Test Bank for Behavior Modification: What It Is and How To Do It, 11th Edition (Chapters 1-30)

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TEST BANKBehavior Modification:What It Is and How to Do It 11thEdition by Garry Martin & Joseph J2024/2025GUARANTEED PASS

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OPTION-BASEDQUESTIONSChapter1.IntroductionMultipleChoiceQuestionsOnMainText(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)1.Abehavioraldeficitis:*a)toolittleofaparticulartypeofbehaviorb)toomuchofaparticulartypeofbehaviorc)anappropriatebehavioroccurringtothewrongstimulusd)anappropriatebehavioroccurringatthewrongtimeorplaceDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual2.Abehavioralexcessis:*a)toomuchofaparticulartypeofbehaviorb)toolittleofaparticulartypeofbehaviorc)anappropriatebehavioroccurringtothewrongstimulusd)anappropriatebehavioroccurringatthewrongtimeorplaceDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual3.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofbehavior?a)haircolorb)thecolorofsomeone’seyesc)theclothessomeoneiswearing*d)dressinginthemorningDifficulty:MediumType:Factual4.Inbehaviormodification,motivationandintelligencereferto:a)innermentalprocesses*b)waysofbehavingc)causesofbehaviord)majorsourcesofabnormalityDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual5.Inbehaviormodification,theterm“environment”refersto:a)theneighborhoodinwhichapersonisraisedb)thenaturalhabitatofanorganism*c)thespecificphysicalvariablesinone’simmediatesurroundingsd)thegeneralsituationwhereonehappenstobeDifficulty:EasyType:Factual6.Achilddoesnotpronouncewordsclearlyanddoesnotinteractwithotherchildren.Theseareexamplesof:a)behavioralexcessesb)behavioralabnormalities*c)behavioraldeficitsd)behavioralcharacteristicsDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual7.Behaviormodifiersstresstheimportanceofdefiningproblemsintermsofspecificbehavioraldeficitsorbehavioralexcessesbecause:a)therapistscanthenfocusontheindividual’sproblembehaviorsratherthanonhisorherstrengths*b)itisbehaviorthatcausesconcern,andtherearespecificproceduresnowavailabletochangebehavior

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c)labelinganindividualimpliesthataparticulartreatmentprogramwillbehelpfuld)labelinganindividualisusefulforquicklyprovidinggeneralinformationabouthowthatindividualmightperformDifficulty:HardType:Applied8.Whichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofbehaviormodification?a)Itdefinesproblemsintermsofbehavior.b)Itstreatmentproceduresandtechniquesarewaysofrearranginganindividual’senvironment.c)ItstechniquesdrawextensivelyfromtheprinciplesofoperantandPavlovianconditioning.*d)Itemphasizestheuseofsummarylabelsforclassifyingindividuals.Difficulty:EasyType:Applied9.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofcovertbehavior?*a)askierthinking,“IhopeIdon’tfall”b)apitcherthrowingaballc)astudentdrinkingcoffeed)achildtalkingtoherdoginthebackyardDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual10.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofovertbehavior?a)feelingsofnervousness*b)yellingatsomeonec)aboyonadatethinking,“Ilikethisgirl”d)imaginingabeautifulsunsetDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual11.Behaviortherapywasfirstusedtoreferto:a)behaviormodificationinwhichthereistypicallyanattempttoanalyzeorclearlydemonstratecontrollingvariablesb)thescientificstudyoflawsthatgovernthebehaviorofhumanbeingsandotheranimals*c)JosephWolpe’sbehavioraltreatmentforspecificphobiasd)behaviormodificationthatfocusesonovertbehaviorsthatareofsocialsignificanceDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual12.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofanoutcomeofbehavior?a)throwingabaseballb)liftingaheavyweight*c)scoringagoalinicehockeyd)standingatthefreethrowlineinbasketballDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual13.Behaviormodifiersarecautiousaboutusingsummarylabelstorefertoindividualsortheiractionsbecause:a)thelabelforthebehaviorisoftenusedasapseudo-explanationforthebehaviorb)labelscannegativelyaffectthewayanindividualmightbetreatedc)labeling may influence us to focus on an individual’s problembehaviorsrather thanonhisorherstrengths*d)alloftheabove

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Difficulty:HardType:Conceptual14.Thepeople,objects,andeventsthatmakeupaperson’senvironmentarecalled:*a)stimulib)conditionedstimulic)unconditionedstimulid)reinforcingstimuliDifficulty:EasyType:Factual15.Whichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofbehaviormodification?a)Itstreatmentproceduresarewaysofalteringanindividual’senvironment.b)Itsmethodsandrationalescanbedescribed precisely.*c)Itstechniquesstemprimarilyfromcognitivepsychology.d)Itstechniquesareoftenappliedbyindividualsineverydaylife.Difficulty:EasyType:Conceptual16.Behavioralassessment seeksto:a)determinetheunderlyingmentaldisturbanceresponsibleforbehavioralsymptomsb)identifythetypeofmentaldisorderassumedtounderlieparticularpatternsofabnormalbehavior*c) identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioraltreatmentd)determinethenecessaryintelligencelevelofpotentialclientsasaprerequisitetobehaviormodificationprogramsDifficulty:MediumType:Applied17.Whichofthefollowingisnotamisconceptionaboutbehaviormodification?a)Behaviormodifiersonlydealwiththeobservableandtheydon’tdealwiththethoughtsandfeelingsofclients.*b)Behaviormodificationinvolvesthesystematicapplicationoflearningprinciplestoimprovecovertandovertbehaviors.c)Behaviormodificationinvolvestheuseofdrugs,psychosurgery,andelectroconvulsivetherapy.d)Behaviormodificationonlychangessymptoms;itdoesn’tgetattheunderlyingproblems.Difficulty:HardType:Applied18.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofcognitivebehavior?a)achildreadingoutloudforaparentb)abaseballplayertalkingtohercoach*c)apersononahotdayimaginingthatheissittingattheoceand)astudentwritingwithapenDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual19.Behaviorstobeimprovedinabehaviormodificationprogramarefrequentlycalled:a)overtbehaviorsb)covertbehaviorsc)cognitivebehaviors*d)targetbehaviors

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Type:Conceptual20.BehaviorAnalysisrefersto:a)behaviormodificationinwhichthereistypicallyanattempttoanalyzeorclearlydemonstratecontrollingvariables*b)thescientificstudyoflawsthatgovernthebehaviorofhumanbeingsandotheranimalsc)behavioraltreatmentcarriedoutondysfunctionalbehaviord)behaviormodificationthatfocusesonovertbehaviorsthatareofsocialsignificanceDifficulty:EasyType:Applied21.involvesthesystematicapplicationoflearningprinciplesandtechniquestoassessandimproveindividuals’covertandovert behaviorsinordertoenhancetheir dailyfunctioning.a)Behavioralassessmentb)Behavioranalysis*c)Behaviormodificationd)CognitivebehaviortherapyDifficulty:EasyType:Applied22.Classicalconditioningwasdevelopedby:a)B.F.Skinner*b)IvanPavlovc)JosephWolped)AaronBeckDifficulty:EasyType:Factual23.Inthe1950s,developedabehavioraltreatmentforspecificphobias.a)HansEyesenckb)AaronBeckc)AlbertEllis*d)JosephWolpeDifficulty:EasyType:Factual24.Theterm“cognitivetherapy”wasusedbytorefertostrategiesforrecognizingmaladaptivethinkingandreplacingitwithadaptivethinking.*a)Beckb)Ellisc)Wolped)SkinnerDifficulty:EasyType:FactualTrue/False Questions on Main Text(Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T25.Behaviormodificationacceptschangesinabehaviorastheindicatoroftheextenttowhichaproblemisbeinghelped.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualF26. One of the defining characteristics of behavior modification is that it does notemphasize scientific demonstration that an intervention was responsible for a particularbehaviorchange.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualT27.Behavioris,essentially,anythingapersondoesorsays.

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Type:FactualF28. Behaviormodifiers dealonly withobservablebehavior, and discountsubjectiveeventssuchasthoughtsandfeelings.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualF29.Thecolorofaperson’seyesisanexampleofbehavior.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualT30.Studyingforacourseisanexampleofabehavior.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualF31.Rememberingthe feelings ofyourfirstkiss is anexampleofovertbehavior.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualT32. Thinking“IhopeIpassthiscourse”whilesittinginclass,isanexampleofcovertbehavior.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualF33. Toabehaviormodifier, intelligence is something that youwere born with, a sortof“inheritedcapacityforlearning.”Difficulty:MediumType:FactualT34.Hyperactivityisalabelforcertainbehaviors.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT35.Accordingtotheauthorsofthetext,thetermbehaviormodificationhasabroadermeaningthanthetermbehaviortherapy.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualF36.Ateenagerfrequentlyinterruptsconversationsbetweenhisparents.That’sanexampleofabehavioraldeficit.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualT37.Agolferoftenthinksnegativelyjustbeforeimportantshots.That’sanexampleofabehavioralexcess.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualF38.Behaviormodificationcanonlybeappliedbyexperts,andnotbyindividualsineverydaylife.Difficulty:MediumType:Conceptual

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T39. Environmentaleventsthatimpingeonone’s sense receptorsand that canaffectbehaviorarecalledstimuli.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualF40.Cognitivebehaviorisanothertermforovertbehavior.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT41.Behavioranalysisreferstothescientificstudyoflawsthatgovernthebehaviorofhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualF42.Thetermbehaviortherapyistypicallyusedtorefertobehaviormodificationwherethereisanattempttoclearlydemonstratecontrollingvariablesofthebehaviorofconcern.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualT43.Characteristicsofbehaviorthatcanbemeasuredarecalleddimensionsofbehavior.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT44.In1960theBritishpsychologistHansEysenckusedtheterm“behaviortherapy”torefertothetreatmentproceduredevelopedbyJosephWolpe.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualF45.Inalandmarkexperimentin1920,MaryCoverJonesdemonstratedPavlovianconditioningofafearresponseinan11month-oldinfant.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualF46.StrategiesforrecognizingmaladaptivethinkingandreplacingitwithadaptivethinkingwerereferredtobyBeckasbehaviortherapy.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT47.Thetermsbehaviortherapyandcognitivebehaviortherapyareoftenusedinterchangeably.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualMultipleChoiceQuestiononNfFLSection(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)48.BehaviormodifiersmadelittleuseofthefirstthreeDSMsbecause:a)theywerebasedprimarilyonresearchratherthanonFreud’stheoryb)individualdisorderswerebasedoncategoriesofproblembehaviorsc)theyusedamultidimensionalrecordingsystem

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*d)theywerebasedonFreud’stheoryofabnormalbehaviorDifficulty:MediumType:ConceptualTrue/False Question on NfFL Section(Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F49.To avoid problems associated with labeling, in the case of autism, forexample,weshoulddescribetheclientasanautisticchildratherthanasachildwithautism.Difficulty:HardType:Factual

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Chapter2.AreasofApplication:AnOverviewMultipleChoiceQuestionsonMainText(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)1.PSIstandsfor:a)popularstandardsofinstructionb)personalizedsystemsofinformation*c)personalizedsystemofinstructiond)personalizedstudents’instructionDifficulty:EasyType:Factual2.Whichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofbehavioralapproachestouniversityteaching?a)Itidentifiestheinstructionalgoalsforacourseintheformofstudyquestions.b)Ithasfrequenttestsinwhichstudentsarerequiredtodemonstratetheirknowledgetotheanswersofstudyquestions.c)Studentsaregivendetailedinformationatthebeginningofacourseaboutwhatisexpectedofthemontestsandassignmentstoachievevariouslettergrades*d)Itemphasizesmultiple-choiceitemsandexaminationsasanobjectivescoringstrategyideallysuitedforlargeclasses.Difficulty:EasyType:Applied3.Studieswithclinicalpopulationshaveshownbehaviortherapytobe:a)significantlyinferiortothealternativetreatmenttowhichitwascompared,whichwasusuallysomeformofverbalpsychotherapy*b)demonstrablysuperiortootherformsofpsychotherapyincertainproblemareas(e.g.,phobias)c)usedasthemainmodeoftherapyfortreatingadultsbyapproximately60%ofpracticingtherapistsd)usedaboutasoftenaspsychodynamictherapyinthetreatmentof childrenbypediatricpsychologistsDifficulty:MediumType:Applied4.Thecharacteristicsofimpairedcommunication,impairedsocialbehavior,andrepetitiveself-stimulatory behaviors during the first few years after birth are shownby individuals diagnosedas:a)moderatelydevelopmentallydisabledb)schizophrenicc)severelyintellectuallydisabled*d)autisticDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual5.Abroadinterdisciplinaryfieldconcernedwiththelinksbetweenhealth,illness,andbehaviorisreferredtoas:a)healthpsychologyb)stressmanagement*c)behavioralmedicined)behavioralhealthDifficulty:EasyType:Factual6.Organizationalbehaviormanagementrefersto:*a)theapplicationofbehaviormodificationtechniquestoindividualorgroupperformancewithinanorganizationalsetting

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b)anemphasisontheuseofnon-professionalsinhumanserviceprogramsc)useofbehaviormodificationtohelpindividualsadheretoahealthylifestyled)seekingoutinterventionstrategiesattheorganizationallevelratherthanattheindividuallevelDifficulty:EasyType:Applied7.Behaviormodifiershavebeguntopaymoreattentiontoissuesofrace,gender,ethnicity,andsexualorientationbecause:a)theAssociationofBehaviorAnalysisisnowaninternationalorganizationb)culturallydiverseindividualsnowmakeup30%oftheAmericanpopulation*c)thesevariablescaninfluencetheeffectivenessoftreatmentd)therearenodangersofovergeneralizingaboutanyparticularculturalgroupDifficulty:MediumType:Applied8.Whichofthefollowingisnotageneralareainwhichbehaviormodificationhasbeenappliedinbehavioralsportpsychology?a)Teachingnewathleticskills*b)SelectingathletesforOlympicprogramsonthebasisofthosewiththepersonalitymostsuitedtosacrificeanddedicationtowinningc)Motivatingpracticeandfitnesstrainingd)HelpingathletestocopewithpressureatmajorcompetitionsDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual9.Inthe1960sand70s,developedearlyintensivebehavioraltreatmentprogramsforchildrenwithautism.a)B.F.Skinner*b)IvarLovaasc)FredKellerd)JosephPearDifficulty:EasyType:Factual10.TheAmericanAssociationonIntellectualandDevelopmentalDisabilitiesnowprefersthetermtorefer to individuals characterized by significant limitations inintellectualfunctioningandadaptivebehavior.*a)intellectualdisabilityb)mentalretardationc)developmentaldisabilityd)mentallyhandicappedDifficulty:EasyType:Factual11.Whichofthefollowingisnotasub-areaoftheapplicationofbehavioralprinciplesinhealthpsychology?a)establishingtreatmentcomplianceb)promotionofhealthylivingc)stressmanagement*d)psychologicaltestingofpersonalitydisordersDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual12.“Applicationstosociallysignificantproblemsinunstructuredcommunitysettingswhere

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thebehaviorofindividualsisnotconsidereddeviantinthetraditionalsense”isthedefinitionof:a)organizationalbehaviormanagementb)healthpsychology*c)behaviorcommunitypsychologyd)behaviortherapyDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual13.PSI(PersonalizedSystemofInstruction)wasdevelopedby:a)Lovaasb)Bellack*c)Kellerd)SkinnerDifficulty:EasyType:Factual14.Helpingtheelderlytofunctionindependentlyduringoldageispartofthefieldreferredtoas:*a)gerontologyb)behavioralmedicinec)behavioralcommunitypsychologyd)behaviormanagementDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual15.The study of howpsychologicalfactorscaninfluenceor cause illness, and how people canbeencouragedtopracticehealthybehaviorsoastopreventhealthproblems,isreferredtoas:a)Cognitivebehaviortherapyb)Stresstherapyc)Treatmentcompliance*d)HealthPsychologyDifficulty:EasyType:ConceptualTrue/FalseQuestionsonMainText(Note:Correctanswerindicatedinleftmargin)T16.Behaviormodificationhasbeensuccessfullyappliedwithineachofthefollowingareas:education,socialwork,rehabilitationmedicine,industry,andsports.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT 17.Personalized Systemof Instruction,orPSI, was developed byFredKellerand hiscolleagues.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT 18. Behavioral sport psychology has been defined as the use of behavior analysis principlesand techniques to enhance the performance and satisfaction of athletes and others associatedwithsports.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualF 19. Manystudieshavedemonstrated thattherearepsychologicalproblems(e.g., anxietydisorders,depression,habitdisorders)forwhichspecificbehavioralprocedureshavebeendemonstratedtobeaboutequallyeffectivewithotherformsofpsychotherapy.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualT20.One oftheareas ofhealthpsychologyinvolvestheuseofbehaviormodificationprocedurestodirectlytreatcertaindiseasesthatwerepreviouslythoughttorequiremedicaltreatment.

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Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualF21.Theapplicationofbehaviormodificationtechniquestoindividualorgroupperformancewithinan organizationalsetting definestheareareferredtoascommunitybehavioralpsychology.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualT22.Littering,recycling,energyconservation,andjobskillstrainingareallsub-areasthathavebeendealtwithsuccessfullybybehaviormodificationintheareaofbehavioralcommunitypsychology.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualF23.Issuesofrace,gender,ethnicity,andsexualorientationarevariablesthatdonotinfluencetheeffectivenessofbehavioraltreatment.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualT24.CAPSIstandsforComputer-AidedPersonalizedSystemofInstruction.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT25.ThepersonwhoinitiallydevelopedbehavioraltreatmentsforchildrenwithautismisIvarLovaas.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualMultipleChoiceQuestionsonNfFLSection(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)26.Acommonstrategyfordeliveringearlyintensivebehavioralinterventionwithchildrenwithautismisreferredtoas:a)behaviormanagementb)developmentalteaching*c)discrete-trialsteachingd)behavioranalysisDifficulty:EasyType:Factual

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Chapter3.Respondent(Classical,Pavlovian)ConditioningofReflexiveBehaviorMultipleChoiceQuestionsonMainText(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)1.Thatbehaviorcanbemodifiedbyitsconsequencesisthebasictenetof:a)respondentconditioningb)respondentextinction*c)operantconditioningd)aversiontherapyDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual2.Ifastimulus(thatdoesnotelicitaparticularresponse)iscloselyfollowedintimebyasecond stimulusthatelicitsaparticularresponse,thenthefirststimuluswill cometoelicitthe response that was elicited bythe second stimulus. This is the definition of the principleof:a)positivereinforcementb)operantconditioningc)counterconditioning*d)respondentconditioningDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual3.If a conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented withoutfurther pairings with theunconditionedstimulus,theCSwillgraduallyloseitscapacitytoelicittheconditionedresponse.Thisisthedefinitionof:a)respondentconditioning*b)respondentextinctionc)counterconditioningd)operantextinctionDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual4.Astimulusthatelicitsaresponsewithoutpriorlearningorconditioningiscalleda(n):*a)unconditionedstimulusb)discriminativestimulusc)conditionedstimulusd)establishingstimulusDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual5.Whenapersonsalivatesatthesightoffood,theresponseofsalivatingisclassifiedasa(n):*a)conditionedresponseb)conditionedreflexc)unconditionedresponsed)unconditionedreflexDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual6.Overseveralmeals,classicalmusicisplayedatthedinnertable.Eventually,classicalmusicisplayed withoutpairingitwithfood,andthepersonwho ateatthatdinnertablebeginssalivating.Inthisexample,thesoundofclassicalmusicbecamea:*a)conditionedstimulusb)conditionedreflexc)conditionedresponsed)conditionedreinforcerDifficulty:HardType:Conceptual7.Repeatedlypairinganundesirablereinforcerwithanaversiveevent,suchaspairingalcoholwithadrugthatelicitsvomiting,isthebasicprocedureof:a)operantconditioning*b)aversiontherapyc)respondentextinctiond)counterconditioning

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Difficulty:EasyType:Conceptual8.InPavlovian conditioning,theCSacquiresgreaterabilitytoelicit aCRif:a)theCSisoccasionallypairedwiththeUSb)theCSfollowstheUSbyafewseconds*c)theCSisalwayspairedwiththeUSd)theCSisoccasionallypairedwithastrongUSDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual9.Anewresponseisconditionedtotheconditionedstimulusatthesametimethattheformerconditionedresponseisbeingextinguished.Thisprocessiscalled:a)respondentextinctionb)operantextinctionc)aversiontherapy*d)counterconditioningDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual10.A conditioned stimulus(e.g., the sound of a bell) is no longer followed by the taste of food.Afterseveraltrials,theconditionedresponseofsalivatingnolongeroccursatthesoundofthebell.Thisisreferredtoas?a)spontaneousrecoveryb)respondentconditioning*c)respondentextinctiond)responsegeneralizationDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual11.Whenyouopenthecupboarddoortogetcatfood,yourcatscomerunningtothekitchen,wheretheyaretypicallyfed.Thisillustratestheeffectof:a)respondentconditioning*b)operantconditioningc)counterconditioningd)modelingDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual12.Whenfoodispresentedtoadog,thedogsalivates.Wewouldsaythatthestimulushastheresponse.a)evokedb)emittedc)cued*d)elicitedDifficulty:MediumType:Factual13.InPavlovianconditioning,theCSacquiresgreaterabilitytoelicitaCRif:a)theCSconsistentlyfollowstheUSbyafewsecondsb)theCSisoccasionallypairedwiththeUS*c)theCSconsistentlyprecedestheUSbyafewsecondsd)theCSisoccasionallypairedwithastrongUSDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual14.IfanorganismhasbeenconditionedsothataparticularCSelicitsaCR,andthenasimilarstimuluselicitsthatCR,thelatterisreferredtoas:a)Respondentstimulusdiscrimination*b)Respondentstimulusgeneralizationc)Counterconditioningd)Respondentextinction

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Difficulty:EasyType:Conceptual15.The loud barking of a dog causes a child to experience fear. If sight of the dog now elicitsfear,thenthesightofthedogiscalleda,andthefeariscalledthe.a)US,CRb)CS,URc)US,UR*d)CS,CRDifficulty:MediumType:Factual16.Supposethatanadulthasachronicproblemwithconstipation.Duringtreatment,eachmorningtheadultinsertsasuppository,readsthemorningpaper,andinafewminutesexperiences a bowel movement. After a month ofthisprocedure,thebowel movementoccursafterreadingthepaper.Inthisexample,theCSis:*a)readingthepaperb)thebowelmovementtothesuppository c)thesuppositoryd)thebowelmovementtoreadingthepaperDifficulty:HardType:Conceptual17.Forchildrenwhosufferfromenuresis(chronicbedwetting),thepressurefromafullbladderwhenthechildisasleepisnotsufficienttocausethechildtoawaken.Anapparatusiswiredtothe child’sbedsuchthatwhenthe childurinates duringthenight, a tonesounds to awaken thechild.Eventuallythechildlearnstoawakentopressureonthebladder,andcanthenurinateinthetoilet.Inthisexample,theCRis:a)awakeningtothetoneb)urinatinginthebedc)urinatinginthetoilet*d)awakeningtopressureonthebladderDifficulty:HardType:Conceptual18.Inonetypeofaversiontherapywithalcoholics,adrugisaddedtoan alcoholicbeveragesothatsippingthebeveragecausesnausea.Eventually,justthesightandsmellofthebeveragecauses nausea,whichhopefullydecreasesexcessivedrinkingofalcohol.Inthistreatment,theCSis:a)thedrugthatcausesnauseab)thenauseathatoccurstothesmellofthedrink*c)thesmellofthedrinkd)thenauseathatoccurstothedrugDifficulty:HardType:Conceptual19.Behaviorsthatareelicitedbypriorstimuliandarenotaffectedbytheirconsequencesarecalled:a)operantbehaviors*b)respondentbehaviorsc)unconditionedbehaviorsd)conditionedbehaviorsDifficulty:EasyType:Factual20.Astimulus-responserelationshipinwhich astimulusautomaticallyelicits aresponse

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apartfromanypriorlearningdefinesa)aconditionedreflexb)operantconditioningc)respondentconditioning*d)anunconditionedreflexDifficulty:EasyType:Factual21.Respondentconditioningwilldevelopmorequicklyandstronglywhen:*a)theCSorUSorbothareintenseratherthanweakb)theCSfollowstheUSbyaboutahalfasecond,ratherthanprecedingitc)boththeCSandtheUSareweakratherthanintensed)theCSispairedwiththeUSjustonceratherthanmanytimesDifficulty:MediumType:ConceptualTrue/FalseQuestionsonMainText(Note:Correctanswerindicatedinleftmargin)T22.Aconditionedresponsemaybeeliminatedmoreeffectivelyifanewresponseisconditionedtotheconditionedstimulusatthesametimethattheformerconditionedresponseisbeingextinguished.Difficulty:HardType:AppliedF23.Behaviorsthat arecontrolledbytheirconsequencesarecalledrespondentbehaviors.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualF24.Aconditionedstimulusissaidtoevokeaconditionedresponse.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT 25.A stimulus thatelicitsa responsewithoutpriorlearning is called anunconditionedstimulus.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualF26.StrongerconditioningoccursiftheCSjustfollowstheUSbyuptoafewseconds,ratherthanbyprecedingtheUS.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualT27.WhenseveralneutralstimuliprecedeaUS,thestimulusthatismostconsistentlyassociatedwiththeUSistheonemostlikelytobecomeastrongCS.Difficulty:HardType:ConceptualTrue/FalseQuestiononNfFLSection(Note:Correctanswerindicatedinleftmargin)T28.ItispossibletodemonstratethataneutralstimuluslikesaccharinecanbeconditionedtosuppressimmunesystemfunctioningthroughPavlovianconditioningprocedures.Difficulty:HardType:Conceptual

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Chapter4.IncreasingaBehaviorwithPositiveReinforcementMultipleChoiceQuestionsonMainText(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)1.Apositivereinforcerisdefinedas:a)aneventwhich,whenpresentedimmediatelyfollowingabehavior,causesthebehaviortodecreaseinfrequencyb)aneventwhichispreferredbyasubjectc)aneventwhichthesubjectfindsrewarding*d)aneventwhich,whenpresentedimmediatelyfollowingabehavior,causesthebehaviortoincreaseinfrequencyDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual2.Theprincipleofpositivereinforcementstatesthat:a)if,inagivensituation,anindividualisgivenachoiceoftwoormoreitems,theitemchosenwillbethepositivereinforcer*b)if,inagivensituation,somebodydoessomethingthatisimmediatelyfollowedbyapositivereinforcer,thenthatpersonismorelikelytodothesamethingagainc)if,inagivensituation,anindividualispositivelyreinforced,thenthatindividualwillselectthatsituationinfutureopportunitiesd)areinforcercanbeusedtostrengthenbehaviorDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual3.Thebestwaytodetermineifsomethingisreinforcingisto:a)asktheindividualwhattheypreferforareinforcerb)watchothersperformthesamebehaviorandfindoutwhatreinforcesthemandthenusethatwiththeindividualofconcern*c)conductanexperimentaltestinwhichyoupresentanitemfollowingsomebehavioronseveraltrialstoseeifthefrequencyofthatbehaviorincreasesd) provide a choicesituation in which the “something” is presented along with knownreinforcerstoseeifitwillbechosenbythesubjectinsteadoftheknownreinforcersDifficulty:HardType:Conceptual4.Intrainingprograms inwhichreinforcersaredispensedfrequently,it’sbest touseasmallamountofthereinforceronanyonetrialinorderto:a)lettheclientknowthatthere’smoretocome*b)minimizesatiationandmaximizethenumberoftrialsinatrainingsessionc)ensurethattheprogramiscost-effectived)preventtheclientfrombecominggreedyDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual5.developedtheprinciplethatstates:Foranypairofresponses,themoreprobableonewillreinforcethelessprobableone.a)Skinnerb)Michael*c)Premackd)GreenspoonDifficulty:EasyType:Factual6.Unprogrammedreinforcersthatoccurinthenormalcourseofeverydaylivingarecalled:

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*a)naturalreinforcersb)arbitraryreinforcersc)contrivedreinforcersd)rewardsDifficulty:EasyType:Factual7.Ifaresponseincreasesinfrequencybecauseofitsimmediatereinforcingconsequences,thisisknownas:*a)thedirect-actingeffectsofpositivereinforcementb)afunctionalresponse-reinforcerrelationshipc)theindirect-actingeffectsofpositivereinforcementd)naturalreinforcementDifficulty:EasyType:Factual8.Aparenttellsachild,“Ifyoupickupthetoysinyourroom,thenI’lltakeyoutobuyyourfavoriteicecreamafterdinner.”Thisisanexampleof:a)directactingreinforcementb)thePremackprinciplec)anaturalreinforcer*d)indirectactingreinforcementDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual9.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthereasonsforexplainingareinforcementprogramtotheindividualwhosebehavioristobereinforced?a)Instructionsmayspeedupthelearningprocessforindividualswhoalready understandthem.*b)Instructionsincreasetheeffectsofdeprivationformakingareinforcermoreeffective.c)Instructionsmayinfluenceanindividualtoworkfordelayedreinforcement.d)Instructionsaboutreinforcementprogramsmayhelptoteachindividuals(suchasyoungchildren)tofollowinstructions.Difficulty:HardType:Applied10.Eatingisreinforcedbythetasteoffood.Thisisanexampleof:a)indirectactingreinforcementb)arbitraryreinforcement*c)naturalreinforcementd)thePremackprinciplDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual11.Acoachofyounghockeyplayersalwayshasascrimmageattheendofeachpractice,somethingthattheplayersreallyenjoy.Thisisanexampleof:*a)noncontingentreinforcementb)directactingreinforcementc)contingentreinforcementd)indirectactingreinforcementDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual12.Givingapersonsaltyfoods,ordeprivingthatpersonofwaterareexamplesof:a)discriminativestimulib)unconditionedstimulic)direct-actingreinforcers*d)motivatingoperationsDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual

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13.Behaviors thatoperateon theenvironmentto generateconsequences, andare in turninfluencedbythoseconsequences,arecalled:a)behaviorsb)respondentbehaviorsc)reflexivebehavior*d)operantbehaviorsDifficulty:EasyType:Factual14.Strengtheningaresponsebyaddinganeventimmediatelyfollowingthatresponseisreferredtoas:*a)positivereinforcementb) negativereinforcementc)escapeconditioningd)thePremackprincipleDifficulty:EasyType:Factual15.Eventsorconditionsthattemporarilyaltertheeffectivenessofareinforcer,andincreasethefrequencyofbehaviorreinforcedbythatreinforcer,arecalled:a)positivereinforcersb)direct-actingeventsc)indirect-actingevents*d)motivatingoperationsDifficulty:EasyType:Factual16.Ifareinforcerispresentedataparticulartime,irrespectiveoftheprecedingbehavior,wesaythatthereinforceris:*a)noncontingentb)contingentc)direct-actingd)indirect-actingDifficulty:EasyType:Factual17.Whenabehaviormustoccurbeforeareinforcerwillbepresented,wesaythatthereinforcerisuponthatbehavior.a)noncontingent*b)contingentc)direct-actingd)indirect-actingDifficulty:MEasyType:Factual18.Whenreinforcersaremanipulateddeliberatelyinabehaviormodificationprogram,wesaythattheyarereinforcers.a)direct-actingb)indirect-actingc)natural*d)programmedDifficulty:EasyType:Factual19.Behaviors that act on the environment to generate consequences and are in turninfluenced bythoseconsequences,arecalledbehaviors.*a)operantb)reflexivec)covertd)overtDifficulty:EasyType:Factual

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20.Theprincipleofstatesthattherearecertainstimuliwhoseremovalimmediatelyaftertheoccurrenceofaresponsewillstrengthenthatresponse.a)positivereinforcementb)non-contingentreinforcement*c)negativereinforcementd)motivatingoperationsDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual21.A behavior thatis strengthened because itaccidently precedes a reinforcer, even thoughitdidnotactuallyproducethereinforcer,iscalled:a)operantbehavior*b)superstitiousbehaviorc)respondentbehaviord)reflexivebehaviorDifficulty:EasyType:FactualTrue/False Questions on Main Text(Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 22. Technically speaking, a stimulus is defined as a reinforceronly by its effects onbehavior.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualF23.Explainingareinforcementprogramtoaclientisnecessarybeforeareinforcercanbeusedtoincreasethefrequencyofaparticularbehaviorofthatclient.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualF 24. Natural reinforcers are those deliberately presented following a particular behavior in atrainingprogram.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT 25.Thetermspositivereinforcementandreinforcementareoftenusedinterchangeably.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT26.Consumable, activity, manipulative, possessional, and social are categories ofreinforcers.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualF 27. Giving a child her favorite candy following a desirable behavior is an example of amotivatingoperation.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualT28.Fooddeprivationisatypeofmotivatingoperation.Difficulty:EasyType:Factual

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F29.Theincreasedfrequencyofaresponsebecauseofitsimmediatereinforcingconsequencesisreferredtoastheindirect-actingeffectofreinforcement.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualT30.Whenabehaviormustoccurbeforeareinforcerwillbepresented,wesaythatthereinforceriscontingentuponthatbehavior.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualF31.Unprogrammedreinforcersthatoccurinthenormalcourseofeverydaylivingarecalledarbitraryreinforcers.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualMultipleChoiceQuestionsonNfFLSection(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)32.Personswithdevelopmentaldisabilitieslearncertaindiscriminationsbetterwhenthecorrectresponserevealsa reinforcerhiddeninsideacontainer,ratherthanwhenareinforcerissimplyhanded totheindividualforacorrectresponse. MartinandPearsuggestthatsuchacontingencyshouldbedescribedas:a)adirect-actingcontingencyb)anindirect-actingcontingency*c)areinforcer-discoverycontingencyd)aresponseequilibriumcontingencyDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual33.Suppose that a single occurrence ofa consequence produces a large change in the behaviorthatprecededthatconsequence.Thisisacluethattheresultsaredueto:*a)indirect-actingreinforcementb)direct-actingreinforcementc)thePremackprincipled)responsedisequilibriumDifficulty:HardType:Conceptual34.Supposethatacriticalresponseprecedesthereinforcerbymorethan 30seconds.Thisisacluethattheresultsaredueto:a)thePremackprincipleb)direct-actingreinforcement*c)indirect-actingreinforcementd)responsedisequilibriumDifficulty:HardType:ConceptualTrue/FalseQuestionsonNfFLSection(Note:Correctanswerindicatedinleftmargin)T 35. A behavior change is likely due to indirect acting effects of positive reinforcement if thebehavior thatis measured shows some increase in strength prior to the first occurrence of theconsequence.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualT36.Animalscan learneventhoughtheyarenotabletoverbalizeanunderstandingoranawarenessoftheirbehavior.

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Difficulty:EasyType:Factual

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Chapter5.IncreasingBehaviorwithConditionedReinforcementMultipleChoiceQuestionsonMainText(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)1.Astimuluswhichisnotoriginallyreinforcingbutwhichacquiresreinforcingpowerthroughassociationwithastimulusthatisreinforcingiscalled:*a)aconditionedreinforcerb)aconditionedstimulusc)anaturalreinforcerd)aback-upreinforceDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual2.Adollarbillmaynotbereinforcingforayoungchildwhohashadnoexperiencewithmoney.However,afterthedollarbillispairedwithavarietyofback-upreinforcerswhilemakingvariouspurchasesinthestore,thedollarbillbecomesa powerfulreinforcer.Thisisanexampleofthedevelopmentofa:a)extrinsicreinforcer*b)generalizedconditionedreinforcerc)simpleconditionedreinforcerd) primaryreinforceDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual3.Areinforcerforwhichtokenscanbeexchangedinordertomaintaintheirreinforcingpoweriscalleda(n):a)secondaryreinforcerb)conditionedreinforcer*c)back-upreinforcerd)primaryreinforceDifficulty:EasyType:Factual4.Stimuliwhicharereinforcingwithoutpriorlearningarecalled:a)conditionedreinforcersb)back-upreinforcersc)intrinsicreinforcers*d)primaryreinforcersDifficulty:EasyType:Factual5.Forsomeonewhohasnoteatenforseveralhours,foodwouldbeareinforcer,asitisnaturallyreinforcinginandofitself.*a)primaryb)conditionedc)back-upd)secondaryDifficulty:MediumType:Factual6.Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers areknownas:a)adventitiousreinforcers*b)tokensc)back-upreinforcersd)extrinsicreinforcersDifficulty:EasyType:Factual7.Whichofthefollowingisastimulusthatisaconditionedreinforcer(i.e.,associatedwithmorepowerfulreinforcers)butisnotatoken?a)goldstarsonanimprovementchartb)couponsforfoodproducts*c)thesightofalovedoned)moneyDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual

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8.Inabehaviormodificationtokensystem,tokenscanbeexchangedformorepowerfulreinforcerscalled:a)extrinsicreinforcersb)primaryreinforcersc)intrinsicreinforcers*d)back-upreinforcersDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual9.A stimulus which is not originally punishing but which acquires punishing power throughassociationwithastimulusthatispunishingiscalleda(n):*a)conditionedpunisherb)warningstimulusc)unconditionedpunisherd)conditionedstimulusDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual10.Areinforcerthatisbasedonanumberofdifferentback-upreinforcersiscalleda(n):a)naturalreinforcer*b)generalizedreinforcerc)intrinsicreinforcerd)extrinsicreinforceDifficulty:EasyType:Factual11.At the end of a poker game, poker chips that you have obtained can be exchanged formoney.Inthiscase,moneycanbestbedescribedasa(n):*a)back-upreinforcerb)unconditionedreinforcerc)naturalreinforcerd)conditioned reinforceDifficulty:MediumType:Factual12.InErin’sprogram,thetimeonFacebookorYouTubeareexamplesof:a)tokens*b)back-upreinforcersc)unconditionedreinforcersd)intrinsicreinforcersDifficulty:MediumType:Factual13.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobeaprimaryreinforcer?a)atoyb)money*c)acandybard)pokerchipsDifficulty:EasyType:Factual14.Whichofthefollowingisaconditionedreinforcer?a)adrinkofwaterb)acandybarc)warmthfromafireplace*d)moneyDifficulty:EasyType:Factual15.Praiseisbestreferredtoasa(n):a)naturalreinforcer*b)generalizedreinforcerc)intrinsicreinforcerd)back-upreinforceDifficulty:EasyType:Factual16.Conditionedreinforcersthatcanbeaccumulatedandexchangedforotherreinforcersarecalled:a)backupreinforcers*b)tokens

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c)naturalreinforcersd)intrinsicreinforcersDifficulty:EasyType:FactualTrue/FalseQuestionsonMainText(Note:Correctanswerindicatedinleftmargin)F17.Back-upreinforcersarestimulithatarenaturallyreinforcinginandofthemselves,suchasfoodforsomeonewhohasnoteatenforseveralhours.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualF18.Aprimaryreinforcerisareinforcerthatisbasedonanumberofdifferentback-upreinforcers.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualT 19. A conditioned reinforcer that is a generalized reinforcer is more effective than one thatisnot.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualT 20.Conditionedreinforcersthatcanbeaccumulatedandexchangedforotherreinforcersarecalledtokens.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT21.Astimulusthatispairedwithpunishmentbecomesaconditionedpunisher.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualTrue/False Questions on NfFL Section(Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T22.Automaticconditionedreinforcementenablesustoexplainwhybabiesbabbleagreatdeal,evenwhennoadultsarearound.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualF23.Researchshowsthat,althoughthesmellandtastethatoccurswhilesmokingcigarettesarepairedwiththereinforcingeffectsofnicotineinthebloodstream,thesmellandtasteofcigarettesdonotbecomeconditionedreinforcersforregularsmokers.Difficulty:MediumType:Conceptual

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Chapter6.DecreasingaBehavior withExtinctionMultipleChoiceQuestionsonMainText(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)1.If, in a given situation, an individual emits a previouslyreinforced response that is notfollowedbytheusualreinforcingconsequence,thenthatperson:*a)islesslikelytodothesamethingagaininthatsituationb)willstopemittingthatbehaviorimmediatelyinthatsituationc)ismorelikelytodothesamethingagaininthatsituationd)willbecomeveryaggressiveinthatsituationDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual2.Whenobservinganundesirablebehaviorpriortointroducinganextinctionprogram,youwouldtakeintoaccount:*a)eventsthatmaybereinforcingthebehaviorb)waystominimizethenumberoftrialsfortheextinctionprogramc)punishersthatmaybeusedtodecreasethebehaviorthatistobeextinguishedd)howtoimplementtheprogramwithouttheclient’sknowledgeDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual3.Anextinctionprogrammayfailbecause:a)spontaneousrecoverydidnotoccur*b)adesirablealternativebehaviorwasnotappropriatelystrengthenedc)instructionswerenotgiventotheclientpriortotheprogramd)priortotheextinctionprogram,thebehaviorwasonacontinuousratherthananintermittentscheduleofreinforcementDifficulty:HardType:Conceptual4.Thereappearanceofanextinguishedbehaviorfollowingarestiscalled:a)intermittentreinforcementb)anextinctionburst*c)spontaneousrecoveryd)indirectreinforcementDifficulty:EasyType:Factual5.Itisimportanttoconsiderthesettinginwhichextinctionwillbecarriedoutinorderto:a)capitalizeonuseofinstructions*b)minimizetheinfluenceofalternativereinforcersontheundesirablebehaviorc)put theundesirable behavioronintermittent reinforcementbefore introducingextinctiond)minimizespontaneousrecoveryDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual6.Whichofthefollowingisnotapotentialproblemofanextinctionprogram?a)Thebehaviormaygetworsebeforeitgetsbetter.b)Theprogrammayproduceaggressionbythepersonwhosebehaviorisbeingextinguished.c)Spontaneousrecoverymayoccur.*d)Otherreinforcedbehaviorswillalsodecreaseinfrequency.Difficulty:Hard

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Type:Applied7.Itisimportanttoconsiderthesettinginwhichextinctionwillbecarriedoutinorderto:a)capitalizeonuseof instructionsb)puttheundesirablebehavioronintermittentreinforcementbeforeintroducingextinction*c)maximizethechancesofthebehaviormodifierpersistingwiththeprogramd)minimizespontaneousrecoveryDifficulty:MediumType:Applied8.Abehaviorislikelytoextinguishveryslowlyif:*a)thatbehaviorwasreinforcedintermittentlypriortotheextinctionprogramb)thatbehaviorwasreinforcedcontinuouslypriortotheextinctionprogramc)analternativedesirablebehaviorisreinforcedd)thereisnoaggressionasaside-effectDifficulty:MediumType:Applied9.Ifyoutellsomeonetostopeatingcandies,andthepersonstops,thatisanexampleof:a)extinctionb)thePremackprinciple*c)instructionalcontroloverbehaviord)indirect-actingreinforcementDifficulty:MediumType:Factual10.Ifaparentignoresthebehaviorofachild,thatisanexampleofextinctionif:a)thechildlistenstotheparent* b) the parent’s attention was reinforcing thechild’sbehaviorc)thechildisobedientd)thechild’sbehaviorwasannoyingtotheparentDifficulty:MediumType:Factual11.Behaviorthatextinguishesslowlyissaidtobe:a)reinforcedintermittentlyb)showingspontaneousrecovery*c)resistanttoextinctiond)exhibitingextinctionburstsDifficulty:EasyType:Factual12.Anincreaseinrespondingduringextinctioniscommonlyreferredtoas:*a)anextinctionburstb)spontaneousrecoveryc)anestablishingoperationd)apitfallofextinctionDifficulty:EasyType:Factual13.Extinctionandforgettingaresimilarinthatbothinvolve:a)weakeningabehaviorasafunctionofthatbehaviorbeingemittedwithoutbeingreinforcedb)weakeningabehaviorasafunctionoftimefollowingthatbehaviorc)weakeningabehaviorasafunctionofintermittentreinforcement*d)weakeningofbehavior

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Difficulty:MediumType:Conceptual14.Supposethat,followinginstancesofachildswearing,theparents saidtothechild,“Youhavejustlost25centsofyourweeklyallowance.”Thisisanexampleof:a)extinctionc)reprimandpunishmentb)forgetting*d)responsecostpunishmentDifficulty:MediumType:FactualTrue/FalseQuestionsonMainText(Note:Correctanswerindicatedinleftmargin)F 15.An example of extinction is when you tell someone to stop smoking cigarettes, and thepersonstops.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualT16.Apossiblereasonforthefailureofanextinctionprogramisthattheundesirablebehaviorisreceivingreinforcementfromanothersource.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualF17.Ignoringthebehavior ofapersonisalwaysanexampleofextinction.Difficulty:EasyType:FactualT 18. Extinction may be quicker after continuous reinforcement than after intermittentreinforcement.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualT19.Ifa behaviorisnotreinforcedatleastonceinawhile,itwillgraduallyextinguish.Difficulty:MediumType:FactualF20.Researchhasshownthatextinctioncanbesuccessfullyappliedinanysetting.Difficulty:EasyType:ConceptualF21.Behaviorthathasbeenreinforcedonacontinuousreinforcementscheduleismorepersistent during extinction than behavior that has been reinforced on an intermittentreinforcementschedule.Difficulty:MediumType:ConceptualMultipleChoiceQuestionsonNfFLSection(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)22.Unauthorizedreinforcementprovidedforabehaviorbeingsubjectedtoanextinctionprogramisthedefinitionof:a)continuousreinforcementb)functionalreinforcement*c)bootlegreinforcementd)intrinsicreinforcement

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Difficulty:EasyType:Factual23.AfterSusieappearedtodisplayfrequenttantrumsthatusuallyledtoadultattention,thetreatmentprograminvolvedgivingSusieadultattentiononceevery30secondsregardlessofSusie’sbehavior.Thistreatmentprogramwouldbereferredtoas:a)Intermittentreinforcementb)Extinction*c)Noncontingentreinforcementd)BootlegreinforcementDifficulty:HardType:Applied

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Chapter7.GettingaNewBehaviortoOccurWithShapingMultipleChoiceQuestionsonMainText(Note:*indicatesthecorrectanswer)1.Shapingisreferredtoasthemethodof:a)intermittentreinforcement*b)successiveapproximationsc)contingencyadjustmentd)self-instructionDifficulty:EasyType:Factual2.Theformorspatialconfigurationofabehaviorisreferredtoas:a)latencyofbehaviorb)amountofbehaviorc)frequencyofbehavior*d)topographyofbehaviorDifficulty:EasyType:Factual3.Theprocedureusedfordevelopinganewbehaviorbysuccessivelyreinforcingcloserapproximations and extinguishingpreceding approximations to achieve a final desiredbehavioriscalled:a)intermittentreinforcement*b)shapingc)fadingd)discriminationtrainingDifficulty:EasyType:Applied4.Shapingisaprocedurethatinvolvestwobasicprinciples,namely:a)intermittentreinforcementandextinctionb)continuousreinforcementandinstructions*c)positivereinforcementandextinctiond)reinforcersamplingandPremackprincipleDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual5.Aguidelineforeffectiveapplicationofshapingisto:*a)nevermovetoanewapproximationuntilthestudenthasmasteredthepreviousapproximationb)overtrainateachapproximationtoensuremasteryc)reinforceeachapproximationabout4timesbeforemovingontothenextapproximationd)makeeachapproximationsomewhatdifficulttoavoidboredomDifficulty:MediumType:Conceptual6.Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthethreestagesofashapingprogram?a)specifythefinaldesiredbehaviorb)identifyastartingresponsetoworktowardthefinaldesiredbehavior*c)extinguishbehaviorsthatinterferewiththeshapingprogramd)reinforcethestartingresponse,andthencloserandcloserapproximationstothefinaldesiredbehaviorDifficulty:EasyType:Conceptual7.Achildisreinforcedforsaying“wa-wa,”then “watah,”andfinally,“water.”Inthisexample,hasbeenshaped.

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