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Test Bank for An Introduction to Theories of Personality, 9th Edition

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    An Introduction to Theories of Personality Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson Domenica Favero B. R. Hergenhahn Test Bank Rachel C. Willis

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    Table of Contents Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 1 Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud 13 Chapter 3: Carl Jung 35 Chapter 4: Alfred Adler 54 Chapter 5: Karen Horney 70 Chapter 6: Erik H. Erikson 86 Chapter 7: Gordon Allport 104 Chapter 8: Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck 119 Chapter 9: B. F. Skinner 136 Chapter 10: John Dollard and Neal Miller 152 Chapter 11: Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel 167 Chapter 12: David M. Buss 183 Chapter 13: George Kelly 199 Chapter 14: Carl Rogers 215 Chapter 15: Abraham Maslow 230 Chapter 16: Rollo Reese May 245 Chapter 17: A Final Word 260

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    1 C HAPTER 1:W HAT I S P ERSONALITY ? Chapter Outline I. Three Concerns of Personality Theory II. Proposed Determinants of Personality A. Genetics B. Traits C. Sociocultural determinants D. Learning E. Existential-humanistic considerations F. Unconscious mechanisms G. Cognitive processes H. Personality as a composite of the above factors III. Questions Confronting the Personality Theorist A. What is the relative importance of the past, present, and future? B. What motivates human behavior? C. How important is the concept of self? D. How important are unconscious mechanisms? E. Is human behavior freely chosen or is it determined? F. What can be learned by asking people about themselves? G. Uniqueness versus commonality H. Are people controlled internally or externally? I. How are the mind and the body related? J. What is the nature of human nature? K. How consistent is human behavior? IV. How Do We Find the Answers? A. Epistemology B. Science C. Scientific Theory D. Synthetic function versus heuristic function E. Principle of verification V. Science and Personality Theory A. Kuhn’s view of science B. Popper’s view of science

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 2 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The term personality is derived from the Latin word persona, which means A) mask. B) mind. C) brain. D) the person. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1 Skill: Factual LO: 1.1: Outline the issues in providing a comprehensive explanation of personality 2) According to Kluckhohn and Murray, every human being is A) like every other human being B) like apes C) like animals D) like machines Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1, 2 Skill: Applied LO: 1.1: Outline the issues in providing a comprehensive explanation of personality 3) According to the authors of your text, probably the most common lay explanation of personality is based on A) learning. B) cultural norms. C) genetics. D) existential-humanistic considerations. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 4) The statement “He has an Irish temper” implies which of the following explanations of personality? A) cultural expectations B) learning C) inherited characteristics D) unconscious mechanisms Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 5) Findings by Bouchard and others suggest that the role of genetics in personality development is A) substantial. B) minimal. C) nonexistent. D) substantial in other animals but minimal in humans. Answer: A Diff: 2

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 3 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Applied LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 6) The question “How much of an attribute is accounted for by heredity and how much of it is accounted for by experience?” defines the A) mind-body problem. B) nativism-empiricism controversy. C) existential-humanistic controversy. D) uniqueness-lawfulness controversy. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 7) A person who believes that a person’s IQ level is determined mainly by experience can be considered a(n) A) empiricist. B) existentialist. C) humanist. D) nativist. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3, 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 8) The researcher who is interested in knowing what organizations you belong to and the economic level of your family is stressing __________ determinants of personality. A) genetic B) sociocultural C) existential-humanistic D) unconscious Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 9) Those emphasizing the learning process in their explanation of personality are A) nativists. B) existentialists. C) humanists. D) empiricists. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 10) Those theorists who say, “We are what we have been rewarded for being,” emphasize __________ in their explanation of personality. A) learning B) genetics

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 4 C) early experience D) unconscious mechanisms Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 11) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, the difference between a successful person and an unsuccessful person is found in A) cultural norms. B) early experience. C) the genes. D) patterns of reward and punishment. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 12) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, control __________ and you can control personality development. A) inheritance B) cultural expectations C) patterns of reward and punishment D) early experience Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 13) Theorists who emphasize the importance of either sociocultural determinants or learning in their explanations of personality are said to accept A) nativism. B) unconscious thought processes. C) free will. D) environmentalism. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 14) Which of these questions is the existential-humanistic theorist likely to ask? A) Why are you the way you are? B) What have you been rewarded for being? C) What does it mean to be you? D) Why doesn’t anyone like you? Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 5 15) Who is most likely to ask the question, “What is the significance of your awareness that you ultimately must die?” A) a learning theorist B) a psychoanalytic theorist C) an existential theorist D) a geneticist Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 16) The __________ theorist assumes that a person knows a great deal about the determinants of his or her own personality. A) learning B) trait C) existential-humanistic D) psychoanalytic Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 17) The so-called __________ theorist is most interested in studying lapses of memory. A) learning B) trait C) existential-humanistic D) depth Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 18) The theorist emphasizing the unconscious assumes the person knows ______ determinants of his or her own personality. A) the unconscious B) only the conscious C) the existential-humanistic D) few if any Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 19) According to Freud’s or Jung’s theories, the ultimate causes of behavior are A) unconscious. B) learned. C) traits. D) cultural norms. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 6 Skill: Applied LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 20) Which theory posits that your present experience and future goals are important determinants of personality? A) Learning Theory B) Existential-Humanistic Theory C) Trait Theory D) Cognitive Theory Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 21) Behavior that is pulled by the future rather than pushed by the past is called ________ behavior. A) teleological B) hedonistic C) humanistic D) existential Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 22) Hedonism refers to A) the search for meaning. B) the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain. C) goal-directed behavior. D) attraction to men named Don. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 23) The __________ believes that knowing all the influences on a person at any given time makes it possible to predict that person’s behavior with complete accuracy. A) determinist B) existentialist C) free-willist D) introspective Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 24) The intense study of the individual case is called __________ research. A) idiographic B) nomothetic C) introspective D) humanistic

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 7 Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 25) The study of the average performance of groups of individuals is called ______ research. A) idiographic B) nomothetic C) introspective D) humanistic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 26) Variables controlling a person’s behavior internally are called A) person variables. B) situation variables. C) introspective variables. D) unconscious variables. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 27) Variables controlling a person’s behavior externally are called A) person variables. B) situation variables. C) introspective variables. D) unconscious variables. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 28) The mind-body problem consists of determining how A) our behavior can be both freely chosen and determined at the same time. B) mental events and bodily events are related to each other. C) bodily experiences are similar to mental experiences. D) the mind can inhibit undesirable behavior. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 29) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem states that there is really no problem because the mind does not exist? A) physical monism B) epiphenomenalism C) parallelism

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 8 D) interactionism Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 30) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that mental events are merely irrelevant byproducts of bodily events? A) physical monism B) epiphenomenalism C) parallelism D) interactionism Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 31) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that external events trigger mental and bodily events at the same time? A) physical monism B) epiphenomenalism C) parallelism D) interactionism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 32) The __________ theory of human nature states that people become what they experience. A) rationalistic B) empirical C) existential D) animalistic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 33) The __________ conception of human nature claims that we inherit behavioral predispositions from our evolutionary past, but these predispositions can be modified by rational thought or by cultural influence. A) empirical B) evolutionary C) existential D) mechanistic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 9 34) The __________ theory of human nature assumes that we are born basically good. A) rationalistic B) existential C) animalistic D) humanistic Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 35) Traditionally, most personality theorists have assumed that A) people are basically selfish and animalistic. B) people are consistent. C) people have the tendency to lie and deceive. D) people are basically good. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 36) _________ is the study of knowledge. A) Introspection B) Empiricism C) Epistemology D) Rationalism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 37) __________ is the belief that sensory experience is the basis of all knowledge. A) Determinism B) Rationalism C) Empiricism D) Hedonism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 38) Scientific theory combines __________ and __________. A) introspection; nativism B) hedonism; epistemology C) determinism; free will D) rationalism; empiricism Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 10 39) A theory’s ability to explain several different observations is its ______ function. A) synthetic B) heuristic C) empirical D) deterministic Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 40) A theory’s ability to generate new research is referred to as its __________ function. A) synthetic B) heuristic C) empirical D) deterministic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 41) According to Hall and Lindzey, the most important question to ask when evaluating a personality theory is: A) Does it generate empirical research? B) Would it be approved by physical scientists? C) Does it seem reasonable? D) Does it explain everything that is known about personality? Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Applied LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 42) In order to be useful, a scientific theory must A) explain all phenomena in a research area. B) generate new research. C) be incapable of being proven incorrect. D) refute current research Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 43) According to “the principle of verification,” a theory is only useful if it A) is correct. B) is understood by scientists. C) has interesting premises and conclusions. D) can be tested. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 11 44) Thomas Kuhn called a point of view shared by a large number of scientists a A) paradigm. B) theory. C) beam of light. D) heuristic approach. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 45) According to the authors of your text, the most important thing about paradigms is that A) logically, only one can be correct. B) they all generate different research methodologies. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 46) According to Popper, before a theory can be considered scientific it must A) make zero predictions. B) be falsifiable. C) make nothing but correct predictions. D) be irrefutable. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 47) Popper’s principle of falsifiability is quite similar to A) the principle of verification. B) the Kuhn dictum. C) the rationality debate. D) the existential paradigm. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 48) According to Marx and Goodson, progress in science occurs when A) theories are wrong. B) good people work together to solve problems. C) technology makes the impossible possible. D) theories are right. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality

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    Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 12 49) Which of the following would Popper consider to be nonscientific? A) astrology B) Freud’s theory of personality C) Einstein’s theory of relativity D) both A and B Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14, 15 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 50) According to Popper’s criteria, many theories of personality A) are as scientifically sound as Einstein’s theory. B) are based on pre-paradigmatic science. C) are not scientific. D) are philosophical. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 1.2 Questions for Essay or Discussion 1. In your opinion, what are the most important questions about human personality? In other words, what questions about human nature should be contained in a theory of personality? 2. In your opinion, can human personality be studied scientifically? Why or why not? 3. How important is it for a theory of personality to make risky, testable statements? Explain your answer.

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    13 C HAPTER 2: S IGMUND F REUD Chapter Outline I. Biographical Sketch A. Born May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Austria (now Pribor, Czech Republic) B. Entered medical school at University of Vienna at 17 years of age C. Entered private practice as a clinical neurologist in 1886 D. Married in 1886 E. Died September 23, 1939 F. The Cocaine Incident 1. Published six articles on the positive uses of cocaine 2. Association with cocaine contributed to community scepticism regarding his theories II. Three Early Influences on Freud's Theory A. Freud’s visit with Charcot (1885): Experiments with hypnotism B. Freud’s visit with Bernheim (1889): Further experiments with hypnotism C. Josef Breuer and the case of Anna O. D. The fate of Bertha Pappenheim III. The Development of Free Association A. Freud abandoned hypnosis B. “The fundamental rule of psychoanalysis” C. Published Studies in Hysteria with Breuer D. The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 IV. Instincts and Their Characteristics A. All aspects of human personality are derived from biological instincts B. Characteristics of instinct 1. Source (bodily deficiency) 2. Aim (correct the deficiency/restore balance) 3. Object (reduces or removes deficiency) 4. Impetus (determined by magnitude of deficiency) C. Life and death instincts 1. Libido or Eros/the Life Instincts 2. Thanatos/the Death Instinct V. Divisions of the Mind A. The id 1. Governed by the pleasure principle 2. Acts through reflexes and wish fulfilment (primary processes) B. The ego 1. Identification (matching id images with real objects) 2. Governed by the reality principle 3. Reality testing (secondary processes) C. The superego 1. Conscience (from past punishments) 2. Ego ideal (from past rewards) VI. Cathexis and Anticathexis A. Influenced by Helmholtz’s principle of conservation of energy 1. Applied the principle to psychic energy B. Cathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy in wish-images as ideas or fantasies 2. Persists until the wish is satisfied C. Anticathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy to prevent undesirable cathexes D. Displacement

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