Test Bank For Psychology, 4th Edition

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1The Science of PsychologyKey: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level, Learning OutcomesTypeA=AppliedC=ConceptualF=FactualLevel(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=DifficultLO=Learning Objectivep=pageAPA=Learning OutcomesMULTIPLE CHOICEWhat Is Psychology?Learning Objective1.1-What defines psychology as a field of study, and what are psychology’s four primarygoals?1. Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?a) the scientific study of behaviorb) the scientific study of mental processesc) the scientific study of behavior and mental processesCorrect. The definition of psychology includes both behavior and mental processes and doesn’t exclude animals.d) the scientific study of human behavior and mental processesIncorrect. The definition of psychology includes also animal behavior and mentalprocesses.ANS: c, p. 4, F, LO=1.1, (2)% correct66a=2b=1c=66d=32r= .37APA=1.1;1.22. In the definition of psychology, the termmental processesrefers to ________.a) internal, covert activitiesCorrect. Mental activities are internal.b) outward behaviorc) overt actions and reactionsIncorrect.Overtmeans outward, not internal.d) only animal behaviorANS: a, p. 4, F, LO=1.1, (1)% correct85a=85b=1c=13d=1r= .39APA=1.1;1.23. Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to “thescience of behavior”?a) relation between grade-point average and salaryb) thought processes students used while trying to answer this question

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Correct. This conforms to the definition of the internal, covert activity of our minds.c) how changes in the rate of television violence influence real-life violenced) effectiveness of several treatments for people who suffer from depressionIncorrect. Investigation of treatments is not a mental process.ANS: b, p. 4, C, LO=1.1, (3)APA=1.1; 1.24. You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. Atone point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half of the fans shout their approval. Theevent reminds you of the topic of today’s lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture?a) biasCorrect. The fans are showing bias and this is an important issue.b) experimentsIncorrect. The fans are really not part of any treatment groups.c) psychoanalysisd) extraneous variablesANS: a, p. 4, A, LO=1.1, (2)APA=1.25. Steve is a fan of the Los Angeles Lakers basketball team. With little provocation, he will engage you in a debateabout whether it is the greatest team in basketball. Stevemaybe demonstrating ________.a) biasCorrect. Steve’s loyalty to his team will influence his debate.b) critical thinkingIncorrect. Critical thinking requires an open mind.c) an eclectic approachd)unconscious behaviorANS: a, p. 4, A, LO=1.1, (2)APA=1.26.The goals of psychology are to ________.a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mindb) understand, compare, and analyze human behaviorIncorrect. Human behavior is only one part of psychology.c) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until deathd) describe, explain, predict, and control behaviorCorrect. These adequately help uncover the mysteries of behavior.ANS: d, p. 4, F, LO=1.1, (2)% correct 40a= 17 b=39 c= 3 d= 40r= .35% correct 96a= 4 b= 0 c= 0 d= 96r= .54APA=1.1;1.27. Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores, it was decided that she would dowell in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?a) describing behaviorb) explaining behaviorIncorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening.c) predicting behaviorCorrect. Mei’s score served as a predictor (“would do well”) of performance.d) controlling behaviorANS: c, p. 5, A, LO=1.1, (1)% correct 76a= 8 b= 7 c= 76 d= 9r= .20% correct80a=6b=5c=80d=9r= .21APA=1.2

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8. In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to ________these phenomena.a) predict and controlCorrect. These are two of the four goals of psychology.b) analyze and manipulatec) categorize and organizeIncorrect. These are not mentioned by your authors as being goals of psychology.d) synthesize and regulateANS: a, p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1)% correct 89a= 7 b= 89 c= 3 d= 2r= .29APA=1.2; 2.19. A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist ismost interested in the goal of ________.a) descriptionIncorrect. “Why” does not describe; it explains.b) explanationCorrect. “Why” asks for an explanation.c) predictiond) controlANS: b, p. 5, A, LO=1.1, (1)% correct 92a= 2 b= 92 c= 4 d= 2r= .24APA=1.2; 2.110. A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class, does not turn in her homework, squirms arounda lot in her seat, and swings her feet constantly. This is an example of which goal of psychology?a) describing behaviorCorrect. We only know WHAT she is doing.b) explaining behaviorIncorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening, not what is happening.c) predicting behaviord) controlling behaviorANS: a, p. 5, A, LO=1.1, (1)% correct 85a= 85 b= 14 c= 0 d= 0r= .34APA=1.2; 2.111. The question “What is happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?a) descriptionCorrect. Asking “what” means asking for a description.b) explanationIncorrect. Explanation goes beyond “what.”c) predictiond) controlANS: a, p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (2)% correct64a=64b=28c=8d=1r= .21APA=1.2; 2.112. The question “Why is it happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?a) descriptionIncorrect. Describing does not answer the question why.b) explanationCorrect. Asking “why” calls for an explanation.c) predictiond) controlANS: b, p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1)% correct90a=6b=90c=4d=0r= .20APA=1.2; 2.1

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13. The question “When will it happen again?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?a) descriptionb) explanationIncorrect. Explanation deals with the present.c) predictionCorrect. Prediction deals with future events.d) controlANS: c, p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1)% correct 92a= 0 b= 4 c= 92 d= 4r= .36APA=1.2; 2.114. The question “How can it be changed?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?a) descriptionb) explanationIncorrect. Explanation deals with the present, while control deals with the future.c) predictiond) controlCorrect. Control deals with changing future events.ANS: d p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1)APA=1.2; 2.115. Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might bestperform are interested in the goal of ________.a) descriptionb) explanationIncorrect. The test is predicting, not explaining.c) predictionCorrect. The test predicts behavior.d) controlANS: c, p. 5, A, LO=1.1, (1)% correct 83a= 7 b=41 c= 83 d= 7r= .29APA=1.2; 2.1Psychology Then: The History of PsychologyLearning Objective1.2-Who were some of the earlier pioneers in psychology and how did structuralism andfunctionalism differ?16. The general curiosity about why people think, feel, and behave the way they do:a) primarily happened after World War II.b) is about a century old.c) is several centuries old.Incorrect. These curiosities are probably much older than centuries, and have always been with us.d) has always probably been with us.Correct. As your authors note, these questions have been pondered in some way or another since we’ve beenaround.ANS: d, p. 6, F, LO=1.2, (1)APA=1.217. In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ________.a) William Jamesb) William Tellc) Wilhelm WundtCorrect. Wundt supervised the first psychological laboratory.d) Sigmund FreudIncorrect. Freud’s theory came later, and he had no lab.ANS: c, p. 6, F, LO=1.2, (1)% correct 88a= 7 b= 1 c= 88 d= 4r= .23

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% correct 100a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0r= .00APA=1.218. Participants in research early in psychology’s history might have been asked to view a chair and describe itscolor, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using amethod called ________.a) hypnosisb) objective introspectionCorrect. In introspection, you describe your conscious thoughts.c) psychosurgeryd) psychoanalysisIncorrect.Psychoanalysis was not concerned with these issues.ANS: b, p. 6, C, LO=1.2, (2)APA=1.219. Objective introspection requires:a) metaphysical experiences.b) self-skepticism about experiences.c) empiricism.Incorrect. Empiricism refers to using collected data to support a hypothesis. It is not related to the concept ofintrospection.d) reflection on the self.Correct. Remember that introspection literally means “looking within.”ANS: d, p. 6, F, LO=1.2, (1)APA=1.220. At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in thepsychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________.a) analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elementsCorrect. Wundt trained his students to detect the basic elements of human consciousness.b) determine the function or purpose of a particular human behaviorIncorrect. Wundt was not a functionalist.c) listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousnessd) carefully feel the bumps on a person’s head in order to determine his or her character traitsANS: a, p. 7, A, LO=1.2, (2)APA=1.221.The school of psychology calledstructuralismused a technique called ________, which involved reporting thecontents of consciousness to study a person’s experiences.a) interventionIncorrect. Intervention has a totally different meaning than introspection, even though it looks similar.b) introspectionCorrect. This requires self-examination of the structure of the mind.c) insight inventoryd) inductionANS: b, p. 7, F, LO=1.2, (1)% correct 96a= 0 b= 96 c= 4 d= 0r= .24% correct92a=1b=92c=3d=4r= .29APA=1.222. What is the best analogy for Wundt’s and Titchener’s mission for psychology?a) a chart listing the basic chemical elementsCorrect. They wanted to break down the mind into basic elements.b) a list of the courses required for graduationc) a list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outletd) a computer program for word processing a term paperIncorrect. A computer program does not have basic elements.

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ANS: a, p. 7, C, LO=1.2, (3)APA=1.223.Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?a) structuralism; observable behaviorCorrect. Structuralism focuses on introspection, which is not observable.b) Gestalt; wholec) psychoanalysis; unconscious conflictIncorrect. These termsdobelong together.d) natural selection; functionalismANS: a, pp. 7 & 10, C, LO=1.2–1.3,(2)APA=1.224. The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they:a) examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes.Correct. The structuralists were interested in understanding the basic structure of human consciousness.b) were the first to use brain-scanning techniques to learn about the structure of the brain.c) realized the limits of introspection and focused on the structure of behaviors.d) were strongly influenced by Charles Darwin.Incorrect. This would be a statement applicable to the functionalists, not the structuralists.ANS: a, p. 7, C, LO=1.2, (2)APA=1.225. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?a) They wanted to identify the major brain structures.b) Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.Incorrect. It was the structure of thought, not physiology.c) They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.d) Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.Correct. Structure was key in the definition.ANS: d, p. 7, F, LO=1.2, (3)% correct 48a= 30 b= 19 c= 4 d= 48r= .18% correct59a=13b=24c=3d=59r= .37APA=1.226. Who was an early proponent of functionalism?a) Ivan Pavlovb) William JamesCorrect. James was a functionalist.c) Wilhelm WundtIncorrect. Wundt was a structuralist.d) Max WertheimerANS: b, p. 7, F, LO=1.2, (1)% correct 100a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0r= .00APA=1.227. How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which earlymovement of psychology?a) Behaviorismb) Cognitivismc) FunctionalismCorrect. The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped uswith our everyday lives.d) StructuralismIncorrect. The structuralists were interested in determining the structure, or basic makeup, of human consciousness.ANS: c, p. 7, C, LO=1.2, (1)APA=1.2

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28. If an individual believed that why people think and feel as they do is more important than what they think andhow they think, that individual would be a proponent of the ________ approach to psychology.a) structuralistIncorrect. The structuralists were interested in determining the structure, or basic makeup, of human consciousness.b) functionalistCorrect. The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped uswith our everyday lives.c) psychodynamicd) behavioristANS: b, pp. 7–8, A, LO=1.2, (3)APA=1.229. If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today, where would we most likely find him?a) in a laboratory, studying principles of perceptionb) in a school, working to improve teaching methodsCorrect. Functionalists applied research to actual problems.c) in a mountain retreat, contemplating the meaning of lifed) in a sleep laboratory, trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically basedIncorrect. This would be considered pure research.ANS: b, pp. 7–8, A, LO=1.2, (2)APA=1.230. Which psychologist was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. in educational psychology from theUniversity of Chicago in 1925?a) Charles Henry ThompsonCorrect. Charles Henry Thompson earned his Ph.D. in educational psychology in 1925 at the University ofChicago, the first African American to receive this degree in the USA.b) Linus PaulingIncorrect. The correct individual was Thompson, not Pauling.c) Albert Sidney Beckhamd) Inez Beverly ProsserANS: a, p. 9, F, LO=1.2, (3)APA=1.231. While Margaret Floy Washburn may have been the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the UnitedStates (in 1894), the first African-American woman to do so was ________ in 1934 at the University of Minnesota.a) Inez Beverly Prosserb) Ruth HowardCorrect. Howard was the first woman of color to receive the doctorate in psychology in the USA.c) Margaret Mahlerd) Anna FreudIncorrect. Anna Freud did not do her studies in America. The correct answer is Ruth Howard.ANS: b, p. 9, F, LO=1.2, (3)APA=1.232. Which noted African-American psychologist held a post as president of Shaw University in North Carolina andthen president of Virginia State College?a) Charles Henry Thompsonb) Howard Hale LongIncorrect. The correct psychologist referred to in this question is Robert Prentiss Danielc) Robert Prentiss DanielCorrect. This is the individual referred to in this particular question.d) Albert Sidney BeckhamANS: c, p. 9, F, LO=1.2, (3)APA=1.2

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Learning Objective 1.3-What were the basic ideas and who were the important people behind the earlyapproaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism?33. Which type of early psychologist believed that “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”?a) GestaltistCorrect. The Gestaltists studied the perception of wholes.b) behavioristc) structuralistIncorrect. Structuralists focused on the elements of consciousness.d) functionalistANS: a, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (2)% correct68a=68b=4c=19d=9r= .39APA=1.234. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” is a statement associated with the perspective of ________.a) introspectionb) functionalismc) psychoanalysisIncorrect. Psychoanalysis was concerned with unconsciousness, not “wholes.”d) Gestalt psychologistsCorrect.“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” was the theme of the Gestaltists.ANS: d, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (3)% correct 55a= 14 b= 21 c= 11 d= 55r= .43APA=1.235. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Whichperspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?a) GestaltCorrect. Gestaltists focused on perception of wholes.b) behavioralc) humanisticd) psychodynamicIncorrect. This theory focused on the unconscious.ANS: a, p. 10, A, LO=1.3, (2)APA=1.236. Gestalt psychology attempted to discover:a) how the mind helped people adapt to the world.b) the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts.Correct. Gestalt psychologists looked at larger wholes, rather than individual parts.c) the basic building blocks of consciousness.Incorrect. This would be an emphasis of structuralists, not Gestalt psychologists.d) the unconscious motivations for human functioning.ANS: b, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (2)APA=1.237.The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called________.a) psychoanalysisb) cognitivepsychologyCorrect.Gestalt psychology is now part of cognitive psychology, which focuses on perception as well as learning,memory, and thought processes.c) behavioral psychologyIncorrect. This area of psychology only focuses on observable behavior.d) social psychology

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ANS: b, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (2)% correct63a=13b=63c=15d=9r= .32APA=1.238. The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one’s behavior is part of what early field ofpsychology?a) structuralismIncorrect. Structuralism does not examine the unconscious.b) functionalismc) psychoanalysisCorrect. The unconscious is a major component of psychoanalysis.d) behaviorismANS: c, pp. 10–11, F, LO=1.3, (3)% correct 56a= 7 b= 9 c= 56 d= 27r= .37APA=1.239. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?a) free willb) brain physiologyIncorrect. There was no physical cause to the problems patients had.c) the unconscious mindCorrect. Freud’s entire theory centered on the unconscious.d)externalconsequencesANS: c, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (1)% correct88a=1b=6c=88d=4r= .42APA=1.240. The class is playing a game ofJeopardy!and it is your turn. “I’ll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50.” Therevealed answer is “Focused on unconscious factors.” Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?a) “Who is B. F. Skinner?”Incorrect. Skinner rejected the unconscious.b) “Who are the humanists?”c) “Who is Sigmund Freud?”Correct. Freud based his entire theory on the unconscious.d) “Who are the behaviorists?”ANS: c, p. 10, A, LO=1.3, (1)APA=1.241. Freud stressed the importance of ________.a) early childhood experiencesCorrect. Freud believed personality was formed in the first six years of life.b) adolescenceIncorrect. Freud stressed the first six years.c) early adulthoodd) middle adulthoodANS: a, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (1)% correct 79a= 79 b= 14 c= 5 d= 2r= .24APA=1.242. According to Freud, unconscious urges:a) are able to be suppressed.b) only pertain to sex.Incorrect. Freud also felt that unconscious urges were related to aggressive impulses.c) attempt to surface and affect our behaviors.Correct. Freud believed that unconscious urges could not stay completely unconscious indefinitely, and that theywould be expressed in one way or another.

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d) have no impact on everyday life.ANS: c, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (2)APA=1.243. The work of Freud was built around ________.a) a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one’s own cognitive processesb) a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflictsCorrect. Unconscious motives and conflicts are the essential elements of psychoanalysis.c) a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior withoutinterfering with the behaviorIncorrect. Psychoanalysts don’t necessarily refrain from directing behavior.d) a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations ofothers and through cognitive expectationsANS: b, pp. 10–11, C, LO=1.3, (2)APA=1.244. Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients?a) drug therapyb) neuropsychologyc) clinical psychologyIncorrect. This was not a discipline yet.d) psychoanalysisCorrect. It fit with his assumptions about the mind.ANS: d, p.10, F, LO=1.3, (1)% correct 90a= 0 b= 6 c= 4 d= 90r= .29% correct85a=4b=7c=4d=85r= .30APA=1.245. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior becausehe grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?a) Gestaltistb) behavioralistCorrect. This theory focused on learned behavior.c) psychodynamicIncorrect. This theoryfocused on unconscious influences.d) functionalistANS: b, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2)APA=1.246. John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of ________.a) behaviorCorrect. He thought that was the most scientific.b) the mindc) the braind) consciousnessIncorrect. This was not observable.ANS: a, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (2)% correct74a=74b=6c=7d=12r= .33APA=1.247. The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying:a) the reasons people give for their behaviors.b) the specific personality traits that lead to behavior.c) how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response.Correct. This relationship, called a stimulus-response association, is one of the major foundations of behaviorism.d) the purposes of people’s behavior.

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Incorrect. This would be the focus of functionalism, not behaviorism.ANS: c, p. 11, C, LO=1.3, (2)APA=1.248. What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?a) “Focus on observable behavior.”Correct. Behaviorism was founded on the study of observable behavior.b) “Life is an effort to overcome inferiority.”c) “We cannot know others until we know ourselves.”Incorrect. Watson only studied what he observed.d) “Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes.”ANS: a, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2)% correct 75a= 75 b= 6 c= 14 d= 3r= .38% correct78a=78b=3c=16d=3r= .34APA=1.249. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________.a) dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to habituationIncorrect. Conditioning, not habituation, is the correct answer.b) dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to reflexologyc) dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response calledconditioningCorrect. Dogs would salivate due to conditioning.d) dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to their fear responseANS: c, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (1)APA=1.250. Sallie noticed that when her alarm clock goes off in the morning, her dog Ruffles is standing by her bedsalivating. Every morning when Sallie wakes to the alarm, she immediately rolls out of bed and feeds Ruffles, whovery much enjoys his canned dog food. It is likely that _________.a)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to enjoy canned dog foodIncorrect. Ruffles’s enjoyment of dog food would be an unconditioned response, not a conditioned response.b) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to sleep next to her bedc)Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate over canned dog foodd) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate to the sound of her alarm clockCorrect. Ruffles has learned to associate the sound of the alarm clock with being fed.ANS: d, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2)APA=1.1; 1.251. Pavlov’s research demonstrated that ________.a)involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell)Correct. This is true based on his research of conditioning.b)an unrelated stimulus (salivation) could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell)Incorrect. This is not true, as the involuntary reaction is salivation and the unrelated stimulus is the sound of thebell.c)involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food)d)an unrelated stimulus (food) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking)ANS: a, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (1)% correct86a=86b=6c=8d=0r= .43APA=1.252. Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________.a) learned; inheritedb) repressed conflicts; learnedCorrect. Freud studied repressed conflict and Watson studied observable behavior.c) sexual; unconscious

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Incorrect. Watson did not believe in the unconscious.d) conditioned; unconditionedANS: b, p. 11, C, LO=1.3, (2)APA=1.253. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior?a) William James and Wilhelm WundtIncorrect. One was a functionalist and the other was a structuralist.b) B. F. Skinner and Max Wertheimerc) Ivan Pavlov and John B. WatsonCorrect. Theyused conditioning in their theories.d) Carl Rogers and Edward TitchenerANS: c, p. 11, C, LO=1.3, (3)% correct 46a= 31 b= 19 c= 46 d= 5r= .28APA=1.254. Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?a)Gestalt and Wundtb)Freud and WatsonIncorrect. Freud was a psychoanalyst.c)Watson and PavlovCorrect. They contributed to behaviorism.d)Pavlov and WundtANS: c, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (2)% correct78a=6b=10c=78d=7r= .49APA=1.255. Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was stronglyinfluenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for yourresearch?a) a survey of daydreamsb) an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquiredCorrect. Watson believed observable behavior should be the focus of study.c) a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and womend) an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test itemsIncorrect. You cannot observe thought processes.ANS: b, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2)% correct 81a=7b= 81 c=3d= 7r= .45APA=1.2Psychology Now: Modern PerspectivesLearning Objective 1.4-What are the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives, and what were theimportant contributions of Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers?56. The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________.a) WatsonIncorrect. Watson was a behaviorist.b) Wundtc) Gestaltd) FreudCorrect. Freud developed the psychodynamic theory.ANS: d, p. 14, F, LO=1.4, (3)% correct 62a= 23 b= 2 c= 12 d= 62r= .42% correct55a=10b=21c=14d=55r= .38APA=1.2

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57. Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconsciousprocesses within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of thefollowing psychological approaches?a) social-cognitive learningb) learningc) cognitive approachIncorrect. The cognitive approach focuses on how people think, remember, and store information, not on theunconscious.d) psychodynamic approachCorrect. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious dynamics.ANS: d, p. 14, A, LO=1.4, (2)APA=1.258. Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?a) William Jamesb) Sigmund FreudIncorrect. Freud did not emphasize positive reinforcement.c) B. F. SkinnerCorrect. Skinner believed that behavior that is followed by good consequences is reinforced.d) Wilhelm WundtANS: c, p. 14, F, LO=1.4, (2)% correct 77a= 11 b= 4 c= 77 d= 8r= .40% correct 66a= 23 b= 6 c= 66 d= 3r= .36APA=1.259. You attend a lecture by apsychologist who uses terms such asfree willandself-actualization.Whichpsychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?a) behaviorismIncorrect. This perspective does notsuggest free will or human nature.b) humanismCorrect. This perspective suggestspeople have many choices.c) functionalismd) psychodynamicsANS: b, p. 14, A, LO=1.4, (2)APA=1.260. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?a) psychoanalysisIncorrect. This theory does not acknowledge free will.b) humanismCorrect. Humanist theory focuses on free will and self-actualization.c) cognitive perspectived) behaviorismANS: b, p. 14, F, LO=1.4, (2)% correct77a=2b=77c=10d=15r= .33APA=1.261. Humanist Abraham Maslow suggests that when people reach self-actualization, they:a) develop to their fullest potential.Correct. When a person has become everything they are capable of, they have become self-actualized according toMaslow.b) avoid negative consequences of behavior.c) seek maximum reward for all their behaviors.Incorrect. This would be a theoretical suggestion of the behaviorist, not a humanist.d) learn from their mistakes and move on.

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ANS: a, p. 14, C, LO=1.4, (2)APA=1.262. In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elementsand analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similarinterests today?a) GestaltIncorrect. Gestaltists were not involved in breaking down thought processes into basic elements.b) cognitiveCorrect. The cognitive perspective focuses on breaking down thought processes.c) behaviorald) humanisticANS: b, p. 14, C, LO=1.4, (2)APA=1.263. Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with ________.a)electrolysis and PETb)PET and MRICorrect: Both are discussed in the book and used by cognitive neuroscientists.c)MRI and electrolysisd)Gamma images and electrolysisIncorrect. PET and MRI is the right answer.ANS: b, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (2)% correct75a=10b=75c=11d=3r= .21APA=1.2; 2.464. The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine________.a)images of the living brainCorrect. MRI and PET take images of a living brain for analysis.b)biopsies of the brain of a cadaverIncorrect. Biopsies are not taken by a MRI.c)select biopsied portions of a braind)acute time of death in stroke patientsANS: a, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (1)APA=1.2; 2.465. If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________perspective.a) behavioralb) socioculturalCorrect. This approach focuses on social environment.c) psychodynamicd) cognitiveIncorrect. This approach focuses on individual thought processes, not groups of people.ANS: b, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (2)% correct 66a= 20 b= 66 c= 5 d= 10r= .22% correct 73a= 17 b= 73 c= 2 d= 6r= .28APA=1.1;1.266. Samantha just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City, which is a very busypart of Manhattan. She screamed loudly, and several people looked in her direction, but nobody stopped walking ormade an attempt to help. She immediately broke down in tears and trembled for 10 minutes until she could walk toher car. This is an example of________.a)democracy

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Test Bank For Psychology, 4th Edition - Page 16 preview image

b)the bystander effectCorrect. This example would support this concept as nobody immediately helped despite being a heavily populatedarea.c)diffusion of effectsIncorrect. The diffusion of responsibility could also be a correct answer but not diffusion of effects.d)flaws in the judicial systemANS: b, p. 15, A, LO=1.4, (2)APA=1.1; 1.267. Jeff’s car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine. He felt lucky to have broken down while parkedin the center of town during lunch when many people were outside and could help. However, 30 minutes has passedand despite the heavily populated area, nobody has offered assistance. This is an example of the________.a)zeitgeistb)behaviorist effectc)bystander effectCorrect. This example would support the example because of the principle of diffusion of responsibility.d)self-Serving prophecyIncorrect. Not discussed in the book.ANS: c, p. 15, A, LO=1.4, (2)APA=1.1; 1.268. In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards inChina and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a________ perspectivein this cross-cultural study.a)Eurocentricb)egocentricc)culturioIncorrect. This is not a real term or concept discussed in the book.d)socioculturalCorrect. The researcher is looking at cultures from a sociocultural perspective.ANS: d, p. 15, A, LO=1.4, (2)APA=1.1; 1.269. Darley and Latané (1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased thelikelihood that they would receive help due to________.a)diffusion of anonymityIncorrect. Diffusion of responsibility is the correct choice.b)diffusion of responsibilityCorrect. When others are around, individuals have been found to believe that help is not needed and that anotherperson will help.c)flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritansd)timeliness of onsetANS: b, p. 15, F, LO=1.4,(1)APA=1.270. Shorey (2001) found that the brutal death of a Somolian prisoner in a Canadian military facility could have beenprevented. One reason the beating was not stopped was the________.a)bystander effectCorrect. This would support the example because of the principle of diffusion of responsibility.b)Zeitgeistc)behaviorist effectd)Canadian prison policyIncorrect. Not discussed in the book.ANS: a,p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (2)APA=1.2

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