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Substance Abuse And Dependence

An exploration of substance abuse, its causes, effects, and treatment options.

Christopher Lee
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12 months ago
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 1 preview image
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 3 preview imageSubstance Abuse and DependenceImportant DefinitionsToleranceDependenceAddictionCompulsive substance taking behaviorWithdrawalCravingSubstance AbuseGateway Substances
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 4 preview imageTolerance1. Previous exposure to a drug or to a similar one2. Quantitative response characterized by either:a. A usual dose no longer evokes its desiredeffect.b. A larger dose than the previous one must be used toproduce the same effect.
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 5 preview imageDependence:This is an adaptive psychological, physiologicaland biochemical state caused by the repeatedexposure to a drug.Continued use of the drug becomes necessary forthe well-being of the organism.Sometimes the word "dependence" is used as asynonym of addiction.
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 6 preview imageWithdrawal* Withdrawal syndrome:psychological or physiologicalsymptoms may occur.* A closely related substance is takento relieve or avoid withdrawalsymptoms.
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 7 preview imageCompulsive substance takingbehavior:* The substance is taken in larger amounts or over alonger period than intended.* Unsuccessful efforts to cut down or controlsubstance use.* A great deal of time is spent in obtaining, usingand recovery from substance effects.* Social, occupational or recreational activities aregiven up or reduced.* Continuingdespitephysicalorpsychologicalproblems.
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 8 preview imageCraving:it is a strong subjective drive to use the substance. It islikely to be experienced by most (if not all) individualswith substance dependence.
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 9 preview imageSubstance Abuse:It is repetitive use of substances resulting in recurrentand significant adverse consequences, e.g.* Failure to fulfill major role obligations at work,school or home.* Recurrent substance use in situations in which it isphysically hazardous (e.g. driving an automobile).* Recurrent substance related legal problems.
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 10 preview imageGateway SubstancesThese are addictive substances their frequent use hasbeen directly related to subsequent abuse anddependence of other more dangerous substances, suchas Heroin and Cocaine.They include:1. Tobacco2.Cannabinoids(Hashish, Marijuana,Bango)They are the best predictor of other drug useduring adolescence.
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 11 preview imageAddiction:The diagnosis of addiction implies the use of adrug with the following clinical criteria:* The use of the drug is not upon medicalindication* Tolerance* Withdrawal
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 12 preview imageTypes of Drugs of Abuse andDependenceMost of substances known to be amenable for abuseand dependence (Addiction) can be grouped intothe following classes:1. Alcohol.2. Sedatives, hypnotics oranxiolytics.3.Cannabinoids[e.g.Bango-Hashish-Marijuana].4.Opioids[e.g. Heroin, Opium, Morphine, Codeineand Codeine-containing cough sedatives].5. Cocaine.
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 13 preview imageTypes of Drugs of Abuse andDependence6. Amphetamines and other stimulants.7. Tobacco.8. Caffeine.9. Hallucinogens [e.g. LSD,Anticholinergics, Mescaline...]10. Phencyclidine [e.g.Ketamine]11. Volatile solvents.N.B. Poly-substance abuse and dependence iscommon.Substances may be mixed with others.
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 14 preview image(1) NicotineNicotine, in mild to moderate doses, is acentral nervous system stimulant.It enhances central cholinergic receptors(activated by acetylcholine).The dependence-producing effects ofnicotine appear to be modulated bydopamine (nicotinic-cholinergicreceptors lie on dopamine neurons,nicotine increases dopamine).
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Substance Abuse And Dependence - Page 15 preview image(1) NicotineNicotine also increases nor epinephrine,epinephrine, and serotonin and theseincreases may modulate some of thereinforcing effects from cigarettes.In large toxic doses, it exerts an inhibitoryeffect on peripheral cholinergic receptors.
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Subject
Psychology

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