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Test Bank for Social Psychology, 10th Edition

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    Test Bank For Social Psychology Tenth Edition Elliot Aronson Timothy D. Wilson Samuel R. Sommers Prepared by Linda Lockwood, Ph.D., Metropolitan State University of Denver

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 1 Social Psychology in Action 1: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable and Happy Future Total Assessment Guide (TAG) Topic Question Type Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It Introduction Multiple Choice 1 3, 4, 5, Essay Applied Research in Social Psychology Multiple Choice 6, 10, 19, 21, 25 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 23, 26 9, 11, 13, 17, 20, 22, 24 Essay 81 , 82 Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Multiple Choice 29, 30 , 33, 40, 44, 45, 49, 51, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62 37, 39, 42, 48, 52, 54, 58, 59 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 46, 47, 50, 53, 57, 63, Essay 83 , 84, 85, 86, 87 Happiness and a Sustainable Lifestyle Multiple Choice 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 75, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80 72, 79 Essay 90 88 , 89

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 2 ________________________________________________________________________________ Multiple Choice Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. According to your text, the residents of Miami are already being affected by which environmental problem? a. global warming b. air pollution c. nuclear waste leakage d. overpopulation Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. Humans ’ rapid consumption of natural resources such as fossil fuels and difficulty finding places to put their garbage are symptoms of the underlying problem of __________. a. lack of awareness of environmental problems b. apathy about the environment c. overpopulation d. illiteracy and lack of education Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. A number of years ago, the Chinese government adopted a “ One Child ” rule, in which parents are only allowed to have one child per couple. Such a policy was aimed at addressing the problem of overpopulation by __________. a. using authoritarian mandates b. curbing population growth c. increasing awareness of the problem d. adopting a sustainable lifestyle using renewable resources Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION 1: USING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY TO ACHIEVE A SUSTAINABLE AND HAPPY FUTURE

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 3 4. Several automakers have recently come out with hybrid engines, which rely partially on gasoline and partially on electricity. Such innovations are examples of solving environmental problems by __________. a. improving technology b. adopting a sustainable lifestyle c. raising awareness of the problem d. eliminating our reliance on fossil fuels entirely Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 5. Manuel is adopting a sustainable lifestyle by __________. a. posting notes around the house reminding him and his roommate to turn off the lights and recycle b. using the recycle bin in the apartment complex hallway provided by the apartment manager c. raising sustainable lifestyle awareness to people in his apartment community d. selling his car and either riding his bike or using public transportation to travel places Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Introduction Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. Kurt Lewin is considered to be the __________. a. founder of modern personality psychology b. greatest applied methodologist of the twentieth century c. founder of empirical social psychology d. father of professional psychology Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 7. Kurt Lewin would recommend __________ as the best way to study problems in social psychology because __________. a. correlational methods; the researcher can find relationships between variables b. observational methods; the researcher can describe behavior c. experiments; the researcher can find cause-and-effect relationships d. studies; the researcher can control behavior Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 8. Kurt Lewin is quoted as saying, “ There is nothing so practical as a good theory. ” This quote is best interpreted as meaning that __________.

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 4 a. hypothesis testing is limited to the quality of the underlying theories b. to solve difficult social problems, one first needs to understand the underlying theory c. basic research is more important than application of the research d. social psychologists should focus on solving world problems Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 9. Dr. Palcon designs a study to test which strategy is best in terms of encouraging residents to recycle on a weekly basis. Dr. Palcon is most likely conducting __________ research. a. applied b. basic c. correlational d. observational Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 10. The author of the text describes the beauty of social psychology is that it addresses both __________ and __________ questions about human behavior. a. practical; impractical b. hypothetical; factual c. basic; applied d. behavioral norms; social norms Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 11. According to your text, which method is best suited for understanding the best interventions and solutions to real-world problems? a. basic experimental research b. applied experimental research c. computer models d. correlational studies Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 5 12. Dr. Morris investigates theories of how people form bonds to their pets. She is investigating a(n) __________ question. a. basic b. applied c. experimental d. correlational Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. Dr. Garcia investigates how to reduce energy consumption in elementary school. He is investigating a(n) __________ research question. a. basic b. applied c. experimental d. correlational Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. In order to test the effectiveness of an intervention using an experiment, it is best to have __________. a. interviews from people before the intervention b. Interviews from people after the intervention c. a randomly assigned control group d. mandatory enforcement of the intervention Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. Right after a massive fire that killed 10 people, the firefighters were instructed to attend a psychological intervention that lasted for several hours. During this time, they discussed their experiences and responses. This intervention is known as __________. a. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing b. Post-Traumatic Event Counseling c. Trauma Reduction Intervention d. Critical Trauma Debriefing Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 6 16. Your text discusses the psychological intervention CISD. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing is supposed to __________. a. prevent violence b. prevent psychiatric problems such as PTSD c. reduce the risk of suicide in victims d. increase a sense of community and positive emotions Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. A problem with social and psychological interventions is people use __________ to assess their effectiveness, which can be inaccurate. a. correlational methods b. common sense c. observational data d. survey information Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 18. Which method would be best to determine whether Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) works? a. basic experimental research b. applied experimental research c. computer models d. correlational studies Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. McNally and his colleagues have conducted controlled experiments to examine the effectiveness of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) on preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results of the studies show that CISD is __________. a. a very effective means of reducing PTSD b. only effective on police officers c. effective if administered within twenty-four hours of the trauma d. not an effective means of preventing the onset of PTSD Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 7 20. Joe has just survived a horrible earthquake. After this traumatic event, he is asked if he wants to undergo Critical Incident Stress Debriefing. Based on information from your text, what would you suggest Joe do? a. Joe should undergo CISD; it has been shown to prevent the onset of psychological disorders. b. Joe should undergo CISD only if he wasn ’ t physically injured. c. Joe should not undergo CISD. d. Joe should only undergo CISD if he experienced the trauma less than twenty-four hours ago. Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. Based on research in your text, burn victims who did not undergo CISD were __________ than those who did. a. less likely to have anxiety disorders b. more likely to have anxiety disorders c. equally likely to have anxiety disorders d. less likely to develop anxiety disorders if they were women Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. Leo was involved in a terrible car accident and was injured quite seriously. However, he did not undergo CISD. Based on the research presented in the text, how might you expect him to feel compared to other victims who did experience CISD? a. He will be less likely to have anxiety disorders. b. He will be more likely to have anxiety disorders. c. He will be equally likely to have anxiety disorders. d. He will be less likely to develop anxiety disorders than if he were a woman. Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. Evidence presented by your text suggests that using Critical Incident Stress Debriefing is not the best way to prevent the onset of later anxiety disorders. Why is this the case? a. CISD is just a temporary solution to a long-lasting problem. b. People experiencing intense negative emotions may not want to focus on the event. c. CISD is usually not administered by a licensed psychotherapist. d. Trauma victims are often cognitively loaded. Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 8 24. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing had been mandatory for certain people who work with trauma. Based on the evidence presented in your text, what would you recommend to police and fire departments about requiring CISD for all employees? a. It should be required of all personnel on a daily basis. b. It should be required of all personnel after encountering a trauma. c. It should be required annually. d. It should be offered as an option or completely banned. Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 25. According to your text, what is the biggest reason why Critical Incident Stress Debriefing was used, even without research evidence that it was effective? a. Conducting research would have taken too much time. b. A meta-analysis on hundreds of studies would be needed to determine its effectiveness. c. Doing the research would have been too expensive. d. Using CISD made good common sense. Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26. Social psychologists are poised to help find solutions to applied psychological problems. Identify two reasons why. a. rich theories of human behavior and a long history of successful interventions b. a good track record of developing successful interventions and use of the experimental method c. rich theories of human behavior and knowledge of the experimental method d. use of many methods to study human behavior and advanced statistical knowledge Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.1 Describe how social psychological principles can be used to improve people's lives. Topic: Applied Research in Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 27 . According to the authors of your text, people ’ s perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved by others is the definition of __________ norms. a. injunctive b. disjunctive c. subjective d. descriptive Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 9 28. Michelle and Emile were in a family restaurant when they noticed a couple of elderly ladies frowning at them. Apparently, the ladies did not approve of Michelle and Emile ’ s public displays of affection. Michelle and Emile violated a(n) __________ norm. a. injunctive b. disjunctive c. subjective d. descriptive Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 29. People ’ s perceptions of how others actually do behave are called __________ norms. a. injunctive b. disjunctive c. subjective d. descriptive Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 30. People follow two types of social norms, __________ norms, which are people’s perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others, and __________ norms, those that are people’s perceptions of how people actually behave. a. descriptive; injunctive b. injunctive; descriptive c. behavioral; acceptable d. acceptable; behavioral Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 31. Amanda and Sybil are getting ready to go out, so they are comparing what they are wearing. Amanda says that she ’ s wearing slacks even though the invitation says the dress requirement is “ Cocktail dresses for ladies. ” Sybil decides she will wear slacks too. Sybil is conforming to the __________ norm. a. injunctive b. disjunctive c. subjective d. descriptive Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 32. Which of the following anti-litter campaigns relies most on injunctive norms? a. highway signs that read “ Keep America Beautiful ”

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 10 b. an ad with a picture of a crying Native American looking at a polluted landscape c. highway signs that read “ Don ’ t Mess with Texas! ” d. television ads that show streets filled with garbage Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 33. Injunctive norms address __________, whereas descriptive norms address __________ . a. people ’ s perceptions of how other people behave; people ’ s perceptions of approved behavior b. people's perceptions of acceptable physical stressors; people ’ s perceptions of approved behavior c. people ’ s perceptions of approved behavior; people ’ s perceptions of how other people behave d. people ’ s perceptions of approved behavior; people's perceptions of acceptable physical stressors Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 34. Nancy is listening to the radio while she drives. At the same moment she hears a message from the “ Keep America Beautiful ” campaign, she notices a fast-food bag on the side of the road. The difference between what Nancy hears and sees reflects the difference between __________ norms and __________ norms. a. descriptive; objective b. descriptive; injunctive c. injunctive; descriptive d. objective; descriptive Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 35. During a drought, Lynne noticed that all of her neighbors had stopped watering their lawns, even though there were no laws against watering. Lynne was following a __________ norm when she let her lawn turn brown, too. a. descriptive b. proscriptive c. objective d. productive Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 36. Public safety officials want to increase the use of seat belts among drivers and have decided to show a television ad documenting the rising use of seat belts among drivers. This represents the use of __________ norms to change safety behaviors. a. descriptive b. injunctive

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 11 c. conjunctive d. proscriptive Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 37. Recall that participants in a field experiment by Reno and his colleagues (1993) were more likely to properly dispose of a handbill left on their windshields when they saw a confederate pick up and dispose of a fast-food bag. Results of this experiment reveal the power of __________ to reduce littering behaviors. a. descriptive norms b. self-awareness c. injunctive norms d. subjective norms Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 38 . Based on research by Cialdini and his colleagues (1990), Lola would be the LEAST likely to toss her lunch bag on the ground in a space that __________. a. does not contain any litter b. contains one piece of litter c. contains a light density of litter (fewer than two pieces per ten square feet) d. contains a heavy density of litter (more than five pieces per ten square feet) Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 39. Recall that Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) found that students were least likely to toss handbills to the floor when there was a piece of discarded watermelon rind on the floor, compared to experimental conditions in which the floor was completely free of litter or when handbills were already scattered on the floor. One single piece of watermelon rind significantly reduced littering because it served to remind participants of __________. a. descriptive norms b. injunctive norms c. littering as a social dilemma d. the time and money costs to remove litter Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 40. Baca-Motes et al. (2013), Goldstein et al. (2008) and Terrier & Marfaing (2015) found a standard appeal to help the environment reuse your towels (washing towels every day wastes environmental resources) worked __________ than conveying a descriptive norm about what people actually do, “Join your fellow guests in helping to save the environment. ” a. the same b. better

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 12 c. better only with pictures of landfills d. less well Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 41. You want to get your roommates ’ friends to quit throwing their empty cans and cigarette butts onto the ground outside your apartment. Based on what Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) found in their research, you should invoke __________ norms because they are more effective than __________ norms in reducing litter. a. descriptive; injunctive b. salient; subtle c. injunctive; descriptive d. subtle; salient Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 42. Descriptive norms work the best to reduce litter when __________. a. everyone cooperates b. everyone is able to pick up after themselves c. everyone has strong pro-environment attitudes d. everyone is motivated to pick up after themselves Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 43. Under which of the following circumstances would descriptive norms work the best to reduce littering? a. A sign points to the nearest trash can. b. Most people in the area are picking up their trash. c. Everyone is cooperating to clean up after a party. d. A billboard with a celebrity on it reminds people not to litter. Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 44. Research by Van Vugt and Samuelson (1999), in which water meters were installed in houses in one community, suggests that one way to resolve social dilemmas is to __________. a. decrease the availability of the resource b. increase the cost of the resource c. make it easier for people to monitor their own resource use d. make it easier for the city to monitor people ’ s resource use Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner.

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 13 Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 45. A social dilemma is defined as a conflict in which the __________. a. easiest action helps save resources. b. most difficult actions are for the collective good c. competitive nature of humans results in lower resource use. d. easiest action for an individual will have harmful effects if chosen by most Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 46. Based on what the text reports, one way to reduce drivers ’ use of gasoline by monitoring may be to __________. a. display the current gas mileage on the dash of the vehicle b. tell the driver how many miles per gallon the vehicle gets c. ask drivers to keep track of how often they fuel up d. allow the government to track how many miles each vehicle on the road drives in a week Answer: A Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 47. Beth is the new director of the Municipal Water Conservation Board. Because the board has not been very successful in its appeals to encourage residents to stop wasting water, Beth has decided to change how their message is presented, by changing the public service ads sponsored by the Municipal Water Conservation Board. Which of the following television appeals would be most likely to encourage the public to use less water? a. “ If nobody conserves water, the city will have to impose mandatory restrictions. ” b. “ If you leave the water running when you brush your teeth, in one week, you will have wasted enough water to fill your bathroom. ” c. “ I know that water conservation devices are expensive, but it is for the good of the community that you install them. ” d. “ If you do not find a way to reduce your water usage, we will have to take punitive action. ” Answer: B Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 48. Gonzales, Aronson, and Costanzo (1988) trained home energy auditors to describe uninsulated attics as “ naked, ” and to point out that small cracks lose as much heat as a hole the size of a football in the living room wall. Compared to homeowners exposed to the typical appeal, those exposed to the new appeals were more likely to follow the auditors ’ recommendations because the new appeals __________. a. made the problem of energy loss more vivid and noticeable to homeowners b. showed homeowners how to change their energy use habits c. addressed the self-interest of the homeowners d. elicited a public commitment from homeowners to conserve energy Answer: A

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    Aronson, Wilson, Sommers: Social Psychology , 10 th edition 14 Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 49. Graham, Koo, and Wilson (2011) asked students to track the number of miles they avoided driving on a Web site. Those who were keeping track drove __________. a. more than those in a control group b. less only if they were also told how much money they had saved on gas c. less only if they were told about the savings in air pollution d. less, especially when given feedback about financial savings and reduction in air pollution Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 50. Imagine you ’ re a property manager and you ’ d like to get your tenants to cut down on the amount of trash they generate. Based on research by Graham, Koo, and Wilson (2011), what would be the best way to accomplish this? a. Tell the tenants how much money they are saving in waste disposal fees when they generate less waste. b. Tell the tenants how much better it is for the environment to generate less waste. c. Tell the tenants how much better it is for the environment and how much money it saves them when they generate less waste. d. Tell them that there will be a new fee if they don ’ t cut their waste by 15%. Answer: C Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 51. Researchers introduced an intervention to reduce energy consumption in a factory in the Netherlands. Which of the following aspects of their intervention had the greatest (positive) impact on energy use? a. placing announcements in company magazines b. providing weekly feedback on a unit ’ s consumption c. offering cash incentives for energy-saving measures d. providing comparative feedback on other units ’ consumption Answer: D Learning Objective: SPA 1.2 Describe how social psychology can help people live in a sustainable manner. Topic: Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 52. Recall that when researchers provided workers in a unit of a factory in the Netherlands with feedback on energy consumption in other units, energy-saving behaviors drastically increased. These results point to __________ as a useful process in encouraging energy-saving behaviors. a. cognitive dissonance b. self-perception c. social comparison d. a commons dilemma Answer: C

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