Test Bank for An Introduction to Theories of Personality, 9th Edition

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An Introduction toTheories of PersonalityNinth EditionMatthew H. OlsonDomenica FaveroB. R. HergenhahnTest BankRachel C. Willis

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Table of ContentsChapter 1: What Is Personality?1Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud13Chapter 3: Carl Jung35Chapter 4: Alfred Adler54Chapter 5: Karen Horney70Chapter 6: Erik H. Erikson86Chapter 7: Gordon Allport104Chapter 8: Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck119Chapter 9: B. F. Skinner136Chapter 10: John Dollard and Neal Miller152Chapter 11: Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel167Chapter 12: David M. Buss183Chapter 13: George Kelly199Chapter 14: Carl Rogers215Chapter 15: Abraham Maslow230Chapter 16: Rollo Reese May245Chapter 17: A Final Word260

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1CHAPTER1:WHATISPERSONALITY?Chapter OutlineI. Three Concerns of Personality TheoryII. Proposed Determinants of PersonalityA. GeneticsB. TraitsC. Sociocultural determinantsD. LearningE. Existential-humanistic considerationsF. Unconscious mechanismsG. Cognitive processesH. Personality as a composite of the above factorsIII. Questions Confronting the Personality TheoristA. What is the relative importance of the past, present, and future?B. What motivates human behavior?C. How important is the concept of self?D. How important are unconscious mechanisms?E. Is human behavior freely chosen or is it determined?F. What can be learned by asking people about themselves?G. Uniqueness versus commonalityH. Are people controlled internally or externally?I. How are the mind and the body related?J. What is the nature of human nature?K. How consistent is human behavior?IV. How Do We Find the Answers?A. EpistemologyB. ScienceC. Scientific TheoryD. Synthetic function versus heuristic functionE. Principle of verificationV. Science and Personality TheoryA. Kuhn’s view of scienceB. Popper’s view of science

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?21.1 Multiple Choice Questions1) The term personality is derived from the Latin word persona, which meansA) mask.B) mind.C) brain.D) the person.Answer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 1Skill: FactualLO: 1.1: Outline the issues in providing a comprehensive explanation of personality2) According to Kluckhohn and Murray, every human being isA) like every other human beingB) like apesC) like animalsD) like machinesAnswer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 1, 2Skill: AppliedLO: 1.1: Outline the issues in providing a comprehensive explanation of personality3) According to the authors of your text, probably the most common lay explanation of personality isbased onA) learning.B) cultural norms.C) genetics.D) existential-humanistic considerations.Answer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 2Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality4) The statement “He has an Irish temper” implies which of the following explanations of personality?A) cultural expectationsB) learningC) inherited characteristicsD) unconscious mechanismsAnswer: CDiff: 1Page Ref: 2Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality5) Findings by Bouchard and others suggest that the role of genetics in personality development isA) substantial.B) minimal.C) nonexistent.D) substantial in other animals but minimal in humans.Answer: ADiff: 2

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?3Page Ref: 3Skill: AppliedLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality6) The question “How much of an attribute is accounted for by heredity and how much of it isaccounted for by experience?” defines theA) mind-body problem.B) nativism-empiricism controversy.C) existential-humanistic controversy.D) uniqueness-lawfulness controversy.Answer: BDiff: 2Page Ref: 3Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality7) A person who believes that a person’s IQ level is determined mainly by experience can beconsidered a(n)A) empiricist.B) existentialist.C) humanist.D) nativist.Answer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 3, 4Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality8) The researcher who is interested in knowing what organizations you belong to and the economiclevel of your family is stressing __________ determinants of personality.A) geneticB) socioculturalC) existential-humanisticD) unconsciousAnswer: BDiff: 2Page Ref: 4Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality9) Those emphasizing the learning process in their explanation of personality areA) nativists.B) existentialists.C) humanists.D) empiricists.Answer: DDiff: 1Page Ref: 4Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality10) Those theorists who say, “We are what we have been rewarded for being,” emphasize__________ in their explanation of personality.A) learningB) genetics

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?4C) early experienceD) unconscious mechanismsAnswer: ADiff: 2Page Ref: 4Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality11) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, thedifference between a successful person and an unsuccessful person is found inA) cultural norms.B) early experience.C) the genes.D) patterns of reward and punishment.Answer: DDiff: 1Page Ref: 4Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality12) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality,control __________ and you can control personality development.A) inheritanceB) cultural expectationsC) patterns of reward and punishmentD) early experienceAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality13) Theorists who emphasize the importance of either sociocultural determinants or learning in theirexplanations of personality are said to acceptA) nativism.B) unconscious thought processes.C) free will.D) environmentalism.Answer: DDiff: 2Page Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality14) Which of these questions is the existential-humanistic theorist likely to ask?A) Why are you the way you are?B) What have you been rewarded for being?C) What does it mean to be you?D) Why doesn’t anyone like you?Answer: CDiff: 3Page Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?515) Who is most likely to ask the question, “What is the significance of your awareness that youultimately must die?”A) a learning theoristB) a psychoanalytic theoristC) an existential theoristD) a geneticistAnswer: CDiff: 2Page Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality16) The __________ theorist assumes that a person knows a great deal about the determinants of hisor her own personality.A) learningB) traitC) existential-humanisticD) psychoanalyticAnswer: CDiff: 3Page Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality17) The so-called __________ theorist is most interested in studying lapses of memory.A) learningB) traitC) existential-humanisticD) depthAnswer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality18) The theorist emphasizing the unconscious assumes the person knows ______ determinants of hisor her own personality.A) the unconsciousB) only the consciousC) the existential-humanisticD) few if anyAnswer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality19) According to Freud’s or Jung’s theories, the ultimate causes of behavior areA) unconscious.B) learned.C) traits.D) cultural norms.Answer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 5

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?6Skill: AppliedLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality20) Which theory posits that your present experience and future goals are important determinants ofpersonality?A) Learning TheoryB) Existential-Humanistic TheoryC) Trait TheoryD) Cognitive TheoryAnswer: DDiff: 1Page Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality21) Behavior that is pulled by the future rather than pushed by the past is called ________ behavior.A) teleologicalB) hedonisticC) humanisticD) existentialAnswer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 6Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature22) Hedonism refers toA) the search for meaning.B) the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain.C) goal-directed behavior.D) attraction to men named Don.Answer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 6Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature23) The __________ believes that knowing all the influences on a person at any given time makes itpossible to predict that person’s behavior with complete accuracy.A) deterministB) existentialistC) free-willistD) introspectiveAnswer: ADiff: 3Page Ref: 8Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature24) The intense study of the individual case is called __________ research.A) idiographicB) nomotheticC) introspectiveD) humanistic

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?7Answer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 8Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature25) The study of the average performance of groups of individuals is called ______ research.A) idiographicB) nomotheticC) introspectiveD) humanisticAnswer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 8Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature26) Variables controlling a person’s behavior internally are calledA) person variables.B) situation variables.C) introspective variables.D) unconscious variables.Answer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 8Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature27) Variables controlling a person’s behavior externally are calledA) person variables.B) situation variables.C) introspective variables.D) unconscious variables.Answer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 8Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature28) The mind-body problem consists of determining howA) our behavior can be both freely chosen and determined at the same time.B) mental events and bodily events are related to each other.C) bodily experiences are similar to mental experiences.D) the mind can inhibit undesirable behavior.Answer: BDiff: 3Page Ref: 9Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature29) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem states that there is really no problembecause the mind does not exist?A) physical monismB) epiphenomenalismC) parallelism

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?8D) interactionismAnswer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 8Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature30) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that mental events are merelyirrelevant byproducts of bodily events?A) physical monismB) epiphenomenalismC) parallelismD) interactionismAnswer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 8Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature31) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that external events triggermental and bodily events at the same time?A) physical monismB) epiphenomenalismC) parallelismD) interactionismAnswer: CDiff: 1Page Ref: 8Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature32) The __________ theory of human nature states that people become what they experience.A) rationalisticB) empiricalC) existentialD) animalisticAnswer: BDiff: 2Page Ref: 9Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature33) The __________ conception of human nature claims that we inherit behavioral predispositionsfrom our evolutionary past, but these predispositions can be modified by rational thought or bycultural influence.A) empiricalB) evolutionaryC) existentialD) mechanisticAnswer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 9Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?934) The __________ theory of human nature assumes that we are born basically good.A) rationalisticB) existentialC) animalisticD) humanisticAnswer: DDiff: 1Page Ref: 9Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature35) Traditionally, most personality theorists have assumed thatA) people are basically selfish and animalistic.B) people are consistent.C) people have the tendency to lie and deceive.D) people are basically good.Answer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 9Skill: FactualLO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature36) _________ is the study of knowledge.A) IntrospectionB) EmpiricismC) EpistemologyD) RationalismAnswer: CDiff: 1Page Ref: 10Skill: FactualLO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality37) __________ is the belief that sensory experience is the basis of all knowledge.A) DeterminismB) RationalismC) EmpiricismD) HedonismAnswer: CDiff: 1Page Ref: 10Skill: FactualLO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality38) Scientific theory combines __________ and __________.A) introspection; nativismB) hedonism; epistemologyC) determinism; free willD) rationalism; empiricismAnswer: DDiff: 2Page Ref: 10Skill: FactualLO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?1039) A theory’s ability to explain several different observations is its ______ function.A) syntheticB) heuristicC) empiricalD) deterministicAnswer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 11Skill: FactualLO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality40) A theory’s ability to generate new research is referred to as its __________ function.A) syntheticB) heuristicC) empiricalD) deterministicAnswer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 11Skill: FactualLO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality41) According to Hall and Lindzey, the most important question to ask when evaluating a personalitytheory is:A) Does it generate empirical research?B) Would it be approved by physical scientists?C) Does it seem reasonable?D) Does it explain everything that is known about personality?Answer: ADiff: 3Page Ref: 11Skill: AppliedLO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality42) In order to be useful, a scientific theory mustA) explain all phenomena in a research area.B) generate new research.C) be incapable of being proven incorrect.D) refute current researchAnswer: BDiff: 2Page Ref: 11Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality43) According to “the principle of verification,” a theory is only useful if itA) is correct.B) is understood by scientists.C) has interesting premises and conclusions.D) can be tested.Answer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 11Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?1144) Thomas Kuhn called a point of view shared by a large number of scientists aA) paradigm.B) theory.C) beam of light.D) heuristic approach.Answer: ADiff: 1Page Ref: 12Skill: AppliedLO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality45) According to the authors of your text, the most important thing about paradigms is thatA) logically, only one can be correct.B) they all generate different research methodologies.C) both A and BD) neither A nor BAnswer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 13Skill: ConceptualLO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality46) According to Popper, before a theory can be considered scientific it mustA) make zero predictions.B) be falsifiable.C) make nothing but correct predictions.D) be irrefutable.Answer: BDiff: 1Page Ref: 14Skill: AppliedLO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality47) Popper’s principle of falsifiability is quite similar toA) the principle of verification.B) the Kuhn dictum.C) the rationality debate.D) the existential paradigm.Answer: ADiff: 3Page Ref: 14Skill: AppliedLO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality48) According to Marx and Goodson, progress in science occurs whenA) theories are wrong.B) good people work together to solve problems.C) technology makes the impossible possible.D) theories are right.Answer: ADiff: 3Page Ref: 14Skill: AppliedLO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality

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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?1249) Which of the following would Popper consider to be nonscientific?A) astrologyB) Freud’s theory of personalityC) Einstein’s theory of relativityD) both A and BAnswer: DDiff: 3Page Ref: 14, 15Skill: AppliedLO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality50) According to Popper’s criteria, many theories of personalityA) are as scientifically sound as Einstein’s theory.B) are based on pre-paradigmatic science.C) are not scientific.D) are philosophical.Answer: CDiff: 1Page Ref: 15Skill: AppliedLO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality1.2 Questions for Essay or Discussion1. In your opinion, what are the most important questions about human personality? In other words,what questions about human nature should be contained in a theory of personality?2. In your opinion, can human personality be studied scientifically? Why or why not?3. How important is it for a theory of personality to make risky, testable statements? Explain youranswer.

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13CHAPTER2: SIGMUNDFREUDChapter OutlineI. Biographical SketchA. Born May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Austria (now Pribor, Czech Republic)B. Entered medical school at University of Vienna at 17 years of ageC. Entered private practice as a clinical neurologist in 1886D. Married in 1886E. Died September 23, 1939F. The Cocaine Incident1. Published six articles on the positive uses of cocaine2. Association with cocaine contributed to community scepticism regarding histheoriesII. Three Early Influences on Freud's TheoryA. Freud’s visit with Charcot (1885): Experiments with hypnotismB. Freud’s visit with Bernheim (1889): Further experiments with hypnotismC. Josef Breuer and the case of Anna O.D. The fate of Bertha PappenheimIII. The Development of Free AssociationA.Freud abandoned hypnosisB.“The fundamental rule of psychoanalysis”C.PublishedStudies in Hysteriawith BreuerD.The Interpretation of Dreams,1900IV. Instincts and Their CharacteristicsA. All aspects of human personality are derived from biological instinctsB. Characteristics of instinct1. Source (bodily deficiency)2. Aim (correct the deficiency/restore balance)3. Object (reduces or removes deficiency)4. Impetus (determined by magnitude of deficiency)C. Life and death instincts1. Libido or Eros/the Life Instincts2. Thanatos/the Death InstinctV. Divisions of the MindA. The id1. Governed by the pleasure principle2. Acts through reflexes and wish fulfilment (primary processes)B. The ego1. Identification (matching id images with real objects)2. Governed by the reality principle3. Reality testing (secondary processes)C. The superego1. Conscience (from past punishments)2. Ego ideal (from past rewards)VI. Cathexis and AnticathexisA. Influenced by Helmholtz’s principle of conservation of energy1. Applied the principle to psychic energyB. Cathexis1. Investment of psychic energy in wish-images as ideas or fantasies2. Persists until the wish is satisfiedC. Anticathexis1. Investment of psychic energy to prevent undesirable cathexesD. Displacement

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