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Test Bank For Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding 4th Edition Test Bank

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    1 Topic Factual Conceptual Applied Quick Quiz 1 Multiple Choice 4, 8, 10 1, 6, 9 2 – 3, 5, 7 Quick Quiz 2 Multiple Choice 6, 9 1 – 2, 5, 7 3 – 4, 8, 10 Learning Objective 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Multiple Choice 3 – 4, 10, 12 1 – 2, 5 – 6, 8 7, 9 Fill - in - the - Blank 1 – 2 Essay Critical Thinking Learning Objective 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Multiple Choice 15 – 16, 22 – 23, 33 – 34, 36 13 – 14, 17, 21, 24, 29, 37 – 38 18 – 20, 25 – 28, 30 – 32, 35 Fill - in - the - Blank 3 Essay 1 Critical Thinking 1 1 Learning Objective 1.2a Describe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psychological science. Multiple Choice 39, 42 – 43, 46, 48 – 50, 58 47, 56 40 – 41, 45, 51 – 55, 57, 119 Fill - in - the - Blank 4 – 6 Essay 2 Critical Thinking 2 Learning Objective 1.2b Identify reasons we are drawn to pseudoscience. Multiple Choice 62 – 64, 68, 70, 76 44, 59 – 60, 69 61, 65 – 67, 71 – 75, 77 Fill - in - the - Blank 7 – 8, 10 – 11 9, 12 – 13 Essay Critical Thinking 3 Learning Objective 1.3a Identify the key features of scientific skepticism. Multiple Choice 79 – 81, 85 78, 83 – 84 82 Fill - in - the - Blank 14 15 Essay Critical Thinking Learning Objective 1.3b Identify and explain the text’ s six principles of scientific thinking. Multiple Choice 86, 88, 90 – 91, 97, 99, 102, 109, 114, 116 – 117 11, 96, 98, 104, 108, 111 – 113 87, 89, 92 – 95, 100 – 101, 103, 105 – 107, 110, 115, 118 Fill - in - the - Blank 17 – 19 16 Essay 3 Critical Thinking 4 Learning Objective 1.4a Identify the major theoretical frameworks of psychology. Multiple Choice 120 – 125, 129 – 130, 132, 135, 137 126, 131, 136 127 – 128, 133 – 134 Fill - in - the - Blank 20 – 23 24 Essay 4 Critical Thinking Learning Objective 1.4b Describe different types of psychologists and ide what each of them does. Multiple Choice 138, 140 – 141, 144 143 139, 142 Fill - in - the - Blank Critical Thinking Chapter 1: Psychology and Scientific Thinking Total Assessment Guide

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    2 90 Topic Factual Conceptual Applied Learning Objective 1.4c Describe the two great debates that have shaped the field of psychology. Multiple Choice 146, 149, 151 147, 150 145, 148 Fill - in - the - Blank 25 Essay 5 – 6 Critical Thinking Learning Objective 1.4d Describe how psychological research affects our daily lives. Multiple Choice 152, 155 153 – 154 Fill - in - the - Blank 26 Essay Critical Thinking

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    3 Name _____________________________________________ Chapter 1 Quick Quiz 1 1. A psychologist is often skeptical of claims suggesting that __________. A) people are influenced by others’ thoughts and behaviors B) a particular behavior is the result of a single causal variable C) a person’s culture is a strong influence on his or her everyday thoughts and behaviors D) a person’s future behavior is often difficult to predict accurately 2. Professor Clark gives her students an assignment to develop hypotheses on global warming. To be consistent with a scientific method, students should develop their hypotheses based on __________. A) their own existing beliefs about the issue B) reports discussed on television C) untestable predictions D) a well-supported scientific theory 3. Curtis is considering buying a new workout machine that promises weight loss at twice the rate of other machines. When Curtis questioned such a claim with the manufacturer, the customer service representative stated this was a new system and previous research on weight loss was not applicable. This example illustrates which warning sign of pseudoscience? A) evasion of peer review B) absence of connectivity C) overreliance on anecdotes D) lack of self-correction 4. Assuming that something is true simply because a teacher or religious authority said it is so, is an example of the __________ fallacy. A) appeal to authority B) circular reasoning C) hasty generalization D) naturalistic 5. Dr. Wolpe designs an experimental test of his theory of aggression against a competing theory. After conducting the appropriate statistical tests, he finds that the data are better explained by the competing theory. His willingness to accept the evidence that another theory is superior is a characteristic of __________. A) dogmatism B) gullibility C) pathological skepticism D) scientific skepticism 6. An astute observer of human nature should state research questions in a manner that leads either to their being supported or refuted by the available evidence. This is the critical thinking principle of __________. A) falsifiability B) Occam’s Razor C) replicability D) ruling out rival hypotheses 7. A classmate tells you the following: “It’s not how a teacher answers your que stion that matters, but how you interpret his or her attempt at answering your question that leaves you satisfied or unsatisfied with his or her answer.” This statement fits most closely with ideas from the school of thought known as __________. A) behaviorism B) cognitivism C) psychoanalysis D) structuralism 8. A __________ psychologist works in prisons, jails, and other settings to assess inmates and assist in rehabilitation. A) clinical B) school C) biological D) forensic

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    4 9. Which of the following ideas is the most compelling evidence against the idea of free will? A) Most of people’s behavior is deliberate and controlled. B) People often lack direct access to the causes of their behavior. C) Recent brain imaging studies have shown that readiness potential and conscious intention to behave co-occur. D) We select when, where, and how to assert our option to engage in one behavior rather than in another. 10. What famous American psychologist also heavily influenced the field of advertising? A) William James B) Carl Rogers C) B. F. Skinner D) John Watson

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    5 Chapter 1 Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1. B Explanation: Most behaviors are the result of multiple factors. A single-factor explanation is very rarely accurate. (What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition, Conceptual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.1a) 2. D Explanation: A hypothesis is a testable prediction derived from a scientific theory . (What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition, Applied, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.1b) 3. B Explanation: One of the warning signs of pseudoscience is lack of connectivity to other research (i.e., findings that are vastly different than those of previous research on the same topic). (Psychological Pseudoscience: Imposters of Science, Applied, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.2a) 4. A Explanation: The authors point out that even authority figures or experts in a particular topic must be questioned and their claims must be subjected to intense scrutiny. (Psychological Pseudoscience: Imposters of Science, Factual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.2b) 5. D Explanation: Scientific skepticism requires us to be open to all possibilities, including the possibility that our own theories are not accurate. (Scientific Thinking: Distinguishing Fact From Fiction, Applied, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.3a) 6. A Explanation: In order for a theory to be valuable, 6it must be capable of being demonstrated to be wrong (Scientific Thinking: Distinguishing Fact From Fiction, Conceptual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.3b) 7. B Explanation: The cognitive school of thought suggests that it is our interpretation of things that happen to us that matters. ( Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been, Applied, APA LO 1.2, TEXT LO 1.4a) 8. D Explanation: This is a general job description of a forensic psychologist. ( Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been, Factual, APA LO 5.1, TEXT LO 14b) 9. B Explanation: The idea that people often do things without truly knowing why is counterevidence to the concept of free will. ( Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been. Conceptual, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.4c) 10. D Explanation: As one of the earlier pioneers of the behavioral school of thought, Watson’s influence spread into many fields. (Topic: Psyc hology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been, Factual, APA LO 1.3, TEXT LO 1.4d)

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    6 Name _____________________________________________ Chapter 1 Quick Quiz 2 1. If you examine the research that has been conducted in psychology, you will find that much of the knowledge from popular, less-scientific psychology sources __________. A) is consistent with the results of psychological research B) is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated C) is not able to be studied empirically D) is of no or very little interest to psychologists 2. Because none of us wants to believe we are wrong, we are usually reluctant to give up cherished notions. This phenomenon is known as __________. A) belief perseverance B) the confirmation bias C) the availability heuristic D) the fundamental attribution 3. A group of animal behaviorists has discovered several new species of insects in the Amazon jungle. They collect the new species for later study back at the camp. Due to advances in computer technology, they are able to transfer their findings immediately to other researchers studying insects. Their willingness to share these findings with other scientists shows their commitment to __________. A) critical thinking B) falsifiability C) peer review D) pseudoscience 4. The fact that many people, when looking at the moon that orbits Earth, see a face (commonly called “the man in the moon”) can be explained by the phenomenon of __________. A) chaotics B) metaphysics C) patternicity D) apophenia 5. Time, expertise, and resources are all obstacles that __________. A) diminish skepticism B) diminish metaphysical claims C) increase reliance on authorities D) increase reliance on empiricism 6. In the natural world, there often are many different factors associated with the occurrence of a particular outcome. Therefore it is important that we as critical thinkers __________ whenever possible. A) create unfalsifiable theories B) propose complex statements of causation C) remember that correlation equals causation D) rule out rival hypotheses 7. With its concern on the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological characteristics, evolutionary psychology is most like what early psychological school of thought? A) Behaviorism B) Functionalism C) Psychoanalysis D) Structuralism 8. Nico is meeting with his academic advisor. He wishes to pursue a career where he’ll work to diagnose and treat mental disorders. Nico aspires to be a(n) __________ psychologist. A) clinical B) experimental C) forensic D) school

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    7 9. Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to argue that free will is something that does not truly exist, and that we are simply unaware of the environmental influences that affect our behaviors at any given moment? A) B. F. Skinner B) Sigmund Freud C) Wilhelm Wundt D) Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 10. If you were conducting a study designed to determine which type of psychotherapy is most effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, what type of research would you employ? A) basic B) applied C) academic D) sociobiological

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    8 Chapter 1 Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1. B Explanation: Many of the popular beliefs are demonstrated to be incorrect when they are appropriately researched. (What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition, Conceptual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.1a) 2. A Explanation: Belief perseverance is the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them. (What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition, Conceptual, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.1b) 3. C Explanation: Many warning signs help us to recognize pseudoscience, including lack of peer review. Peer review is necessary for a truly scientific process. (Psychological Pseudoscience: Imposters of Science, Applied, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.2a) 4. C Explanation: Patternicity is the tendency to see order, or struct ure, where it does not exist. Seeing a “face” in the various rocks and chasms of the moon is a good example of this phenomenon. (Psychological Pseudoscience: Imposters of Science, Applied, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.2b) 5. C Explanation: The general population often doesn’t possess the expertise, time, or resources to evaluate claims on our own. (Scientific Thinking: Distinguishing Fact From Fiction, Conceptual, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.3a) 6. D Explanation: Our willingness to eliminate alternate explanations for a phenomenon is what is at play here. (Scientific Thinking: Distinguishing Fact From Fiction, Factual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.3b) 7. B Explanation: The theories of Charles Darwin and evolutionary psychology were most salient to the school of thought known as Functionalism. ( Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been, Conceptual, APA LO 1.2, TEXT LO 1.4c) 8. A Explanation: The evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders is the key responsibility of a clinical psychologist. ( Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been, Applied, APA LO 5.1, TEXT LO 1.4b) 9. A Explanation: Skinner, a staunch behaviorist, believed that free will is an illusion. ( Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been, Factual, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.4c) 10. B Explanation: Applied research examines how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems. ( Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been, Applied, APA LO 1.3, TEXT LO 1.4d)

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    9 Chapter 1: Psychology and Scientific Thinking Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. When students begin to read through their introductory psychology textbook, they are often surprised to learn that __________. A) commonsense explanations abound in the field of psychology Incorrect. Commonsense explanations are frequently accurate, but they are not consistent with the science of psychology unless they have been appropriately researched. B) many of their beliefs about the causes of thoughts and behaviors are incorrect Correct. Popular psychology has led many people to have incorrect impressions about many psychological phenomena. C) psychologists do not study people’s everyday behaviors D) psychology is a unique field of study separate from philosophy and biology Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 2. When you examine the research that has been conducted in psychology, you will find that much of the knowledge from popular, less-scientific psychology sources ___________. A) is consistent with the results of psychological research B) is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated Correct. Many of the popular beliefs are demonstrated to be incorrect when they are appropriately researched. C) is not able to be studied empirically Incorrect. Most of the information that you will see in a psychology course is capable of being examined empirically in one form of research or another. Not all questions, however, can be explored experimentally. This means that cause-and-effect relationships cannot always be adequately demonstrated. D) is of no or very little interest to psychologists Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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    10 3. According to the authors, psychology is a method for __________. A) determining simple answers to complex questions B) acquiring more insight into the hows and whys of human behavior C) knowing how to turn people from maladaptive to adaptive actions, feelings, and thoughts D) restating commonsense findings in a more convoluted manner Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Factual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 4. According to your authors, the discipline of psychology is best thought of as __________. A) a field of self-help principles to eliminate mental problems B) a mixture of anecdotes and personal intuition about human behavior and mental processes C) a process for encouraging people to reach their ultimate potential D) the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior Answer: D Diff: 1 Skill: Factual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 5. A psychologist is often skeptical of claims suggesting that __________. A) people are influenced by others’ thoughts and behaviors B) a particular behavior is the result of a single causal variable Correct. Most behaviors are the result of multiple factors. A single-variable explanation is very rarely accurate. C) a person’s culture is a strong influence on his or her everyday thoughts and behaviors Incorrect. Recent years have seen an enormous increase in psy chology’s recognition that the impact of culture on behaviors must always be considered. D) a person’s future behavior is often difficult to predict accurately Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 6. What is the term used to explain why different people can respond to the same situation in a variety of manners? A) idiosyncratic distracters B) idiographic anomalies C) individual differences D) confounding variables Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Factual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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    11 7. Michelle constantly tells her boyfriend Niccolai that he doesn’t pay attention to her, and that this is why she tends to nag him to pay attention. Her repeated criticisms cause Niccolai to tune her out, which causes her to nag him even more. This bidirectional pattern of influence is what Albert Bandura would have called __________. A) reciprocal determinism Correct. Reciprocal determinism suggests that various behaviors affect each other mutually, at the same time. B) scientific skepticism C) the premise of Occam ’ s Razor Incorrect. Occ am’s Razor suggests that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is usually the most accurate explanation. It is not related to this question. D) cyclical impingement Answer: A Diff: 3 Skill: Applied APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 8. Entire subfields of psychology focus on the __________ that distinguish one person ’ s interaction with the world from another’s. A) nomothetic applications Incorrect. Your book does not reference something called nomothetic applications, but such a term would refer to commonalities between people, not individual differences. B) individual differences Correct. Such differences between our reactions to various encounters with the world around us are what underlie much of psychological research. C) correlative traits D) objective traits Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 9. A famous college football coach believes that if he bends down and eats a little of the grass every time his team is visiting another school's stadium, his team will have good luck in the game. He has done this for two years and has yet to lose an "away" game. His tendency to believe he sees the world correctly, and that the world exists precisely as he sees it, is called __________. A) popular psychology B) naive realism Correct. Naive realism refers to a person’s beli ef that he or she accurately and objectively sees the world as it is. C) common sense Incorrect. It is an unfortunate truth that the way we want the world to be is infrequently the way the world is. Common sense would tell us not to expect things to come out just the way we want them to. D) a single-variable explanation Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Applied APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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    12 10. __________ refers to the belief that we see the world precisely as it is. A) Common sense B) Confirmation bias C) Single-variable explanation D) Naive realism Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Factual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 11. A major problem with commonsense proverbs is that they often coexist with their complete opposite. This violates which principle of critical thinking? A) extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence B) falsifiability Correct. Because the proverbs are true no matter which way you present them, they cannot be demonstrated to be wrong. This violates the critical thinking principle of falsifiability. C) Occam ’ s Razor Incorrect. Occam’s Razor is a concept that suggests that the simplest explanation for an event is usually the correct one. D) replicability Answer: B Diff: 3 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.1 TEXT LO: 1.3b Identify and explain the text’s six principles of scientific t hinking. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 12. Which of the following is the best statement of your authors’ position regarding the use of intuition in decision-making situations? A) Intuition is actually the foundation of analysis, and thus there is no true distinction between these two aspects of decision-making. B) Intuition is more likely than not to lead to disastrous mistakes. C) The existence of “intuition” is actually a myth, as decisions made without careful analysis are always wrong. D) Intuition comes in handy in many situations and often guides people to the truth. Answer: D Diff: 3 Skill: Factual APA LO: 1.3 TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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    13 13. Due to its reliance on proper research methods to help verify its claims, modern psychology is best considered to be a __________. A) collection of pieces of folk wisdom B) series of contradictions to be sorted out C) science Correct. The study of psychology is a science, which means that there are specific methods for asking questions, gathering data, and answering questions. D) therapeutic process Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 14. A science is defined by __________. A) knowledge Incorrect. Science may be considered the quest for knowledge, but this is not how science is defined. B) its concern with solving real-life practical problems C) its popularity among the general public D) its approach to dealing with evidence Correct. Science is an approach to gathering and dealing with evidence that helps prevent us from fooling ourselves. Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 15. The science of psychology is often founded on __________, which is the premise that knowledge should initially be acquired through observation. A) pseudoscience B) hypothesis-testing Incorrect. A hypothesis is an educated guess regarding how variables will relate to each other which is followed by testing the variables after gathering data. A hypothesis is part of the scientific method. This is not the best answer, however. C) theory D) empiricism Correct. This is the beginning of data collection within the science of psychology. Answer: D Diff: 3 Skill: Factual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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    14 16. In science, a scientific theory is defined as a(n) __________. A) educated opinion about the natural world B) explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world Correct. In order for a premise to be considered useful, it must provide an explanation for a large number of findings that occur in the natural world, including the psychological world. C) personal understanding of natural laws D) testable prediction about the natural world Incorrect. A testable prediction about the natural world is a hypothesis, not a theory. Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Factual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 17. When a psychologist mentions the term scientific theory , he or she is referring to something that __________. A) explains a single event B) explains a wide range of observations C) is no better an explanation than another person’s opinion D) refers to an educated guess Answer: B Diff: 2 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 18. Dr. Rashad offers the class an explanation for an extensive group of research findings connecting emotionality and nonverbal communication. Her explanation for this group of findings is a(n) __________. A) hypothesis Incorrect. A hypothesis is a testable prediction — an educated guess — that is based on an existing theory. B) empirical conclusion C) operational definition D) scientific theory Correct. A scientific theory is an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world. Answer: D Diff: 2 Skill: Applied APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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    15 19. Professor Clark gives her students an assignment to develop hypotheses on global warming. To be consistent with a scientific method, students should develop their hypotheses based on __________. A) their own existing beliefs about the issue Incorrect. In fact, for research to be as “clean” and accurate as possible, researchers have to be very careful NOT to let their own beliefs or biases influence their research. B) reports discussed on television C) untestable predictions D) a well-supported scientific theory Correct. A hypothesis is a testable prediction derived from a scientific theory. Answer: D Diff: 3 Skill: Applied APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 20. Dr. Richburg ’ s botany class gathers specimens outside of the classroom for further study. Dr. Richburg instructs his students to develop a scientific theory that helps explain the biodiversity of the plants. The resulting theory should __________. A) provide an educated guess about the biodiversity of the plants B) explain observations about the plants and predict new findings about plant biodiversity Correct. A scientific theory is an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world that leads to testable predictions. C) explain a few findings about the biodiversity of the plants Incorrect. A theory is an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world. D) interpret what has already been discovered about the biodiversity of the plants Answer: B Diff: 3 Skill: Applied APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition 21 . Which of the following would be best described as an “educated guess”? A) method B) theory Incorrect. A theory is actually generated as a result of past research, and is used to guide the educated guesses, or hypotheses, about future explorations. C) hypothesis Correct. A hypothesis is a testable prediction that is derived from an existing scientific theory. Therefore, it is a guess about a specific outcome that is informed by past knowledge. D) design Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 1.1 TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases. Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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