Test Bank for The Children's Thinking, 5th Edition

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Children’s ThinkingFifth EditionRobert S. SieglerMartha W. AlibaliTest BankAmber C. Wingfield

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Table of ContentsChapter 1: An Introduction to Children’s Thinking………………………..……. 1Chapter 2: Piaget’s Theory of Development……………………………………... 12Chapter 3: Information–Processing Theories of Development……………….. 25Chapter 4: Sociocultural Theories of Development…………………………….. 38Chapter 5: Perceptual Development……………………………………………… 49Chapter 6: Language Development……………………………………………….. 60Chapter 7: Memory Development……………………………………………......72Chapter 8: Conceptual Development…………………………………………….. 85Chapter 9: The Development of Social Cognition……………………………... 96Chapter 10: Problem Solving……………………………………………………107Chapter 11: Development of Academic Skills………………………………....120Chapter 12: Conclusions for the Present; Challenges for the Future………… 132

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1Chapter 1An Introduction to Children’s ThinkingMultiple Choice1.A scientist interested in cognitive development would be most likely to study ___.a.children solving math problemsb.the etiology of depressionc.parent-child attachmentd.the effects of socioeconomic status on self-esteemAnswer: AQuestion type: CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 1.1: Explain the key characteristics of children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 22.The constructivist perspective of Jean Piaget argues that infants possess important ___ and ___ capabilities.a.perceptual and conceptualb.conceptual and associativec.associative and linguisticd.perceptual and motorAnswer: DQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 33.Professor Woo studies infants. The goal of her research is to demonstrate that infants have the ability tounderstand rudimentary forms of mathematics (e.g., the addition and subtraction of small numbers ofobjects). Professor Woo most likely subscribes to which of the following perspectives?a.associationist perspectiveb.constructivist perspectivec.core knowledge perspectived.information-processing perspectiveAnswer: CQuestion type: CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 4

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24.Research has shown that very young infants possess general learning mechanisms that help them acquireknowledge. Two of these learning mechanisms are ___ and ___.a.imitation and statistical learningb.association and distance perceptionc.automatization and conceptual organizationd.analogy and strategy constructionAnswer: AQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 55.The stage concept can be traced back to the ideas ofa.George Berkeleyb.John Lockec.John Stuart Milld.Charles DarwinAnswer: DQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 56.John took two weeks to learn how to tie his shoes. His mom went over each step of the process with himday by day, and he learned one step at a time until he could tie his shoes on his own. Kathy also took twoweeks to learn how to tie her shoes. However, unlike John, she did not seem to be learning any of the stepsday-by-day. Then, all of a sudden, after about two weeks, she tied her shoes all by herself. John’s course ofdevelopment is predicted by the ___, whereas Kathy’s course of development is predicted by the ___.a.core knowledge theorists, information-processing theoristsb.constructivists, associationistsc.stage theorists, information-processing theoristsd.associationists, stage theoristsAnswer: DQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: DIFFICULTLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 6

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37.Professor Murphy tested a 6-year-old child, Madeline, on three conservation problems: conservation ofvolume, conservation of mass, and conservation of number. Madeline displayed stage 2 reasoning on thevolume and mass problems, but stage 3 reasoning on the number problem. Madeline’s performanceviolated which of the following assumptions of the stage concept?a.abruptness assumptionb.concurrence assumptionc.the assumption of coherent organizationd.the assumption of qualitative changeAnswer: BQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: DIFFICULTLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 68.Last year, Billy solved addition problems like “4 + 3 = __” by counting on his fingers. This year, he canretrieve addition facts from memory. This is an example ofa.quantitative changeb.abrupt changec.qualitative changed.concurrent changeAnswer: CQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 69.The period of development before birth is the ___ period.a.postnatalb.undevelopedc.prenatald.inductionAnswer: CQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 7

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410.A one-year-old child receives a stuffed cat as a present. She sees that this stuffed animal has whiskers, eyes,and feet like her family’s cat, but she also observes that this stuffed animal does not make noises like herfamily’s cat does. This realization sets the stage for her to later learn about what makes something alive.The child has experienced which process of cognitive change?a.assimilationb.accommodationc.generalizationd.automatizationAnswer: BQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 711.What mechanism of development underlies the main differences between a novice driver and anexperienced driver?a.generalizationb.automatizationc.synaptogenesisd.social scaffoldingAnswer: BQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 712.In a study by Professor Heath, children ages 5 and 10 were asked to complete the following pattern:μνμνμ___. Most five-year-old children answered correctly with respect to shape, but were at chance with respectto color. In other words, they were just as likely to complete the pattern with a white square as a blacksquare. In contrast, most ten-year-old children answered correctly with respect to both shape and color (i.e.,they put a black square in the blank). This example best demonstrates which of the following mechanismsof change?a.automatizationb.encodingc.habituationd.statistical learningAnswer: BQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: DIFFICULTLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 7

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513.Jerry is ten years old and has an IQ of 130. Jerry’s mental age isa.10.0b.10.3c.13.0d.7.7Answer: CQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 814.Research has shown a relationship between habituation rate at 7 months and ___.a.IQ scores in childhoodb.math test scores in childhoodc.learning disabilities in childhoodd.all of the aboveAnswer: DQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 915.The brain has its largest increase in weight between the ages ofa.0-11 monthsb.11 months – 3 yearsc.3-18 yearsd.none of the above; the increase in weight is about the same for the age ranges listed aboveAnswer: AQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 1016.One brain structure that is far more developed in humans than in other primates is the ___.a.hypothalamusb.cerebral cortexc.amygdalad.medullaAnswer: BQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO:1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 10

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617.The cerebral cortex has ___ main lobes.a.twob.threec.fourd.fiveAnswer: CQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO:1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 1118.In general, the left hemisphere tends to process information ___, and the right hemisphere tends to processinformation ___.a.analytically, holisticallyb.emotionally, spatiallyc.logically, analyticallyd.holistically, analyticallyAnswer: AQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 1119.The synaptic connections in a toddler’s brain are ___ than those in an adult’s brain.a.sparserb.denserc.fasterd.shorterAnswer: BQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 1320.Synaptogenesis isa.the transmission of information from one neuron to anotherb.the formation of synapses between neuronsc.the release of neurotransmitter into a synapsed.the period of development in which the number of synapses gradually declinesAnswer: BQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: DIFFICULTLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 12

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721.In general, genes control the ___ of synapses, and experience controls the ___ of synapses.a.generation, pruningb.pruning, generationc.maintenance, firingd.firing, generationAnswer: AQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: DIFFICULTLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 1322.Children are better than adults at learning ___.a.chessb.physicsc.social skillsd.languageAnswer: DQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 1323.A scientist interested in social influences on cognitive development wouldnotbe likely to study ___.a.the effects of calculators on children’s mathematical problem-solving skillsb.the effects of genes on children’s language proficiencyc.the effects of video game playing on children’s IQ scoresd.the effects of tutors on children’s reading performanceAnswer: BQuestion type: CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 14-1624.A toy company influences development at the level of the ___.a.exosystemb.mesosystemc.macrosystemd.microsystemAnswer: AQuestion type: CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: DIFFICULTLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 15

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825.Alaina got a new puzzle for her birthday. She cannot complete it on her own, but can complete it with easewhen her father hands her one puzzle piece at a time. This example best describes the benefits ofa.social scaffoldingb.strategy constructionc.cultural toolsd.macrosystemsAnswer: AQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 15True or False26._____ Baillargeon (1994) has shown that 3-month-old infants’ knowledge of object properties is identicalto that of adults.Answer: FQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 427._____ Saffran and colleagues (1996) have shown that very young infants can detect regularities and extractsequential patterns in the linguistic sounds they hear.Answer: TQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 528._____ The stage concept implies gradual, quantitative changes in development.Answer: FQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO:1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 629._____ A child’s mental age is always higher than their chronological age.Answer: FQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 8

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930._____ Habituation refers to the process by which infants becoming increasingly interested in an object afterrepeated exposures to that object.Answer: FQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 931._____ At birth, the cerebral cortex is immature relative to other parts of the brain.Answer: TQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 1032._____ The profound development of the occipital lobe during the first few years of life is primarilyresponsible for the rapid advances in thinking that occur during the first few years of life.Answer: FQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 1133._____ If a particular synapse does not fire over the first several years of life, it may be pruned.Answer: TQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Pages(s) in text: 1334._____ Brain plasticity tends to decrease over the course of development.Answer: TQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 1335._____ A television is an example of a cultural tool that shapes children’s thinking.Answer: TQuestion type: CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 15

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10Short Answer/Essay36.List four of the six most important questions in the study of children’s thinking. Then, choose theonethatyou think is most important, and defend your opinion.Answer: Any four of the following six: What capabilities are innate? Does development progress throughstages? How does change occur? How do individuals differ? How do changes in the brain contribute tocognitive development? How does the social world contribute to cognitive development?Question type: FACTUAL + CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 337.Contrast the associationist perspective of John Locke and the core-knowledge perspective of Carey andGelman.Answer: The associationist perspective argues that infants come into the world with only minimalcapabilities, such as the ability to associate experiences with one another. According to this view, we musthave learned everything we know from experience. In contrast, the core-knowledge perspective suggeststhat infants come into the world equipped with a wide range of perceptual, motor, and conceptualcapabilities that allow them to see the world much like older children and adults do. According to this view,much of our knowledge is innate.Question type: FACTUAL + CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Page(s) in text: 3-538.List and define two of the four implications of the stage concept, as noted by Flavell (1971).Answer: Any two of the following four: (1) qualitative change, which means that a particular skill not onlygets better, but also becomes different in quality or character, (2) concurrent change, which means thatchanges from stage to stage occur simultaneously for many concepts at once, (3) abrupt change, whichmeans that children switch abruptly (not gradually) from one stage to the next, and (4) coherentorganization, which means that children’s behaviors and thoughts cohere as a sensible whole and are notrandom bits and pieces of independent units added together.Question type: FACTUAL + CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Pages(s) in text: 6-739.List and define two of the four change mechanisms proposed by researchers who subscribe to theinformation-processing approach to cognitive development.Answer: Any two of the following four: (1) automatization, which refers to age or experience-relatedincreases in the efficiency and automaticity of mental processing, (2) encoding, which involves identifyingand mentally representing the key features in a particular problem or situation, (3) generalization, whichinvolves transferring the knowledge and skills acquired in one context to interpret information or solve aproblem in a novel context, and (4) strategy construction, which refers to the construction of a new methodfor solving a problem.Question type: FACTUAL + CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Pages(s) in text: 7-8

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1140.List three of the four layers of Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) model of the social context of development, andgive an example of how each layer can influence the development of a child’s academic abilities.Answer: Any three of the following four: (1) macrosystem, (2) exosystem, (3) mesosystem, and (4)microsystem. The macrosystem includes cultural values, such as whether children are encouraged to focuson academics. Whether or not a child focuses on academics influences his or her academic abilities. Theexosystem includes social systems, such as the school board. The school board makes decisions about aschool’s curriculum, and this influences the academic abilities of a child in the school. The mesosystemincludes the particular school that a child attends, which plays a large role in shaping a child’s academicabilities. Finally, the microsystem includes parents. The values, expectations, and education level of achild’s parents influence his or her academic abilities.Question type: FACTUAL + CONCEPTUALLevel of difficulty: DIFFICULTLO: 1.2: Summarize different perspectives on key questions related to children’s thinking.Pages(s) in text: 14-15

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12Chapter 2Piaget’s Theory of DevelopmentMultiple Choice1.An epistemologist studies the ___.a.biological basis of behaviorb.origins of knowledgec.ability to adapt to realityd.mechanisms of developmental changeAnswer: BQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 2.1: Summarize Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development.Page(s) in text: 222.Piaget thought philosophical controversies could be resolved by ___.a.introspectionb.measuring children’s intelligencec.studying Kant’s writingsd.applying the scientific methodAnswer: DQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 2.1: Summarize Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development.Page(s) in text: 223.Joan, a two-year-old child, shouts “doggie!” after spotting a field of cows in the distance. Joan’s behaviorillustrates the developmental process known as ___.a.accommodationb.equilibrationc.evolutiond.assimilationAnswer: DQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: DIFFICULTLO: 2.1: Summarize Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development.Page(s) in text: 23

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134.An example of functional assimilation is a ___.a.baby continuously kicking his or her crib to make a mobile jiggle over and over againb.three-year-old progressing from one- to two-word phrasesc.five-year-old pretending that a banana is a telephoned.twelve-year-old using a calculator to solve a math problemAnswer: AQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: DIFFICULTLO: 2.1: Summarize Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development.Page(s) in text: 24-255.Piaget compared children to ___.a.scientists solving problemsb.encyclopedias filled with knowledgec.adults trying to imitate a sentence from a foreign languaged.photographers capturing snapshots of realityAnswer: AQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: EASYLO: 2.1: Summarize Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development.Page(s) in text: 256.According to Piaget, children ___ reality over the course of development.a.internalizeb.discoverc.constructd.ignoreAnswer: CQuestion type: FACTUALLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 2.1: Summarize Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development.Page(s) in text: 257.According to Piaget’s theory, humans arenotborn with the ability to ___.a.suck on a pacifierb.mentally represent their mother’s facec.grasp their father’s finger when it comes in contact with their handsd.turn their heads toward a shaking rattleAnswer: BQuestion type: APPLICATIONLevel of difficulty: MEDIUMLO: 2.2: Describe the major characteristics of each of Piaget’s four stages of development.Page(s) in text: 26

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