Implemented by persons in everyday life - Measurement of behavior change - De - emphasis on past events as causes of behavior - Rejection of hypothetical “ underlying ” causes of behavior 15. Ivan B. Pavlov conducted experiments which uncovered the basic processes of respondent conditioning. Pavlov demonstrated that a reflex (salivation in response to food) could be conditioned to a neutral stimulus (the sound of a metronome). Edward L. Thorndike described the “ law of effect, ” which says that a behavior that produces a favorable effect on the environment will be more likely to be repeated in the future. In his article, “ Psychology as the behaviorist views it, ” John B. Watson asserted that observable behavior was the proper subject matter of psychology and that all behavior was controlled by environmental events. B. F. Skinner expanded the field of behaviorism originally described by Watson. His research elaborated the basic principles of operant behavior, and is the foundation of behavior modification. 16. Examples of how behavior modification procedures have been applied in various areas are as follows: • Developmental disabilities — to train a variety of functional skills to overcome behavioral deficits; to eliminate serious behavioral problems such as self - injurious behaviors, aggressive behavior, and destructive behavior; in the areas of staff training and staff management. • Mental illness — to modify such behaviors as daily living skills, social behavior, aggressive behavior, treatment compliance, psychotic behaviors, and work skills; the development of a motivational procedure for institutional patients called a token economy. • Education and Special Education — researchers have analyzed student - teacher interactions in the classroom, improved teaching methods, and developed procedures for reducing interfering problem behaviors in the classroom; improvement of instructional techniques and increases in student learning. In special education, research has focused on teaching methods, control of problem behaviors in the classroom, improving social behaviors and functional skills, self - management, and teacher training. • Rehabilitation — to promote compliance with rehabilitation routines such as physical therapy, to teach new skills to replace skills lost due to the injury or trauma, to decrease problem behaviors, to help manage chronic pain, and to improve memory performance. • Community psychology — reducing littering, increasing recycling, reducing energy consumption, reducing unsafe driving, reducing illegal drug use, increasing the use of seat belts, decreasing illegal parking in handicapped spaces, and reducing speeding. • Clinical psychology — treatment of a wide range of problems experienced by people; training of clinical psychologists. • Business, industry, and human services — to increase the quantity and quality of work performance and safety on the job; to decrease tardiness, absenteeism, and accidents on the job. • Self - management — to control personal habits, health - related behaviors, professional behaviors, and personal problems. • Child management — to help children overcome such problems as bedwetting, nail biting, temper tantrums, noncompliance, aggressive behaviors, bad manners, stuttering, and other common problems of childhood . • Prevention — of child sexual abuse, child abduction, accidents in the home, child abuse and neglect, and sexually transmitted disease s .

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    4 • Sports performance — to improve athletic performance . • Health - related behaviors — to increase healthy lifestyle behaviors (exercise, nutrition, etc.) and decrease unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, overeating, etc.); to promote behaviors that have a positive influence on physical or medical problems; to increase compliance with medical regimens. • Gerontology — to help elderly individuals deal with their deteriorating physical abilities, to help them adjust to nursing home environments, to promote health - related behaviors and appropriate social interactions, and to decrease problem behaviors that may arise from Alzheimer ’ s disease, other types of dementia, or institutional demands. Answers to Quizzes Quiz 1 1. do and say 2. physical, social 3. analysis, modification 4. excess 5. deficit 6. dimensions 7. c. d. a 8. Watson 9. overt 10. covert Quiz 2 1. behavior 2. frequency, duration, intensity, latency 3. behavior modification or applied behavior analysis 4. excess 5. deficit 6. behaviorism 7. law of effect 8. Skinner 9. behavior that can be observed by another person 10. behavior that cannot be observed by another person Quiz 3 1. what people say and do 2. behavioral excess 3. behavioral deficit 4. duration 5. frequency 6. intensity 7. any observable action , such as speaking in class 8. any behavior that cannot be observed by another person , such as thinking of the answer to a test question 9. Thorndike 10. Pavlov Test Questions 1. In behavior modification, what a person says and does is referred to as: a) behavior b) effort c) motivated acts d) intention ANS: A 2. Behavior is defined as: a) traits of a person b) what a person says and does c) a person’s mental processes d) attitudes and beliefs that lead to action ANS: B 3 . The subject matter behavior modification concerns itself with is /are : a) past events b) human characteristics c) internal moti vation d) human behavior ANS: D

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    5 4 . Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behavior? a) behavior has dimensions b) behavior is lawful c) behavior can be observed, described, and recorded d) behavior is always overt ANS: D 5 . Which of the following is NOT a dimension of behavior? a) frequency b) impact c) duration d) intensity ANS: B 6. Frequency, duration, intensity, and latency are __________________ of behavior. a) states b) dimensions c) phases d) qualities ANS: B 7 . During a basketball game, John made 10 baskets. The number of baskets John made is an example of: a) latency. b) intensity . c) duration . d) frequency . ANS: D 8 . The amount of time it takes a student to complete a test would be an example of what dimension of behavior? a) frequency b) intensity c) duration d) latency ANS: C 9. What dimension of behavior is a measure of how long the behavior occurred? a) latency b) frequency c) duration d) intensity ANS: C 10 . Mary ’ s parents are concerned about her screaming. If the loudness of Mary ’ s screams is what they are interested in, this would be an example of: a) latency b) frequency c) intensity d) duration ANS: C

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    6 11 . Tommy ’ s teacher observes him purposely shove another student. Tommy ’ s observable act of shoving would be an example of: a) covert behavior b) overt behavior c) frequency d) duration ANS: B 12 . An example of covert behavior would be: a) thinking b) writing c) running d) frowning ANS: A 13 . Mark ’ s parents are trying to figure out why he hits his little brother. The process of trying to identify the functional relationship between a behavior and the environment is referred to as: a) targeting b) analysis c) modification d) exploration ANS: B 14 . With training from a behavior analyst, Mark ’ s parents take steps to help him change his behavior of hitting his little brother. The process of developing and implementing techniques to influence behavior is known as: a) assessment b) observation c) modification d) analysis ANS: C 15 . Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behavior modification? a) focus on behavior b) procedures based on behavioral principles c) emphasis on past events d) precise description of procedures ANS: C 16 . Behavior modification procedures are designed to change: a) behavior b) characteristics of people c) traits d) all of these ANS: A 17 . Cindy bites her nails but wants to stop. The behavior she wants to change (biting her nails) is called the: a) negative behavior b) target behavior c) controlling variable d) independent variable ANS: B 18. A behavior excess is a behavior that:

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    7 a) occurs too much b) annoys other people c) occurs at the wrong time d) needs to be increased ANS: A 19 . Alex likes to drive faster than the speed limit. Alex ’ s behavior of driving too fast is an example of a: a) behavioral risk b) behavioral deficit c) behavioral excess d) behavioral intention ANS: C 20 . Sam gets poor grades in school because he rarely studies. Sam ’ s lack of studying is an example of: a) avoidance b) poor motivation c) a behavioral excess d) a behavioral deficit ANS: D 21 . An event in the immediate environment that controls a behavior is referred to as: a) a dependent variable b) a reactive variable c) a controlling variable d) an extraneous variable ANS: C 22 . In behavior modification, measurement of behavior is taken: a) before intervention b) during intervention c) following intervention d) all of these ANS: D 23 . Which of the following was a n important figure in the development of behavior modification who demonstrated that a reflex could be co nditioned to a neutral stimulus? a) Freud b) Pavlov c) Thorndike d) Skinner ANS: B 2 4 . Thorndike demonstrated that a behavior which produces a favorable effect on the environment will likely be repeated. This is known as the: a) law of effect b) law of causation c) law of behavior d) law of replication ANS: A 25 . Watson started a movement in psychology known as: a) psychoanalysis

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    8 b) experimental psychology c) behaviorism d) existentialism ANS: C 26 . Who is credited with laying the foundation of behavior modification? a) Freud b) Skinner c) Watson d) Pavlov ANS: B 2 7 . In which area has the most behavior modification research been conducted? a) mental illness b) clinical psychology c) community psychology d) developmental disabilities ANS: D 28 . In what area(s) can behavior modification procedures be used? a) education b) rehabilitation c) business and industry d) all of these ANS: D 29 . In which area do individuals use behavior modification procedures on their own behaviors? a) mental illness b) developmental disabilities c) gerontology d) self - management ANS: D 30. Behavior modification : a) has a limited number of applications b) has a broad number of applications c) is m ostly used with children d ) is rarely used these days ANS: B 1. Behavior is defined as _________________________________________________________ . ANS: what people say and do 2. Frequency, duration, intensity , and latency are called _________________________ of behavior. ANS: dimensions 3. Behavior has an impact on the ________________________ and/or __________________________environment. ANS: social, physical; physical, social 4. A ( n ) _______________________ behavior can be observed and recorded by another individual. ANS : overt 5. A (n) ________________________ behavior, also called a private event, is not observable to others.

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    9 ANS: covert 6. Behavior modification is the field of psychology concerned with the ____________________________ and _____________________________ of human behavior. ANS: analysis, modification; modification, analysis 7. A behavioral excess is defined as _______________________________________________. ANS: too much of a particular behavior 8. A behavioral deficit is defined as _______________________________________________ . ANS: too little of a particular behavior 9. Another term for behavior modifications is _______________________________. ANS: applied behavior analysis 10. (Theorists) ______________ first described the conditioned reflex. ______________ demonstrated the law of effect. ______________ conducted research on basic principles of operant behavior that laid the foundation for behavior modification. ANS: Pavlov; Thorndike; Skinner 1. T F Behavior modification places emphasis on current environmental events as important causes of behavior . ANS: T 2. T F Behavior modification treatments are implemented by persons in everyday life. ANS: T 3. T F Behavior modification emphasizes past events as important causes of behavior. ANS: F 4. T F Behavior modification emphasizes hypothetical underlying causes of behavior. ANS: F 5. T F In behavior modification, measurement of behavior before and after treatment is important. ANS: T 6. T F Behavior modification is also referred to as applied behavior analysis. ANS: T 7. T F Pavlov did experiments in operant behavior. ANS: F 8. T F A behavior does not have an impact on the environment. ANS: F

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    10 9. T F Behavior is defined as what people do and say. ANS: T 10. T F All behavior is overt or observable by others. ANS: F 1. Identify five areas of application of behavior modification. ANS: Areas of application of behavior modification are developmental disabilities, education, community psychology, business, industry and human services, self - management, prevention, health - related behaviors, mental illness, rehabilitation, clinical psychology, child - management, sports psychology, and gerontology. 2. What are four dimensions of behavior that can be observed? ANS : Four dimensions of behavior that can be observed are frequency, duration, intensity, and latency. 3. What does it mean to say that behavior is lawful? ANS: To say that behavior is lawful is to say that its occurrence is systematically influenced by environmental events. 4. What is the difference between overt and covert behavior? ANS: An overt behavior is an action of an individual that can be observed and recorded by an individual other than the one engaging in the behavior. Covert behaviors are not observable to others. 5. Why does behavior modification focus on changing current environmental variables rather than past events to change behavior? ANS: Although information of past events is useful, knowledge of current controlling variables will be most useful for developing effective behavior modification interventions because you can only change events in the current environment as part of a behavior modification intervention.

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    11 Chapter 2 Observing and Recording Behavior Chapter Outline Direct and Indirect Assessment Defining the Target Behaviors The Logistics of R ecording The Observer When and Where to Record Choosing a Recording Method Continuous Recording Frequency Duration Real time R ecording Intensity Latency Percentage of Opportunities Product Recording Interval Recording Partial I nterval Whole I nterval Frequency - within - interval Time Sample R ecording Choosing a Recording Instrument Data S heet Golf - s troke C ounter Stop W atch Laptop, Smart Phone or Hand - held C omputer Barcode T echnology Coin T ransfer Tears in P aper Ranger B eads Physical Activity R ecording Device ( Pedometer , Accelerometer, GPS Device) Reactivity Interobserver Agreement Chapter Summary Key Terms Practice Test Applications Misapplications Ideas for Class Activities 1. Engage in a somewhat complex behavior in front of the classroom (e.g., a child’s tantrum consisting of multiple behaviors) and have students write down a behavioral definition of the behavior they just observed. Ask a number of students to read their definitions and discuss the various definitions. 2. Bring a videotape of a 5 minute segment of someone engaging in a specific behavior (for example, a habit such as

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