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Test Bank for Understanding Psychology, 12th Edition

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    Morris & Maisto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 1 Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology Multiple - Choice What Is Psychology? 1.1 Psychology is the scientific study of ________. a. how personality can be determined by the size and shape of one’s head b. behavior and mental processes Correct: Psycholog y is the study of behavior and mental processes. c. the physiological functions of the brain Incorrect: While areas of psychology may examine this topic, it is the study of behavior and mental processes. d. how cultures and societies develop and interact with each other Answer: b Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.2 The American Psychological Association is made up of _______ divisions of psychology that study many different areas within the field . a. about ten b. about 25 c. over 30 d. over 50 Answer: d Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.3 A group of psychologists study physical , mental, social and emotional growth from the prenatal period through childhood, adole scence, adulthood, and old age. They are most likely to be ________ psychologists. a. developmental Correct: Developmental psychologists study all aspects of growth and change from conception through death. b. social

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    Morris & Mai sto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 2 Incorrect: Social psychologists study the bidirectional effects that people have on each other, including thoug hts, feelings, and actions. c. personality d. organizational Answer: a Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Dif ficulty: 1 - Easy 1.4 Developmental psychologists focus mainly on studying ________. a. adolescent changes and development b. adulthood Incorrect: Developmental psychologists study more than just the period of adulthood. c. the entire developmental spe ctrum from infancy through adulthood Correct: Developmental psychologists study all aspects of human growth from the prenatal period through old age. d. infancy and childhood development Answer: c Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe s ome of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.5 ________ are interested in the workings of the brain and the nervous system. a. Experimental psychologists Incorrect: Experi mental psychologists are interested in behavior and mental processes more generally. b. Psychobiologists c. Behavioral geneticists d. Neuropsychologists Correct: Neuropsychologists are interested in the workings of the brain and nervous system. Answer: d Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 - Easy

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    Morris & Maisto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 3 1.6 A group of psychologists are interested in how hormones, psychoactive m edications, and “social drugs ” affect us. They are most likely to be ________. a. neuropsychologists Incorrect: A neuropsychologist would definitely be interested in how drugs affect the brain, but the more general answer of psychobiologist is the best c hoice. b. physiological psychologists Correct: Physiological psychologists are interested in the biological bases of human behavior, which includes the way tha t chemicals such as hormones and drugs affect individuals’ actions. c. experimental psychologist s d. behavioral geneticists Answer: b Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.7 A group of psychologists con duct research on basic psychological processes, including learning, memory, sensation, perception, thinking, motivation, and emotion. They are most likely to be ________ psychologists. a. physiological b. clinical c. experimental Correct: Experimental psychologists are interested in basic psychological processes. d. psychometric Incorrect: Psychometric psychologists are interested in measurement in psychology. Answer: c Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.8 A group of psychologists study the differences among individuals’ traits such as anxiety , sociability, self - esteem, emotional stability, and aggressiveness. They are most likely to be ________ psychologists. a. clinical b. developmental Incorrect: A developmental psychologist might have some interest in how personality develops, but the process of development is his or her primary interest. c. psychometric d. personality Correct: Personality psychologists have an interest in identifying and understanding the differences between individuals. Answer: d

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    Morris & Mai sto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 4 Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Top ic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.9 A group of psychologists at a cocktail party are discussing what kinds of questions are most studied and useful in the field of psychology. Which of the following pairs of psycho logists are most likely to find agreement? a. industrial/organizational and experimental psychologists Incorrect: I/O psychologists are interested in the application of psychology in the workplace, while experimental psychologists are more interested in conducting pure research. b. industrial/organizational and physiological psychologists c. clinical and counseling psychologists Correct: Clinical and counseling psychology are two subdisciplines that share a lot of features, including dealing with patien ts, mental illness, and treatment. d. personality and experimental psychologists Answer: c Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficu lty: 3 - Difficult 2 yr.: 71% r = .21 1.10 A group of psychologists studies how people influence one another, exploring issues such as first impressions, interpersonal attraction, and how attitudes are formed and maintained. These psychologists are mos t likely to be ________ psychologists. a. developmental b. experimental c. social Correct: Social psychologists focus on the manner in which the interactions between human beings affect their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. d. personality Incorrect: Personality psychologists focus more on the individual factors that differentiate one individual from another, and do not emphasize the interactions between people as much as social psychologists do. Answer: c Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology an d describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 1 - Easy

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    Morris & Maisto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 5 1.11 In recent years, several Japanese automobile companies have opened manufacturing plants in the United States, bringi ng Japanes e management practices with them. For the most part, American workers at these plants have refused to unionize in the traditional American mold, preferring to work under the Japanese model. Of the following mental health professionals, ________ p sychologists would probably be most interested in these events. a. developmental b. industrial/organizational Correct: I/O psychologists are interested in the application of psychological principles in the workplace. c. social Incorrect: The interactio n of two different groups would be of interest to a social psychologist, but the added dimension of making the workplace more successful and productive makes this example most relevant to an I/O psychologist. d. experimental Answer: b Learning Objective : 1 .1 Define psychology and describe some of the major subfields within psychology. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 1 - Easy 2 yr.: 79% r = .30; 2 yr.: 82% r = .23 1.12 Abigail goes to school with a set of twins. She is interested in why, even though they are identical, the two girls act differently. She knows that one sister grew up in their father’s household, and the other lived exclusively with their mother . Abigail’s interest and question best could fall under whi ch enduring question in psychology? a. Person - Situation Incorrect: This issue relates to whether we are masters of our fate or victims of circumstance , making Nature - Nurture the best choice. b. Nature - Nurture Correct: Abigail is interested in the impact o f genetics versus environment on behavior. c. Stability - Change d. Diversity - Universality Answer: b Learning Objective : 1. 2 Describe the five enduring issues that cut across the subfields of psychology . Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Kno w Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.13 A scientist decides to solve a problem by collecting data, generating a theory to explain the data , producing testable hypotheses based on those theories, and systematically testing those hypotheses empirically . The scient ist is using ________. a. the inductive method

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    Morris & Mai sto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 6 b. the deductive method c. the scientific method Correct: The scientific method is a step - by - step process for asking questions and determining the correct answe rs. d. objective introspection Incorrect: Ob jective introspection, or “looking inward,” is a method that was used by structuralists to determine the basic elements of consciousness. Answer: c Learning Objective : 1.3 Explain what psychology has in common with other sciences, how psychologists use the scientific method, and the difference between theories and hypotheses. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.14 Each of the following characterizes a state of mind necessary for critical thinking except _______ _. a. a willingness to submit your own beliefs to scrutiny b. creativity Correct: It is not necessary to think creatively in order to think critically. c. a willingness to challenge the opinions of others d. objectivity Incorrect: One must be willing to look at a situation objectively, or without bias, in order to think critically. Answer: b Learning Objective : 1.4 Characterize critical thinking by its various steps. Topic: What Is Psychology? Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 3 - Difficult The Growth of Psychology as a Science 1.15 The history of psychology can be divided into ________ main stages. a. two b. three Correct: There are three stages, t he emergence of a science of the mind, the behaviorist decades, and the “cognitive revolu tion .” c. four d. five Incorrect: There are three stages, the final one beginning in the late 1800s when the scientific method began to be applied systematically to questions that had puzzled philosophers for centuries. Answer: b

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    Morris & Maisto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 7 Learning Objective : 1 .5 Describe the emergence of scientific psychology in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 3 - Difficult 1.16 At the beginning of the 20 th century, most university psycho logy programs were located in ________. a. philosophy departments Correct: At the beginning of the 20 th century, psychology programs were in the philosophy department. b. education departments c. medical schools d. biology departments Incorrect: I n iti ally, psychology was defined as the study of mental processes. Answer: a Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topi c: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.17 The first psychology laboratory was founded by ________. a. James b. Watson c. Titchener Incorrect: Titchener was a student of Wundt, but Wundt is credit ed with founding the first psychology laboratory. d. Wundt Correct: Most psychologists agree that psychology as a science was founded by Wundt. Answer: d Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynam ic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.18 Most psychologists agree that psychology, as a science, was born in ________. a. 1879 Correct: Wundt’s laboratory was founded in Germany in 1879, when most psychologists agree psychology as a science was born. b. 1921 c. 1909 d. 1 979

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    Morris & Mai sto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 8 Incorrect : I n the public eye, a laboratory identified a field of inquiry as “science , ” which Wun dt accomplished a century before. Answer: a Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology a s a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.19 Wundt was primarily interested in memory and _______, the process by which we determine what we are going to attend to at any given moment . a. structuralism b. behaviorism Incorrect : B ehaviorism is the s chool of psychology that studies only observable and measurable behavior. c. selective attention Correct: Wundt ’s approach to study was referred to as voluntarism, but his primary interests were memory and selective attention. d. funct ionalism Answer: c Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Under stand the Concepts Difficulty: 3 - Difficult 1.20 According to Wundt, attention is controlled by ________. a. intentions and motives Correct: Wundt believed that i ntentions and motives controlled attention, which in turn controlled perception, thought, and memory . b. perception and memory c. thought and memory d. perception and behavior Incorrect: Behaviorists believe that all mental experiences are nothing more than physiological cha nges in response to experiences . Answer: a Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 - Moderate

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    Morris & Maisto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 9 1.21 Wundt used the term ________ to describe his view of psychology. a. voluntarism Correct: Wundt’s approach to study was referred to as voluntarism, but his primary interests were memory and selective attention. b. cognitism Inc orrect: Cognitive ps ychology is the study of our mental processes in the broadest sense . c. functionalism d. mentalism Answer: a Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psyc hology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 3 - Difficult 1.22 James argued that consciousness ________. a. is comprised of “atoms of thought ” Incorrect: Atoms of thought reflect s the view of Titchener and structuralism. b. is an illusion c. flows in a continuous stream Correct: James believed that perceptions, emotions and images create consciousness in a continuous stream. d. does not exist Answer: c Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a s cience of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.23 James suggested that ________ cann ot be separated, as consciousness flows in a continuous stream . a. atoms of experience Incorrect: Atoms of thought reflects the view of Titchener and structuralism. b. rewards and punishments c. perceptions, emotions, and images Correct: James believed that perceptions, emotions and images create consciousness in a continuous stream. d. dreams Answer: c Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory playe d in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts

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    Morris & Mai sto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 10 Difficulty: 3 - Difficult 1.24 A noted scientist argues that consciousness is a continuous flow, and that perceptions, a ssociations, sensations and emotions cannot be separated. This scientist is most likely a follower of ________. a. Titchener Incorrect: Titchener, the founder of structuralism, felt that consciousness could be separated into three basic elements : physica l sensations, feelings, and images. b. Wundt c. James Correct: James, the founder of functionalism, believed that consciousness flowed in a continuous stream. d. Galton Answer: c Learning Objective : 1 .6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, fun ctionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.25 William James is noted for founding the _______ _ school of psychology. a. Gestalt b. structuralist Incorrect: Titchener is viewed as founding the structuralist approach. c. reductionist d. functionalist Correct: James founded the functionalist school. Answer: d Learning Objective : 1 .6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Fac ts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.26 Titchener beli eved psychologists should analyze complex experiences in terms of ________. a. learned behaviors Incorrect: The study of learned behaviors was the primary crux of behaviorism, which did not arrive in psychology until the early 1900s. b. actualizing exper iences c. their basic elements Correct: This breaking down of consciousness is what led Titchener to refer to this school of thought as structuralism.

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    Morris & Maisto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 11 d. a stream of consciousness Answer: c Learning Objective : 1 .6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structu ralism, funct ionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.27 Titchener broke experience down into ________ basic elements. a. two b. three Correct: Titchener broke experience down into physical sensations, f eelings, and images. c. four d. five Incorrect: There were only three elements of consciousness according to E.B. Titchener. Answer: b L earning Objective : 1 .6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Understand the Concepts Dif ficulty: 3 - Difficult 1.28 A noted scientist argues that experience can be broken down into physical sensations (including sights and sounds), affections or feelings (which are like sensations but less clear), and images (such as memories or dreams). Th is scientist is most likely a follower of ________. a. Galton b. Wundt c. James Incorrect: William James was an American psychologist who focused on the function of consciousness, not its structure. This question examines the bases of structuralism, wh ich were proposed by Titchener. d. Titchener Correct: These three elements of experience are the basis of structuralism, which was proposed by Titchener. Answer: d Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and p sychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 1 - Easy 4 yr.: 58% r = .21; 2 yr.: 81% r = .35 1.29 The basic units of exper ience and their combinations were the foundation of ________.

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    Morris & Mai sto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 12 a. functionalism Incorrect: Functionalist theory, or functionalism, is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in the environment. b. Gestalt psychology c. st ructuralism Correct: This is the definition of structuralism. d. behaviorism Answer: c Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.30 Freud’s work with his patients convinced him that many nervous ailments are ________. a. caused by environmental toxins b. genetically inherite d c. physiological in origin Incorrect: Freud specifically noted the absence of physical causes of his patient’s complaints. d. psychological in origin Correct: The absence of physical indicators of his patient’s ailments led Freud to the concept of the unconscious. Answer: d Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: U nderstand the Concepts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.31 Psychodynamic theory is most closely associated with ________. a. James Incorrect: James is mostly associated with functionalism. b. Rogers c. Freud Correct: Freud and this theory argued that behavior results from psychological factors that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness. d. Perls Answer: c Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initiall y defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 - Easy

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    Morris & Maisto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 13 1.32 According to Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by ________. a. mental Gestalts b. environmental s timuli Incorrect: The influence of environmental stimuli was more central to the behaviorists than to Freud. c. unconscious desires Correct: Freud believed that our unconscious basically controlled our actions, and that “free will” was a myth. d. mental associations Answer: c Learning Objective : 1.6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: U nderstand the Concepts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 2 yr.: 90% r = .35; 2 yr.: 96% r = .33; 2 yr.: 86% r = .53 1.33 A psychologist claims that hidden motives and unconscious desires are the basis of behavior. This psychologist is most likely a(n) ________ ps ychologist. a. existential b. Gestalt c. psychoanalytic Correct: The psychoanalytic school of thought places great emphasis on the role of the unconscious. d. behavioral Incorrect: Behavioral psychologists believed that the unconscious did not exist b ecause it could not be observed and measured. Answer: c Learning Objective : 1 .6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 1 - Easy 4 yr.: 68% r = .46; 4 yr.: 73% r = .23; 4 yr.: 78% r = .33 1.34 Personality theories contending that personality results from various psychological forces that interact within th e individual, often outside the conscious awareness of the individual, are ________ theories. a. behavioral Incorrect: Behavioral theories were focused on observable, measurable behaviors. b. existential c. psychodynamic

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    Morris & Mai sto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 14 Correct: Psychodynamic theories are based on the original work of Freud, called the psychoanalytic theory. d. structural - functional Answer: c Learning Objective : 1 .6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defining psyc hology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: 2 - Moderate 1.35 Freud’s theories are considered to have laid the foundation for the study of ________. a. behaviorism b. the co gnitive revolution c. structuralism Incorrect: This area was developed by an early contemporary of Freud’s . d. personality and psychological disorders Correct: Freud’s early work in psychodynamic theories is considered to have laid the foundation for th is . Answer: d Learning Objective : 1 .6 Explain the roles voluntarism, structuralism, functionalism, and psychodynamic theory played in initially defini ng psychology as “a science of the mind.” Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.36 The idea that psychology should be based only on observable, measurable behavior is central to ________. a. cognitive theory Incorrect: Most behaviorists share the view that psychology should be based on observable, m easurable behavior, while cognitive psychologists value broad mental processes. b. psychodynamic theory c. structuralism d. behav iorism Correct: Most behaviorists share the view that psychology should be based on observable, measurable behavior. Answ er: d Learning Objective : 1 .7 Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology. Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 4 yr.: 70% r = .21

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    Morris & Maisto Understanding Psychology 12e Test Bank 15 1.37 John Watson was the founder of the schoo l of thought that became known as ________. a. functionalism Incorrect: William James was the founder of functionalism. b. structuralism c. humanism d. behaviorism Correct: John Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism. Answer: d Learning Obje ctive : 1 .7 Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology. Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.38 Psychologists should only study observable, measurable behavior, according to __ ______. a. Watson Correct: Watson believed that psychologists should only study observable, measurable behavior. b. Kohler c. Freud Incorrect: Freud believed that the unconscious should be studied. d. Titchener Answer: a Learning Objective : 1 .7 Exp lain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology. Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 1 - Easy 1.39 Watson attempted to demonstrate that all psychological phenomena were a result of ____. a. tr aining Correct: Watson believed all psychological phenomena were a result of training . b. shaping c. consciousness d. learning Incorrect: Watson phrased that all phenomena were a result of training . Answer: a Learning Objective : 1.7 Explain how Watson and Skinner redefined the field of psychology. Topic: The Growth of Psychology as a Science Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: 3 - Difficult 1.40 Skinner rewarded subjects for behaving the way he wanted them to, and termed this ________. a. shaping b. training

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