Test Bank for Understanding Psychology, 12th Edition

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank1Chapter 1: The Science of PsychologyMultiple-ChoiceWhat Is Psychology?1.1Psychology is the scientific study of ________.a.how personality can be determined by the size and shape of one’s headb.behavior and mental processesCorrect:Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes.c.the physiological functions of the brainIncorrect:While areas of psychology may examine this topic, it is the study of behavior andmental processes.d.how cultures and societies develop and interactwith each otherAnswer: bLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy1.2The American Psychological Association is madeup of_______divisions of psychologythat studymany different areas within the field.a.abouttenb.about 25c.over 30d.over 50Answer:dLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic:What Is Psychology?Skill:Remember the FactsDifficulty:2-Moderate1.3A group of psychologists studyphysical, mental,socialandemotionalgrowth from theprenatal period through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. They are most likelytobe________ psychologists.a.developmentalCorrect:Developmental psychologists study all aspects of growth and change from conceptionthrough death.b.social

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank2Incorrect:Social psychologists study the bidirectional effects that people have on eachother,including thoughts, feelings, and actions.c.personalityd.organizationalAnswer: aLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 1-Easy1.4Developmentalpsychologists focus mainly on studying ________.a.adolescent changes and developmentb.adulthoodIncorrect:Developmental psychologists studymore than just the period of adulthood.c.the entire developmental spectrum from infancy through adulthoodCorrect:Developmental psychologists studyall aspects of human growthfrom the prenatalperiod through old age.d.infancy and childhood developmentAnswer:cLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.5________ are interested in the workings of the brain and the nervous system.a.Experimental psychologistsIncorrect:Experimental psychologists are interested in behavior and mental processes moregenerally.b.Psychobiologistsc.Behavioral geneticistsd.NeuropsychologistsCorrect:Neuropsychologists are interested in the workings of the brain and nervous system.Answer:dLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank31.6A group of psychologists are interested in how hormones, psychoactive medications, and“social drugs”affect us. They are most likely to be ________.a.neuropsychologistsIncorrect:A neuropsychologist would definitely be interested in how drugs affect the brain, butthe more general answer of psychobiologist is the best choice.b.physiologicalpsychologistsCorrect:Physiologicalpsychologists are interested in the biological bases of human behavior,which includes the way that chemicals such as hormones and drugs affect individuals’ actions.c.experimental psychologistsd.behavioral geneticistsAnswer: bLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.7A group ofpsychologists conduct research on basic psychological processes, includinglearning, memory, sensation, perception, thinking, motivation, and emotion. They are most likelyto be________ psychologists.a.physiologicalb.clinicalc.experimentalCorrect:Experimentalpsychologists are interested in basic psychological processes.d.psychometricIncorrect:Psychometric psychologists are interested in measurement in psychology.Answer: cLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfieldswithinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy1.8A group of psychologists study the differences among individuals’ traits such asanxiety,sociability, self-esteem, emotional stability, and aggressiveness.They are most likelyto be________ psychologists.a.clinicalb.developmentalIncorrect:A developmental psychologist might have some interest in how personality develops,but the process of development is his or her primary interest.c.psychometricd.personalityCorrect:Personality psychologists have an interest in identifying and understanding thedifferences between individuals.Answer: d

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank4Learning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty:1-Easy1.9A group of psychologists at a cocktail party are discussing what kinds of questions are moststudiedand usefulin the field of psychology. Which of the following pairs of psychologistsaremostlikely to find agreement?a.industrial/organizational and experimental psychologistsIncorrect:I/O psychologists are interested in the application of psychology in the workplace,while experimental psychologists are more interested inconducting pure research.b.industrial/organizational and physiological psychologistsc.clinical and counseling psychologistsCorrect:Clinical and counseling psychology are two subdisciplines that share a lot of features,including dealing with patients, mental illness, and treatment.d.personality and experimental psychologistsAnswer: cLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 3-Difficult2 yr.: 71% r = .211.10A group of psychologists studies how people influence one another, exploring issues suchas first impressions, interpersonal attraction, and how attitudes are formed and maintained. Thesepsychologists are most likelyto be________ psychologists.a.developmentalb.experimentalc.socialCorrect:Social psychologists focus on the manner in which the interactions between humanbeings affect their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.d.personalityIncorrect:Personality psychologists focus more on the individual factors that differentiate oneindividual from another, and do not emphasize the interactions between people as much associal psychologists do.Answer: cLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 1-Easy

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank51.11In recent years, several Japanese automobile companies have opened manufacturing plantsin the United States, bringing Japanese management practices with them. For the most part,American workers at these plants have refused to unionize in the traditional American mold,preferring to work under the Japanese model. Of the following mental health professionals,________ psychologists would probably bemostinterested in these events.a.developmentalb.industrial/organizationalCorrect:I/O psychologists are interested in the application of psychological principles in theworkplace.c.socialIncorrect:The interaction of two different groups would be of interest to a social psychologist,but the added dimension of making the workplace more successful and productive makes thisexample most relevant to an I/O psychologist.d.experimentalAnswer: bLearning Objective:1.1Definepsychologyand describe some of the major subfields withinpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 1-Easy2 yr.: 79% r = .30; 2 yr.: 82% r = .231.12Abigail goes to school with a set of twins. Sheis interested in why, even though they areidentical, the two girls act differently.She knows that one sister grew up in their father’shousehold, and the other livedexclusivelywith their mother.Abigail’s interest and question bestcould fall under which enduring question in psychology?a.Person-SituationIncorrect:This issue relates to whether we are masters of our fate or victims of circumstance,making Nature-Nurture the best choice.b.Nature-NurtureCorrect:Abigail is interested in the impact of genetics versusenvironment onbehavior.c.Stability-Changed.Diversity-UniversalityAnswer:bLearning Objective:1.2Describe the five enduring issues that cut across the subfields ofpsychology.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.13A scientist decides to solve a problem by collecting data,generating a theory to explain thedata,producing testable hypotheses basedon those theories, and systematically testing thosehypotheses empirically. The scientist is using ________.a.the inductive method

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank6b.the deductive methodc.the scientific methodCorrect:The scientific method is a step-by-step process for asking questions and determining thecorrect answers.d.objective introspectionIncorrect:Objective introspection, or “looking inward,” is a method that was used bystructuralists to determine the basic elements of consciousness.Answer: cLearning Objective:1.3Explain what psychology has in common with other sciences, howpsychologists use thescientific method, and the difference between theories and hypotheses.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.14Each of the following characterizes a state of mind necessary for critical thinkingexcept________.a.a willingness to submit your own beliefs to scrutinyb.creativityCorrect:It is not necessary to think creatively in order to think critically.c.a willingness to challenge the opinions of othersd.objectivityIncorrect:One must be willingto look at a situation objectively, or without bias, in order to thinkcritically.Answer: bLearning Objective:1.4Characterize critical thinking by its various steps.Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: Understand the ConceptsDifficulty: 3-DifficultThe Growth of Psychologyas a Science1.15The history of psychology can be divided into ________ main stages.a.twob.threeCorrect:There are three stages,the emergence of a science of the mind, the behaviorist decades,and the “cognitive revolution.”c.fourd.fiveIncorrect: There are three stages, the final one beginning in the late 1800swhenthe scientificmethod began to be applied systematically to questions that had puzzled philosophers forcenturies.Answer: b

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank7Learning Objective: 1.5Describe the emergence of scientific psychology in the late 19thandearly 20thcenturies.Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 3-Difficult1.16At the beginning of the 20thcentury, most university psychology programs were located in________.a.philosophy departmentsCorrect:At the beginning of the 20thcentury, psychology programs were in the philosophydepartment.b.education departmentsc.medical schoolsd.biology departmentsIncorrect:Initially, psychology was defined as the study of mental processes.Answer: aLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.17The first psychology laboratory was founded by ________.a.Jamesb.Watsonc.TitchenerIncorrect:Titchener was a student of Wundt, but Wundt is credited with founding the firstpsychology laboratory.d.WundtCorrect:Most psychologists agree that psychology as a science was founded by Wundt.Answer: dLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy1.18Most psychologists agree that psychology, as a science, was born in ________.a.1879Correct:Wundt’s laboratory was founded in Germany in 1879, when most psychologists agreepsychology as a science was born.b.1921c.1909d.1979

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank8Incorrect:In the public eye, a laboratory identified a field of inquiryas “science,”which Wundtaccomplished a century before.Answer: aLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as“a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.19Wundt was primarily interested in memory and _______, the process by which wedetermine what we are going to attend to at any given moment.a.structuralismb.behaviorismIncorrect:Behaviorismis the school of psychology that studies onlyobservableand measurablebehavior.c.selective attentionCorrect:Wundt’s approach to study was referred to as voluntarism, but his primary interestswere memory and selective attention.d.functionalismAnswer: cLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Understand the ConceptsDifficulty: 3-Difficult1.20According to Wundt,attention is controlled by________.a.intentions and motivesCorrect:Wundt believed that intentionsand motives controlled attention, which in turncontrolled perception, thought,and memory.b.perceptionand memoryc.thought and memoryd.perception andbehaviorIncorrect:Behaviorists believe that all mental experiences are nothing more than physiologicalchanges in response to experiences.Answer: aLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Understand the ConceptsDifficulty: 2-Moderate

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank91.21Wundt used the term ________ to describe his view of psychology.a.voluntarismCorrect:Wundt’s approach to study was referred to as voluntarism, but his primary interestswere memory and selective attention.b.cognitismIncorrect:Cognitive psychology is the study of our mental processes in the broadest sense.c.functionalismd.mentalismAnswer: aLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 3-Difficult1.22James argued that consciousness ________.a.is comprised of“atoms of thought”Incorrect:Atoms of thoughtreflectsthe view of Titchener and structuralism.b.is an illusionc.flows in a continuous streamCorrect:James believed that perceptions, emotions and images create consciousness in acontinuous stream.d.does not existAnswer: cLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.23James suggested that ________cannot be separated, as consciousness flows in a continuousstream.a.atoms of experienceIncorrect:Atoms of thoughtreflectsthe view of Titchener and structuralism.b.rewards and punishmentsc.perceptions, emotions,and imagesCorrect:James believed that perceptions, emotions and images create consciousness in acontinuous stream.d.dreamsAnswer: cLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played ininitially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the Facts

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank10Difficulty: 3-Difficult1.24A noted scientist argues that consciousness is a continuous flow, and that perceptions,associations, sensations and emotions cannot be separated. This scientist ismostlikely a followerof ________.a.TitchenerIncorrect:Titchener, the founder of structuralism, felt that consciousness could be separated intothree basic elements:physical sensations, feelings, and images.b.Wundtc.JamesCorrect:James, the founder of functionalism, believed that consciousness flowed in a continuousstream.d.GaltonAnswer: cLearning Objective: 1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.25William James is noted for founding the ________ school of psychology.a.Gestaltb.structuralistIncorrect:Titchener is viewed as foundingthe structuralist approach.c.reductionistd.functionalistCorrect:James founded the functionalist school.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.6Explain theroles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy1.26Titchener believed psychologists should analyze complex experiences in terms of________.a.learned behaviorsIncorrect:The study of learned behaviors was the primary crux of behaviorism, which did notarrive in psychology until the early 1900s.b.actualizing experiencesc.their basic elementsCorrect:This breaking down of consciousness is what led Titchener to refer to this school ofthought as structuralism.

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank11d.a stream of consciousnessAnswer: cLearning Objective: 1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Understand the ConceptsDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.27Titchener broke experience downinto ________ basic elements.a.twob.threeCorrect:Titchener broke experience down into physical sensations, feelings, and images.c.fourd.fiveIncorrect:There were only three elements of consciousness according to E.B. Titchener.Answer: bLearning Objective: 1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory playedin initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Understand the ConceptsDifficulty: 3-Difficult1.28A noted scientist argues that experience can be broken down into physical sensations(including sights and sounds), affections or feelings (which are like sensations but less clear),and images (such as memories or dreams). This scientist ismostlikely a follower of ________.a.Galtonb.Wundtc.JamesIncorrect:William James was an American psychologist who focused on the function ofconsciousness, not its structure. This question examines the bases of structuralism, which wereproposed by Titchener.d.TitchenerCorrect:These three elements of experience are the basis of structuralism, which was proposedby Titchener.Answer: dLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 1-Easy4 yr.: 58% r = .21; 2 yr.: 81% r = .351.29The basic units of experience and their combinations were the foundation of ________.

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank12a.functionalismIncorrect:Functionalist theory, or functionalism, is concerned with how an organism uses itsperceptual abilities to function in the environment.b.Gestalt psychologyc.structuralismCorrect:This is the definition of structuralism.d.behaviorismAnswer: cLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science ofthe mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy1.30Freud’s work with his patients convinced him that many nervous ailments are ________.a.caused by environmental toxinsb.genetically inheritedc.physiological in originIncorrect:Freud specifically noted the absence of physical causes of his patient’s complaints.d.psychological in originCorrect:The absence of physical indicators of his patient’s ailments led Freud to the concept oftheunconscious.Answer: dLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Understand the ConceptsDifficulty: 1-Easy1.31Psychodynamic theory ismostclosely associated with ________.a.JamesIncorrect:James is mostly associated with functionalism.b.Rogersc.FreudCorrect:Freud and this theory argued that behaviorresults from psychological factors thatinteract within the individual, often outside conscious awareness.d.PerlsAnswer: cLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science ofthe mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank131.32According toFreud, much of our behavior is controlled by ________.a.mental Gestaltsb.environmental stimuliIncorrect:The influence of environmental stimuli was more central to the behaviorists than toFreud.c.unconscious desiresCorrect:Freud believed that our unconscious basically controlled our actions, and that “freewill” was a myth.d.mentalassociationsAnswer: cLearning Objective:1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as“a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Understand the ConceptsDifficulty: 1-Easy2 yr.: 90% r = .35;2 yr.: 96% r = .33;2 yr.: 86% r = .531.33A psychologist claims that hidden motives and unconscious desires are the basis ofbehavior. This psychologist ismostlikely a(n) ________ psychologist.a.existentialb.Gestaltc.psychoanalyticCorrect:The psychoanalytic school of thought places great emphasis on the role of theunconscious.d.behavioralIncorrect:Behavioral psychologists believed that the unconscious did not exist because it couldnot be observed and measured.Answer: cLearning Objective: 1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychologyas “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth ofPsychology as a ScienceSkill: Apply What You KnowDifficulty: 1-Easy4 yr.: 68% r = .46;4 yr.: 73% r = .23;4 yr.: 78% r = .331.34Personality theories contending that personality results from various psychological forcesthat interact within the individual, often outside the conscious awareness of the individual, are________ theories.a.behavioralIncorrect:Behavioral theories were focused on observable,measurablebehaviors.b.existentialc.psychodynamic

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank14Correct:Psychodynamic theoriesare based on the original work of Freud, called thepsychoanalytic theory.d.structural-functionalAnswer: cLearning Objective: 1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Understand the ConceptsDifficulty: 2-Moderate1.35Freud’s theories are considered to have laid the foundationforthe study of________.a.behaviorismb.the cognitive revolutionc.structuralismIncorrect:Thisarea wasdeveloped byan early contemporary of Freud’s.d.personality and psychological disordersCorrect:Freud’s early work in psychodynamic theories is considered to have laid the foundationfor this.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.6Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, andpsychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.”Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Apply WhatYou KnowDifficulty: 1-Easy1.36The idea that psychology should be based only on observable, measurable behavior iscentral to ________.a.cognitive theoryIncorrect:Most behaviorists share the view that psychology should be based on observable,measurable behavior, while cognitive psychologists valuebroadmental processes.b.psychodynamic theoryc.structuralismd.behaviorismCorrect:Most behaviorists share the view that psychology should be based on observable,measurable behavior.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.7Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology.Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy4 yr.: 70% r = .21

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Morris & MaistoUnderstanding Psychology12e Test Bank151.37John Watson was the founder of the school of thought that became known as ________.a.functionalismIncorrect:William James was the founder of functionalism.b.structuralismc.humanismd.behaviorismCorrect:John Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism.Answer: dLearning Objective: 1.7Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology.Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy1.38Psychologists should only study observable, measurable behavior, according to ________.a.WatsonCorrect:Watson believed that psychologists should only study observable, measurable behavior.b.Kohlerc.FreudIncorrect:Freud believed that the unconscious should be studied.d.TitchenerAnswer: aLearning Objective: 1.7Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology.Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 1-Easy1.39Watson attempted to demonstrate that all psychological phenomena were a result of ____.a.trainingCorrect:Watsonbelieved all psychologicalphenomena were a result of training.b.shapingc.consciousnessd.learningIncorrect:Watsonphrased that all phenomena were a result of training.Answer: aLearning Objective:1.7Explain how Watsonand Skinner redefined the field of psychology.Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a ScienceSkill: Remember the FactsDifficulty: 3-Difficult1.40Skinner rewarded subjects for behaving the way he wanted them to, and termed this________.a.shapingb.training

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