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Test Bank For Psychology, 4th Edition

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    1 The Science of Psychology Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level , Learning Outcomes Type A=Applied C=Conceptual F=Factual Level (1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult LO=Learning Objective p=page APA=Learning Outcomes MULTIPLE CHOICE What Is Psychology? Learning Objective 1.1 - What defines psychology as a field of study, and what are psychology’s four primary goals? 1. Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology? a) the scientific study of behavior b) the scientific study of mental processes c) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Correct. The definition of psychology includes both behavior and mental processes and doesn’t exclude animals. d) the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes Incorrect. The definition of psychology includes also animal behavior and mental processes. ANS: c, p. 4, F, LO=1.1, (2) % correct 66 a= 2 b= 1 c= 66 d= 32 r = . 37 APA= 1.1; 1.2 2. In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to ________. a) internal, covert activities Correct. Mental activities are internal. b) outward behavior c) overt actions and reactions Incorrect. Overt means outward, not internal. d) only animal behavior ANS: a, p. 4, F, LO= 1.1 , (1) % correct 85 a= 85 b= 1 c= 13 d= 1 r = . 39 APA= 1.1; 1.2 3. Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to “the science of behavior”? a) relation between grade - point average and salary b) thought processes students used while trying to answer this question

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    Correct. This conforms to the definition of the internal, covert activity of our minds. c) how changes in the rate of television violence influence real - life violence d) effectiveness of several treatments for people who suffer from depression Incorrect. Investigation of treatments is not a mental process. ANS: b, p. 4, C, LO=1.1, (3) APA= 1.1; 1.2 4. You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half of the fans shout their approval. The event reminds you of the topic of today’s lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture? a) bias Correct. The fans are showing bias and this is an important issue. b) experiments Incorrect. The fans are really not part of any treatment groups. c) psychoanalysis d) extraneous variables ANS: a, p. 4, A, LO= 1.1 , (2) APA= 1.2 5. Steve is a fan of the Los Angeles Lakers basketball team. With little provocation, he will engage you in a debate about whether it is the greatest team in basketball. Steve may be demonstrating ________. a) bias Correct. Steve’s loyalty to his team will influence his debate. b) critical thinking Incorrect. Critical thinking requires an open mind. c) an eclectic approach d) unconscious behavior ANS: a, p. 4, A, LO=1.1, (2) APA= 1.2 6. The goals of psychology are to ________. a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind b) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior Incorrect. Human behavior is only one part of psychology. c) improve psychological well - being in all individuals from birth until death d) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior Correct. These adequately help uncover the mysteries of behavior. ANS: d, p. 4, F, LO= 1.1 , (2) % correct 40 a= 17 b=39 c= 3 d= 40 r = .35 % correct 96 a= 4 b= 0 c= 0 d= 96 r = .54 APA= 1.1; 1.2 7. Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores, it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology? a) describing behavior b) explaining behavior Incorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening. c) predicting behavior Correct. Mei’s score served as a predictor (“would do well”) of performance. d) controlling behavior ANS: c, p. 5, A, LO= 1.1 , (1) % correct 76 a= 8 b= 7 c= 76 d= 9 r = .20 % correct 80 a= 6 b= 5 c= 80 d= 9 r = . 21 APA= 1.2

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    8. In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to ________ these phenomena. a) predict and control Correct. These are two of the four goals of psychology. b) analyze and manipulate c) categorize and organize Incorrect. These are not mentioned by your authors as being goals of psychology. d) synthesize and regulate ANS: a, p. 5, C, LO= 1.1 , (1) % correct 89 a= 7 b= 89 c= 3 d= 2 r = .29 APA= 1.2 ; 2.1 9. A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of ________. a) description Incorrect. “Why” does not describe; it explains. b) explanation Correct. “Why” asks for an explanation. c) prediction d) control ANS: b, p. 5, A, LO= 1.1 , (1) % correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 4 d= 2 r = .24 APA= 1.2 ; 2.1 10. A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class, does not turn in her homework, squirms around a lot in her seat, and swings her feet constantly. This is an example of which goal of psychology? a) describing behavior Correct. We only know WHAT she is doing. b) explaining behavior Incorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening, not what is happening. c) predicting behavior d) controlling behavior ANS: a, p. 5, A, LO= 1.1 , (1) % correct 85 a= 85 b= 14 c= 0 d= 0 r = .34 APA= 1.2 ; 2.1 11. The question “What is happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description Correct. Asking “what” means asking for a description. b) explanation Incorrect. Explanation goes beyond “what.” c) prediction d) control ANS: a, p. 5, C, LO= 1.1 , (2) % correct 64 a= 64 b= 28 c= 8 d= 1 r = . 21 APA= 1.2 ; 2.1 12. The question “Why is it happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description Incorrect. Describing does not answer the question why. b) explanation Correct. Asking “why” calls for an explanation. c) prediction d) control ANS: b, p. 5, C, LO= 1.1 , (1) % correct 90 a= 6 b= 90 c= 4 d= 0 r = . 20 APA= 1.2 ; 2.1

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    13. The question “When will it happen again?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description b) explanation Incorrect. Explanation deals with the present. c) prediction Correct. Prediction deals with future events. d) control ANS: c, p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1) % correct 92 a= 0 b= 4 c= 92 d= 4 r = .36 APA= 1.2 ; 2.1 14. The question “How can it be changed?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description b) explanation Incorrect. Explanation deals with the present, while control deals with the future. c) prediction d) control Correct. Control deals with changing future events. ANS: d p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1) APA= 1.2; 2.1 15. Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best perform are interested in the goal of ________. a) description b) explanation Incorrect. The test is predicting, not explaining. c) prediction Correct. The test predicts behavior. d) control ANS: c, p. 5, A, LO= 1.1 , (1) % correct 83 a= 7 b=41 c= 83 d= 7 r = .29 APA= 1.2 ; 2.1 Psychology Then: The History of Psychology Learning Objective 1.2 - Who were some of the earlier pioneers in psychology and how did structuralism and functionalism differ? 16. The general curiosity about why people think, feel, and behave the way they do: a) primarily happened after World War II. b) is about a century old. c) is several centuries old. Incorrect. These curiosities are probably much older than centuries, and have always been with us. d) has always probably been with us. Correct. As your authors note, these questions have been pondered in some way or another since we’ve been around. ANS: d, p. 6, F, LO=1.2, (1) APA= 1.2 17. In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ________. a) William James b) William Tell c) Wilhelm Wundt Correct. Wundt supervised the first psychological laboratory. d) Sigmund Freud Incorrect. Freud’s theory came later, and he had no lab. ANS: c, p. 6, F, LO= 1.2 , (1) % correct 88 a= 7 b= 1 c= 88 d= 4 r = .23

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    % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 APA= 1.2 18. Participants in research early in psychology’s history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called ________. a) hypnosis b) objective introspection Correct. In introspection, you describe your conscious thoughts. c) psychosurgery d) psychoanalysis Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was not concerned with these issues. ANS: b, p. 6, C, LO=1.2, (2) APA= 1.2 19. Objective introspection requires: a) metaphysical experiences. b) self - skepticism about experiences. c) empiricism. Incorrect. Empiricism refers to using collected data to support a hypothesis. It is not related to the concept of introspection. d) reflection on the self. Correct. Remember that introspection literally means “looking within.” ANS: d, p. 6, F, LO=1.2, (1) APA= 1.2 20. At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________. a) analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements Correct. Wundt trained his students to detect the basic elements of human consciousness. b) determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior Incorrect. Wundt was not a functionalist. c) listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness d) carefully feel the bumps on a person’s head in order to determine his or her character traits ANS: a, p. 7, A, LO=1.2, (2) APA= 1.2 21. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person’s experiences. a) intervention Incorrect. Intervention has a totally different meaning than introspection, even though it looks similar. b) introspection Correct. This requires self - examination of the structure of the mind. c) insight inventory d) induction ANS: b, p. 7, F, LO= 1.2 , (1) % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 4 d= 0 r = .24 % correct 92 a= 1 b= 92 c= 3 d= 4 r = . 29 APA= 1.2 22. What is the best analogy for Wundt’s and Titchener’s mission for psychology? a) a chart listing the basic chemical elements Correct. They wanted to break down the mind into basic elements. b) a list of the courses required for graduation c) a list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outlet d) a computer program for word processing a term paper Incorrect. A computer program does not have basic elements.

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    ANS: a, p. 7, C, LO=1.2, (3) APA= 1.2 23. Which of the following terms do NOT belong together? a) structuralism; observable behavior Correct. Structuralism focuses on introspection, which is not observable. b) Gestalt; whole c) psychoanalysis; unconscious conflict Incorrect. These terms do belong together. d) natural selection; functionalism ANS: a, pp. 7 & 10, C, LO= 1.2 – 1.3, (2) APA= 1.2 24. The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they: a) examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes. Correct. The structuralists were interested in understanding the basic structure of human consciousness. b) were the first to use brain - scanning techniques to learn about the structure of the brain. c) realized the limits of introspection and focused on the structure of behaviors. d) were strongly influenced by Charles Darwin. Incorrect. This would be a statement applicable to the functionalists, not the structuralists. ANS: a, p. 7, C, LO=1.2, (2) APA= 1.2 25. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism? a) They wanted to identify the major brain structures. b) Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind. Incorrect. It was the structure of thought, not physiology . c) They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system. d) Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience. Correct. Structure was key in the definition. ANS: d, p. 7, F, LO= 1.2 , (3) % correct 48 a= 30 b= 19 c= 4 d= 48 r = .18 % correct 59 a= 13 b= 24 c= 3 d= 59 r = . 37 APA= 1.2 26. Who was an early proponent of functionalism? a) Ivan Pavlov b) William James Correct. James was a functionalist. c) Wilhelm Wundt Incorrect. Wundt was a structuralist. d) Max Wertheimer ANS: b, p. 7, F, LO= 1.2 , (1) % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA= 1.2 27. How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology? a) Behaviorism b) Cognitivism c) Functionalism Correct. The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped us with our everyday lives. d) Structuralism Incorrect. The structuralists were interested in determining the structure, or basic makeup, of human consciousness. ANS: c, p. 7, C, LO=1.2, (1) APA= 1.2

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    28. If an individual believed that why people think and feel as they do is more important than what they think and how they think, that individual would be a proponent of the ________ approach to psychology. a) structuralist Incorrect. The structuralists were interested in determining the structure, or basic makeup, of human consciousness. b) functionalist Correct. The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped us with our everyday lives. c) psychodynamic d) behaviorist ANS: b, pp. 7 – 8, A, LO= 1.2 , (3) APA= 1.2 29. If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today, where would we most likely find him? a) in a laboratory, studying principles of perception b) in a school, working to improve teaching methods Correct. Functionalists applied research to actual problems. c) in a mountain retreat, contemplating the meaning of life d) in a sleep laboratory, trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based Incorrect. This would be considered pure research . ANS: b, pp. 7 – 8, A, LO=1.2, (2) APA= 1.2 30. Which psychologist was the first African - American to receive a Ph.D. in educational psychology from the University of Chicago in 1925? a) Charles Henry Thompson Correct. Charles Henry Thompson earned his Ph.D. in educational psychology in 1925 at the University of Chicago, the first African American to receive this degree in the USA. b) Linus Pauling Incorrect. The correct individual was Thompson, not Pauling. c) Albert Sidney Beckham d) Inez Beverly Prosser ANS: a, p. 9, F, LO=1.2, (3) APA= 1.2 31. While Margaret Floy Washburn may have been the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States (in 1894), the first African - American woman to do so was ________ in 1934 at the University of Minnesota. a) Inez Beverly Prosser b) Ruth Howard Correct. Howard was the first woman of color to receive the doctorate in psychology in the USA. c) Margaret Mahler d) Anna Freud Incorrect. Anna Freud did not do her studies in America. The correct answer is Ruth Howard. ANS: b, p. 9, F, LO=1.2, (3) APA= 1.2 32. Which noted African - American psychologist held a post as president of Shaw University in North Carolina and then president of Virginia State College? a) Charles Henry Thompson b) Howard Hale Long Incorrect. The correct psychologist referred to in this question is Robert Prentiss Daniel c) Robert Prentiss Daniel Correct. This is the individual referred to in this particular question. d) Albert Sidney Beckham ANS: c, p. 9, F, LO=1.2, (3) APA= 1.2

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    Learning Objective 1.3 - What were the basic ideas and who were the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism? 33. Which type of early psychologist believed that “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”? a) Gestaltist Correct. The Gestaltists studied the perception of wholes. b) behaviorist c) structuralist Incorrect. Structuralists focused on the elements of consciousness . d) functionalist ANS: a, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (2) % correct 68 a= 68 b= 4 c= 19 d= 9 r = . 39 APA= 1.2 34. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” is a statement associated with the perspective of ________. a) introspection b) functionalism c) psychoanalysis Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was concerned with unconsciousness, not “wholes.” d) Gestalt psychologists Correct. “ The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” was the theme of the Gestaltists. ANS: d, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (3) % correct 55 a= 14 b= 21 c= 11 d= 55 r = .43 APA= 1.2 35. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon? a) Gestalt Correct. Gestaltists focused on perception of wholes. b) behavioral c) humanistic d) psychodynamic Incorrect. This theory focused on the unconscious. ANS: a, p. 10, A, LO=1.3, (2) APA= 1.2 36. Gestalt psychology attempted to discover: a) how the mind helped people adapt to the world. b) the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts. Correct. Gestalt psychologists looked at larger wholes, rather than individual parts. c) the basic building blocks of consciousness. Incorrect. This would be an emphasis of structuralists, not Gestalt psychologists. d) the unconscious motivations for human functioning. ANS: b, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (2) APA= 1.2 37. The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called ________. a) psychoanalysis b) cognitive psychology Correct. Gestalt psychology is now part of cognitive psychology, which focuses on perception as well as learning, memory, and thought processes. c) behavioral psychology Incorrect. This area of psychology only focuses on observable behavior. d) social psychology

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    ANS: b, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (2) % correct 63 a= 13 b= 63 c= 15 d= 9 r = . 32 APA= 1.2 38. The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one’s behavior is part of what early field of psychology? a) structuralism Incorrect. Structuralism does not examine the unconscious. b) functionalism c) psychoanalysis Correct. The unconscious is a major component of psychoanalysis. d) behaviorism ANS: c, p p . 10 – 11 , F, LO=1.3, (3) % correct 56 a= 7 b= 9 c= 56 d= 27 r = .37 APA= 1.2 39. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? a) free will b) brain physiology Incorrect. There was no physical cause to the problems patients had. c) the unconscious mind Correct. Freud’s entire theory centered on the unconscious. d) external consequences ANS: c, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (1) % correct 88 a= 1 b= 6 c= 88 d= 4 r = . 42 APA= 1.2 40. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. “I’ll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50.” The revealed answer is “Focused on unconscious factors.” Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say? a) “Who is B. F. Skinner?” Incorrect. Skinner rejected the unconscious. b) “Who are the humanists?” c) “Who is Sigmund Freud?” Correct. Freud based his entire theory on the unconscious. d) “Who are the behaviorists?” ANS: c, p. 10, A, LO=1.3, (1) APA= 1.2 41. Freud stressed the importance of ________. a) early childhood experiences Correct. Freud believed personality was formed in the first six years of life. b) adolescence Incorrect. Freud stressed the first six years. c) early adulthood d) middle adulthood ANS: a, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (1) % correct 79 a= 79 b= 14 c= 5 d= 2 r = .24 APA= 1.2 42. According to Freud, unconscious urges: a) are able to be suppressed. b) only pertain to sex. Incorrect. Freud also felt that unconscious urges were related to aggressive impulses. c) attempt to surface and affect our behaviors. Correct. Freud believed that unconscious urges could not stay completely unconscious indefinitely, and that they would be expressed in one way or another.

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    d) have no impact on everyday life. ANS: c, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (2) APA= 1.2 43. The work of Freud was built around ________. a) a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one’s own cognitive processes b) a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts Correct. Unconscious motives and conflicts are the essential elements of psychoanalysis. c) a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior Incorrect. Psychoanalysts don’t necessarily refrain from directing behavior. d) a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations ANS: b, pp. 10 – 11, C, LO=1.3, (2) APA= 1.2 44. Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients? a) drug therapy b) neuropsychology c) clinical psychology Incorrect. This was not a discipline yet. d) psychoanalysis Correct. It fit with his assumptions about the mind. ANS: d, p. 10 , F, LO=1.3, (1) % correct 90 a= 0 b= 6 c= 4 d= 90 r = .29 % correct 85 a= 4 b= 7 c= 4 d= 85 r = . 30 APA= 1.2 45. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities? a) Gestaltist b) behavioralist Correct. This theory focused on learned behavior. c) psychodynamic Incorrect. This theory focused on unconscious influences. d) functionalist ANS: b, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2) APA= 1.2 46. John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of ________. a) behavior Correct. He thought that was the most scientific. b) the mind c) the brain d) consciousness Incorrect. This was not observable. ANS: a, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (2) % correct 74 a= 74 b= 6 c= 7 d= 12 r = . 33 APA= 1.2 47. The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying: a) the reasons people give for their behaviors. b) the specific personality traits that lead to behavior. c) how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response. Correct. This relationship, called a stimulus - response association, is one of the major foundations of behaviorism. d) the purposes of people’s behavior.

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    Incorrect. This would be the focus of functionalism, not behaviorism. ANS: c, p. 11, C, LO=1.3, (2) APA= 1.2 48. What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time? a) “Focus on observable behavior.” Correct. Behaviorism was founded on the study of observable behavior. b) “Life is an effort to overcome inferiority.” c) “We cannot know others until we know ourselves.” Incorrect. Watson only studied what he observed. d) “Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes.” ANS: a, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2) % correct 75 a= 75 b= 6 c= 14 d= 3 r = .38 % correct 78 a= 78 b= 3 c= 16 d= 3 r = . 34 APA= 1.2 49. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________. a) dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to habituation Incorrect. Conditioning, not habituation, is the correct answer. b) dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to reflexology c) dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning Correct . Dogs would salivate due to conditioning . d) dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to their fear response ANS: c, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (1) APA= 1.2 50. Sallie noticed that when her alarm clock goes off in the morning, her dog Ruffles is standing by her bed salivating. Every morning when Sallie wakes to the alarm, she immediately rolls out of bed and feeds Ruffles, who very much enjoys his canned dog food. It is likely that _________. a) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to enjoy canned dog food Incorrect. Ruffles’s enjoyment of dog food would be an unconditioned response, not a conditioned response. b) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to sleep next to her bed c) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate over canned dog food d) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate to the sound of her alarm clock Correct . Ruffles has learned to associate the sound of the alarm clock with being fed. ANS: d, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2) APA= 1.1; 1.2 51. Pavlov’s research demonstrated that ________. a) involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell) Correct. This is true based on his research of conditioning. b) an unrelated stimulus (salivation) could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) Incorrect. This is not true, as the involuntary reaction is salivation and the unrelated stimulus is the sound of the bell. c) involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food) d) an unrelated stimulus (food) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking) ANS: a, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (1) % correct 86 a= 86 b= 6 c= 8 d= 0 r = . 43 APA= 1.2 52. Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________. a) learned; inherited b) repressed conflicts; learned Correct. Freud studied repressed conflict and Watson studied observable behavior. c) sexual; unconscious

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    Incorrect. Watson did not believe in the unconscious. d) conditioned; unconditioned ANS: b, p. 11, C, LO=1.3, (2) APA= 1.2 53. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior? a) William James and Wilhelm Wundt Incorrect. One was a functionalist and the other was a structuralist. b) B. F. Skinner and Max Wertheimer c) Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson Correct . They used conditioning in their theories. d) Carl Rogers and Edward Titchener ANS: c, p. 11, C, LO=1.3, (3) % correct 46 a= 31 b= 19 c= 46 d= 5 r = .28 APA= 1.2 54. Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism? a) Gestalt and Wundt b) Freud and Watson Incorrect. Freud was a psychoanalyst. c) Watson and Pavlov Correct. They contributed to behaviorism. d) Pavlov and Wundt ANS: c, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (2) % correct 78 a= 6 b= 10 c= 78 d= 7 r = . 49 APA= 1.2 55. Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research? a) a survey of daydreams b) an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired Correct. Watson believed observable behavior should be the focus of study. c) a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women d) an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items Incorrect. You cannot observe thought processes. ANS: b, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2) % correct 81 a=7 b= 81 c=3 d= 7 r = .45 APA= 1.2 Psychology Now: Modern Perspectives Learning Objective 1.4 - What are the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives, and what were the important contributions of Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers? 56. The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________. a) Watson Incorrect. Watson was a behaviorist. b) Wundt c) Gestalt d) Freud Correct. Freud developed the psychodynamic theory. ANS: d, p. 14, F, LO=1.4, (3) % correct 62 a= 23 b= 2 c= 12 d= 62 r = .42 % correct 55 a= 10 b= 21 c= 14 d= 55 r = . 38 APA= 1.2

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    57. Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches? a) social - cognitive learning b) learning c) cognitive approach Incorrect. The cognitive approach focuses on how people think, remember, and store information, not on the unconscious. d) psychodynamic approach Correct. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious dynamics. ANS: d, p. 14, A, LO=1.4, (2) APA= 1.2 58. Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement? a) William James b) Sigmund Freud Incorrect. Freud did not emphasize positive reinforcement. c) B. F. Skinner Correct. Skinner believed that behavior that is followed by good consequences is reinforced. d) Wilhelm Wundt ANS: c, p. 14, F, LO=1.4, ( 2 ) % correct 77 a= 11 b= 4 c= 77 d= 8 r = .40 % correct 66 a= 23 b= 6 c= 66 d= 3 r = .36 APA= 1.2 59. You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self - actualization . Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented? a) behaviorism Incorrect. This perspective does not suggest free will or human nature. b) humanism Correct. This perspective suggests people have many choices . c) functionalism d) psychodynamics ANS: b, p. 14, A, LO=1.4, (2) APA= 1.2 60. Which perspective focuses on free will and self - actualization? a) psychoanalysis Incorrect. This theory does not acknowledge free will. b) humanism Correct. Humanist theory focuses on free will and self - actualization. c) cognitive perspective d) behaviorism ANS: b, p. 14, F, LO=1.4, (2) % correct 77 a= 2 b= 77 c= 10 d= 15 r = . 33 APA= 1.2 61. Humanist Abraham Maslow suggests that when people reach self - actualization, they: a) develop to their fullest potential. Correct. When a person has become everything they are c apa ble of, they have become self - actualized according to Maslow. b) avoid negative consequences of behavior. c) seek maximum reward for all their behaviors. Incorrect. This would be a theoretical suggestion of the behaviorist, not a humanist. d) learn from their mistakes and move on.

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    ANS: a, p. 14, C, LO=1.4, (2) APA= 1.2 62. In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today? a) Gestalt Incorrect. Gestaltists were not involved in breaking down thought processes into basic elements. b) cognitive Correct. The cognitive perspective focuses on breaking down thought processes. c) behavioral d) humanistic ANS: b, p. 14, C, LO=1.4, (2) APA= 1.2 63. Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with ________. a) electrolysis and PET b) PET and MRI Correct: Both are discussed in the book and used by cognitive neuroscientists. c) MRI and electrolysis d) Gamma images and electrolysis Incorrect. PET and MRI is the right answer. ANS: b, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (2) % correct 75 a= 10 b= 75 c= 11 d= 3 r = . 21 APA= 1.2 ; 2.4 64. The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine ________. a) images of the living brain Correct. MRI and PET take images of a living brain for analysis. b) biopsies of the brain of a cadaver Incorrect. Biopsies are not taken by a MRI. c) select biopsied portions of a brain d) acute time of death in stroke patients ANS: a, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (1) APA= 1.2; 2.4 65. If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective. a) behavioral b) sociocultural Correct. This approach focuses on social environment. c) psychodynamic d) cognitive Incorrect. This approach focuses on individual thought processes, not groups of people. ANS: b, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (2) % correct 66 a= 20 b= 66 c= 5 d= 10 r = .22 % correct 73 a= 17 b= 73 c= 2 d= 6 r = .28 APA= 1.1; 1.2 66. Samantha just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City, which is a very busy part of Manhattan. She screamed loudly, and several people looked in her direction, but nobody stopped walking or made an attempt to help. She immediately broke down in tears and trembled for 10 minutes until she could walk to her car. This is an example of ________. a) democracy

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    b) the bystander effect Correct. This example would support this concept as nobody immediately helped despite being a heavily populated area. c) diffusion of effects Incorrect. The diffusion of responsibility could also be a correct answer but not diffusion of effects. d) flaws in the judicial system ANS: b, p. 15, A, LO=1.4, (2) APA= 1.1; 1.2 67. Jeff’s car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine. He felt lucky to have broken down while parked in the center of town during lunch when many people were outside and could help. However, 30 minutes has passed and despite the heavily populated area, nobody has offered assistance. This is an example of the ________. a) zeitgeist b) behaviorist effect c) bystander effect Correct. This example would support the example because of the principle of diffusion of responsibility. d) self - Serving prophecy Incorrect. Not discussed in the book. ANS: c, p. 15, A, LO=1.4, (2) APA= 1.1; 1.2 68. In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a ________ perspective in this cross - cultural study. a) Eurocentric b) egocentric c) culturio Incorrect. This is not a real term or concept discussed in the book. d) sociocultural Correct. The researcher is looking at cultures from a sociocultural perspective. ANS: d, p. 15, A, LO=1.4, (2) APA= 1.1; 1.2 69. Darley and Latané (1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to ________. a) diffusion of anonymity Incorrect. Diffusion of responsibility is the correct choice. b) diffusion of responsibility Correct. When others are around, individuals have been found to believe that help is not needed and that another person will help. c) flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritans d) timeliness of onset ANS: b, p. 15, F, LO=1.4 , (1) APA= 1.2 70. Shorey (2001) found that the brutal death of a Somolian prisoner in a Canadian military facility could have been prevented. One reason the beating was not stopped was the ________. a) bystander effect Correct. This would support the example because of the principle of diffusion of responsibility. b) Zeitgeist c) behaviorist effect d) Canadian prison policy Incorrect. Not discussed in the book. ANS: a , p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (2) APA= 1.2

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