Test Bank For Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding 4th Edition Test Bank

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1TopicFactualConceptualAppliedQuick Quiz 1Multiple Choice4, 8, 101, 6, 92–3, 5, 7Quick Quiz 2Multiple Choice6, 91–2, 5, 73–4, 8, 10Learning Objective 1.1aExplain why psychology ismore than just commonsense.Multiple Choice3–4,10, 121–2, 5–6, 87, 9Fill-in-the-Blank1–2EssayCritical ThinkingLearning Objective 1.1bExplain the importance ofscience as a set of safeguardsagainst biases.Multiple Choice15–16, 22–23, 33–34, 3613–14, 17, 21, 24,29, 37–3818–20, 25–28,30–32, 35Fill-in-the-Blank3Essay1Critical Thinking11Learning Objective 1.2aDescribe psychologicalpseudoscience anddistinguish it frompsychological science.Multiple Choice39, 42–43, 46, 48–50, 5847, 5640–41, 45,51–55, 57, 119Fill-in-the-Blank4–6Essay2Critical Thinking2Learning Objective 1.2bIdentify reasons we aredrawn to pseudoscience.Multiple Choice62–64, 68, 70, 7644, 59–60, 6961, 65–67, 71–75, 77Fill-in-the-Blank7–8, 10–119,12–13EssayCritical Thinking3Learning Objective 1.3aIdentify the key features ofscientific skepticism.Multiple Choice79–81, 8578, 83–8482Fill-in-the-Blank1415EssayCritical ThinkingLearning Objective 1.3bIdentify andexplain thetext’s six principles ofscientific thinking.Multiple Choice86, 88, 90–91, 97,99, 102, 109, 114,116–11711, 96, 98, 104,108, 111–11387, 89, 92–95,100–101, 103,105–107, 110,115, 118Fill-in-the-Blank17–1916Essay3CriticalThinking4Learning Objective 1.4aIdentify the major theoreticalframeworks of psychology.Multiple Choice120–125, 129–130,132, 135, 137126, 131, 136127–128, 133–134Fill-in-the-Blank20–2324Essay4Critical ThinkingLearningObjective 1.4bDescribe different types ofpsychologists and idewhat each of them does.Multiple Choice138, 140–141, 144143139, 142Fill-in-the-BlankCritical ThinkingChapter 1: Psychology and Scientific ThinkingTotalAssessment Guide

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290TopicFactualConceptualAppliedLearningObjective1.4cDescribe the two greatdebates that have shapedthe field of psychology.Multiple Choice146, 149, 151147, 150145, 148Fill-in-the-Blank25Essay5–6CriticalThinkingLearningObjective1.4dDescribe howpsychological researchaffects our daily lives.Multiple Choice152, 155153–154Fill-in-the-Blank26EssayCritical Thinking

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3Name _____________________________________________Chapter 1 Quick Quiz 11. A psychologist is often skeptical of claims suggesting that __________.A) people are influenced by others’ thoughts and behaviorsB) a particular behavior is the result of a single causal variableC) a person’s culture is a strong influence on his or her everyday thoughts and behaviorsD) a person’s future behavior is often difficult to predict accurately2. Professor Clark gives her students an assignment to develop hypotheses on global warming. To be consistent witha scientific method, students should develop their hypotheses based on __________.A) their own existing beliefs about the issueB) reports discussed on televisionC) untestable predictionsD) a well-supported scientific theory3. Curtis is considering buying a new workout machine that promises weight loss at twice the rate of other machines.When Curtis questioned such a claim with the manufacturer, the customer service representative stated this was anew system and previous research on weight loss was not applicable. This example illustrates which warning sign ofpseudoscience?A) evasion of peer reviewB) absence of connectivityC) overreliance on anecdotesD) lack of self-correction4. Assuming that something is true simply because a teacher or religious authority said it is so, is an example of the__________ fallacy.A) appeal to authorityB) circular reasoningC) hasty generalizationD) naturalistic5. Dr. Wolpe designs an experimental test of his theory of aggression against a competing theory. After conductingthe appropriate statistical tests, he finds that the data are better explained by the competing theory. His willingness toaccept the evidence that another theory is superior is a characteristic of __________.A) dogmatismB) gullibilityC) pathological skepticismD) scientific skepticism6. An astute observer of human nature should state research questions in a manner that leads either to their beingsupported or refuted by the available evidence. This is the critical thinking principle of __________.A) falsifiabilityB) Occam’s RazorC) replicabilityD) ruling out rival hypotheses7. A classmate tells you the following: “It’s not how a teacher answers your question that matters, but how youinterpret his or her attempt at answering your question that leaves you satisfied or unsatisfied with his or heranswer.” This statement fits most closely with ideas from the school of thought known as __________.A) behaviorismB) cognitivismC) psychoanalysisD) structuralism8. A __________ psychologist works in prisons, jails, and other settings to assess inmates and assist inrehabilitation.A) clinicalB) schoolC) biologicalD) forensic

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49. Which of the following ideas is the most compelling evidenceagainstthe idea of free will?A) Most of people’s behavior is deliberate and controlled.B) People often lack direct access to the causes of their behavior.C) Recent brain imaging studies have shown that readiness potential and conscious intention to behave co-occur.D) We select when, where, and how to assert our option to engage in one behavior rather than in another.10. What famous American psychologist also heavily influenced the field of advertising?A) William JamesB) Carl RogersC) B. F. SkinnerD) John Watson

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5Chapter 1 Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key1. BExplanation: Most behaviors are the result of multiple factors. A single-factor explanation is very rarelyaccurate. (What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition, Conceptual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.1a)2. DExplanation: A hypothesis is a testable prediction derived from a scientific theory.(What Is Psychology?Science Versus Intuition, Applied, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.1b)3. BExplanation: One of the warning signs of pseudoscience is lack of connectivity to other research (i.e.,findings that are vastly different than those of previous research on the same topic). (PsychologicalPseudoscience: Imposters of Science, Applied, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.2a)4. AExplanation: The authors point out that even authority figures or experts in a particular topic must bequestioned and their claims must be subjected to intense scrutiny. (Psychological Pseudoscience: Impostersof Science, Factual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.2b)5. DExplanation: Scientific skepticism requires us to be open to all possibilities, including the possibility thatour own theories are not accurate. (Scientific Thinking: Distinguishing Fact From Fiction, Applied, APALO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.3a)6. AExplanation: In order for a theory to be valuable, 6it must be capable of being demonstrated to be wrong(Scientific Thinking: Distinguishing Fact From Fiction, Conceptual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.3b)7. BExplanation: The cognitive school of thought suggests that it is our interpretation of things that happen tous that matters. (Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been,Applied, APA LO1.2, TEXT LO 1.4a)8. DExplanation: This is a general job description of a forensic psychologist. (Psychology’s Past and Present:What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been,Factual, APA LO 5.1, TEXT LO 14b)9. BExplanation: The idea that people often do things without truly knowing why is counterevidence to theconcept of free will. (Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been.Conceptual,APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.4c)10. DExplanation: As one of the earlier pioneers of the behavioral school of thought, Watson’s influence spreadinto many fields. (Topic: Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been,Factual,APA LO 1.3, TEXT LO 1.4d)

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6Name _____________________________________________Chapter 1 Quick Quiz 21. If you examine the research that has been conducted in psychology, you will find that much of the knowledgefrom popular, less-scientific psychology sources __________.A) is consistent with the results of psychological researchB) is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstratedC) is not able to be studied empiricallyD) is of no or very little interest to psychologists2.Because none of us wants to believe we are wrong, we are usually reluctant to give up cherished notions. Thisphenomenon is known as __________.A) belief perseveranceB) the confirmation biasC) the availability heuristicD)the fundamental attribution3. A group of animal behaviorists has discovered several new species of insects in the Amazon jungle. They collectthe new species for later study back at the camp. Due to advances in computer technology, they are able to transfertheir findings immediately to other researchers studying insects. Their willingness to share these findings with otherscientists shows their commitment to __________.A) critical thinkingB) falsifiabilityC) peer reviewD) pseudoscience4. The fact that many people, when looking at the moon that orbits Earth, see a face (commonly called “the man inthe moon”) can be explained by the phenomenon of __________.A) chaoticsB) metaphysicsC) patternicityD) apophenia5.Time, expertise, and resources are all obstacles that __________.A) diminish skepticismB) diminish metaphysical claimsC) increase reliance on authoritiesD) increase reliance on empiricism6. In the natural world, there often are many different factors associated with the occurrence of a particular outcome.Therefore it is important that we as critical thinkers __________ whenever possible.A) create unfalsifiable theoriesB) propose complex statements of causationC) remember that correlation equals causationD) rule out rival hypotheses7. With its concern on the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological characteristics, evolutionarypsychology is most like what early psychological school of thought?A) BehaviorismB) FunctionalismC) PsychoanalysisD) Structuralism8. Nico is meeting with his academic advisor. He wishes to pursue a career where he’ll work to diagnose and treatmental disorders. Nico aspires to be a(n) __________ psychologist.A) clinicalB) experimentalC) forensicD) school

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79. Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to argue that free will is something that does not trulyexist, and that we are simply unaware of the environmental influences that affect our behaviors at any givenmoment?A) B. F. SkinnerB) Sigmund FreudC) Wilhelm WundtD) Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi10. If you were conducting a study designed to determine which type of psychotherapy is most effective in thetreatment of generalized anxiety disorder, what type of research would you employ?A) basicB) appliedC) academicD) sociobiological

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8Chapter 1 Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key1. BExplanation: Many of the popular beliefs are demonstrated to be incorrect when they are appropriatelyresearched. (What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition, Conceptual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.1a)2. AExplanation: Belief perseverance is the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidencecontradicts them. (What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition, Conceptual, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO1.1b)3. CExplanation: Many warning signs help us to recognize pseudoscience, including lack of peer review. Peerreview is necessary for a truly scientific process. (Psychological Pseudoscience: Imposters of Science,Applied, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.2a)4. CExplanation: Patternicity is the tendency to see order, or structure, where it does not exist. Seeing a “face”in the various rocks and chasms of the moon is a good example of this phenomenon. (PsychologicalPseudoscience: Imposters of Science, Applied, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.2b)5. CExplanation: The general populationoften doesn’t possess the expertise, time, or resources to evaluateclaims on our own. (Scientific Thinking: Distinguishing Fact From Fiction, Conceptual, APA LO 1.1,TEXT LO 1.3a)6. DExplanation: Our willingness to eliminate alternate explanations for a phenomenon is what is at play here.(Scientific Thinking: Distinguishing Fact From Fiction, Factual, APA LO 2.1, TEXT LO 1.3b)7. BExplanation: The theories of Charles Darwin and evolutionary psychology were most salient to the schoolof thought known as Functionalism. (Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been,Conceptual, APA LO 1.2, TEXT LO 1.4c)8. AExplanation: The evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders is the key responsibility of aclinical psychologist. (Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been,Applied, APALO 5.1, TEXT LO 1.4b)9. AExplanation: Skinner, a staunch behaviorist, believed that free will is an illusion. (Psychology’s Past andPresent: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been,Factual, APA LO 1.1, TEXT LO 1.4c)10. BExplanation: Applied research examines how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems.(Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip It’s Been,Applied, APA LO 1.3, TEXT LO1.4d)

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9Chapter 1: Psychology and Scientific ThinkingTest BankMultiple Choice1. When students begin to read through their introductory psychology textbook, they are often surprisedto learn that __________.A) commonsense explanations abound in the field of psychologyIncorrect. Commonsense explanations are frequently accurate, but they are not consistent with thescience of psychology unless they have been appropriately researched.B) many of their beliefs about the causes of thoughts and behaviors are incorrectCorrect. Popular psychology has led many people to have incorrect impressions about manypsychological phenomena.C) psychologists do not study people’s everyday behaviorsD) psychology is a unique field of study separate from philosophy and biologyAnswer: BDiff: 2Skill: ConceptualAPA LO: 2.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition2. When you examine the research that has been conducted in psychology, you will find that much of theknowledge from popular, less-scientific psychology sources ___________.A) is consistent with the results of psychological researchB) is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstratedCorrect. Many of the popular beliefs are demonstrated to be incorrect when they are appropriatelyresearched.C) is not able to be studied empiricallyIncorrect. Most of the information that you will see in a psychology course is capable of being examinedempirically in one form of research or another. Not all questions, however, can be exploredexperimentally. This means that cause-and-effect relationships cannot always be adequatelydemonstrated.D) is of no or very little interest to psychologistsAnswer: BDiff: 2Skill: ConceptualAPA LO: 2.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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103. According to the authors, psychology is a method for __________.A) determining simple answers to complex questionsB) acquiring more insight into the hows and whys of human behaviorC) knowing how to turn people from maladaptive to adaptive actions, feelings, and thoughtsD) restating commonsense findings in a more convoluted mannerAnswer: BDiff: 2Skill: FactualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition4. According to your authors, the discipline of psychology is best thought of as __________.A) a field of self-help principles to eliminate mental problemsB) a mixture of anecdotes and personal intuition about human behavior and mental processesC) a process for encouraging people to reach their ultimate potentialD) the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviorAnswer: DDiff: 1Skill: FactualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition5. A psychologist is often skeptical of claims suggesting that __________.A) people are influenced by others’ thoughts and behaviorsB) a particular behavior is the result of a single causal variableCorrect. Most behaviors are the result of multiple factors. A single-variable explanation is very rarelyaccurate.C) a person’s culture is a strong influence on his or her everyday thoughts and behaviorsIncorrect. Recent years have seen an enormous increase in psychology’s recognition that the impact ofculture on behaviors must always be considered.D) a person’s future behavior is often difficult to predict accuratelyAnswer: BDiff: 2Skill: ConceptualAPA LO: 2.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition6. What is the term used to explain why different people can respond to the same situation in a variety ofmanners?A) idiosyncratic distractersB) idiographic anomaliesC) individual differencesD) confounding variablesAnswer: CDiff: 1Skill: FactualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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117. Michelle constantly tells herboyfriend Niccolai that he doesn’t pay attention to her, and that this is whyshe tends to nag him to pay attention. Her repeated criticisms cause Niccolai to tune her out, whichcauses her to nag him even more. This bidirectional pattern of influence is what Albert Bandura wouldhave called __________.A) reciprocal determinismCorrect. Reciprocal determinism suggests that various behaviors affect each other mutually, at the sametime.B) scientific skepticismC) the premise of Occam’s RazorIncorrect. Occam’sRazor suggests that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is usually the mostaccurate explanation. It is not related to this question.D) cyclical impingementAnswer: ADiff: 3Skill: AppliedAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition8. Entire subfields of psychology focus on the __________ that distinguish one person’s interaction withthe world from another’s.A) nomothetic applicationsIncorrect. Your book does not reference something called nomothetic applications, but such a term wouldrefer to commonalities between people, not individual differences.B) individual differencesCorrect. Such differences between our reactions to various encounters with the world around us are whatunderlie much of psychological research.C) correlative traitsD) objective traitsAnswer: BDiff: 2Skill: ConceptualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition9. A famous college football coach believes that if he bends down and eats a little of the grass every timehis team is visiting another school's stadium, his team will have good luck in the game. He has done thisfor two years and has yet to lose an "away" game. His tendency to believe he sees the world correctly,and that the world exists precisely as he sees it, is called __________.A) popular psychologyB) naive realismCorrect. Naive realism refers to a person’s belief that he or she accurately and objectively sees the worldas it is.C) common senseIncorrect. It is an unfortunate truth that the way we want the world to be is infrequently the way the worldis. Common sense would tell us not to expect things to come out just the way we want them to.D) a single-variable explanationAnswer: BDiff: 2Skill: AppliedAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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1210. __________ refers to the belief that we see the world precisely as it is.A) Common senseB) Confirmation biasC) Single-variable explanationD) Naive realismAnswer: DDiff: 2Skill: FactualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition11. A major problem with commonsense proverbs is that they often coexist with their complete opposite.This violates which principle of critical thinking?A) extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidenceB) falsifiabilityCorrect. Because the proverbs are true no matter which way you present them, they cannot bedemonstrated to be wrong. This violates the critical thinking principle of falsifiability.C) Occam’s RazorIncorrect.Occam’s Razor is a concept that suggests that the simplest explanation for an event is usuallythe correct one.D) replicabilityAnswer: BDiff: 3Skill: ConceptualAPA LO: 2.1TEXT LO:1.3b Identify and explain the text’s six principles of scientific thinking.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition12. Which of the following is the best statement of your authors’ position regarding the use of intuition indecision-making situations?A) Intuition is actually the foundation of analysis, and thus there is no true distinction between these twoaspects of decision-making.B) Intuition is more likely than not to lead to disastrous mistakes.C) The existence of “intuition” is actually a myth, as decisions made without careful analysis are alwayswrong.D) Intuition comes in handy in many situations and often guides people to the truth.Answer: DDiff: 3Skill: FactualAPA LO: 1.3TEXT LO: 1.1a Explain why psychology is more than just common sense.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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1313. Due to its reliance on proper research methods to help verify its claims, modern psychology is bestconsidered to be a __________.A) collection of pieces of folk wisdomB) series of contradictions to be sorted outC) scienceCorrect. The study of psychology is a science, which means that there are specific methods for askingquestions, gathering data, and answering questions.D) therapeutic processAnswer: CDiff: 1Skill: ConceptualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition14. A science is defined by __________.A) knowledgeIncorrect. Science may be considered the quest for knowledge, but this is not how science is defined.B) its concern with solving real-life practical problemsC) its popularity among the general publicD) its approach to dealing with evidenceCorrect. Science is an approach to gathering and dealing with evidence that helps prevent us from foolingourselves.Answer: DDiff: 2Skill: ConceptualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition15. The science of psychology is often founded on __________, which is the premise that knowledgeshould initially be acquired through observation.A) pseudoscienceB) hypothesis-testingIncorrect. A hypothesis is an educated guess regarding how variables will relate to each other which isfollowed by testing the variables after gathering data. A hypothesis is part of the scientific method. This isnot the best answer, however.C) theoryD) empiricismCorrect. This is the beginning of data collection within the science of psychology.Answer: DDiff: 3Skill: FactualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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1416. In science, ascientific theoryis defined as a(n) __________.A) educated opinion about the natural worldB) explanation for a large number of findings in the natural worldCorrect. In order for a premise to be considered useful, it must provide an explanation for a large numberof findings that occur in the natural world, including the psychological world.C) personal understanding of natural lawsD) testable prediction about the natural worldIncorrect. A testable prediction about the natural world is a hypothesis, not a theory.Answer: BDiff: 2Skill: FactualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition17. When a psychologist mentions the termscientific theory, he or she is referring to something that__________.A) explains a single eventB) explains a wide range of observationsC) is no better an explanation than another person’s opinionD) refers to an educated guessAnswer: BDiff: 2Skill: ConceptualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition18. Dr. Rashad offers the class an explanation for an extensive group of research findings connectingemotionality and nonverbal communication. Her explanation for this group of findings is a(n) __________.A) hypothesisIncorrect. A hypothesis is a testable prediction—an educated guess—that is based on an existing theory.B) empirical conclusionC) operational definitionD) scientific theoryCorrect. A scientific theory is an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world.Answer: DDiff: 2Skill: AppliedAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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1519. Professor Clark gives her students an assignment to develop hypotheses on global warming. To beconsistent with a scientific method, students should develop their hypotheses based on __________.A) their own existing beliefs about the issueIncorrect. In fact, for research to be as “clean” and accurate as possible, researchers have to be verycareful NOT to let their own beliefs or biases influence their research.B) reports discussed on televisionC) untestable predictionsD) a well-supported scientific theoryCorrect. A hypothesis is a testable prediction derived from a scientific theory.Answer: DDiff: 3Skill: AppliedAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition20. Dr. Richburg’s botany class gathers specimens outside of the classroom for further study. Dr.Richburg instructs his students to develop a scientific theory that helps explain the biodiversity of theplants. The resulting theory should __________.A) provide an educated guess about the biodiversity of the plantsB) explain observations about the plants and predict new findings about plant biodiversityCorrect. A scientific theory is an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world that leadsto testable predictions.C) explain a few findings about the biodiversity of the plantsIncorrect. A theory is an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world.D) interpret what has already been discovered about the biodiversity of the plantsAnswer: BDiff: 3Skill: AppliedAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition21. Which of the following would be best described as an “educated guess”?A) methodB) theoryIncorrect. A theory is actually generated as a result of past research, and is used to guide the educatedguesses, or hypotheses, about future explorations.C) hypothesisCorrect. A hypothesis is a testable prediction that is derived from an existing scientific theory. Therefore, itis a guess about a specific outcome that is informed by past knowledge.D) designAnswer: CDiff: 1Skill: ConceptualAPA LO: 1.1TEXT LO: 1.1b Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases.Topic: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition

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