The Developing Person Through the Life Span Ninth Edition Test Bank

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Page11.List in order and explain each of the five basic steps of the scientific method.2.Define nature and nurture and give an example of each. Also describe thenature–nurture debate.3.Describe the perspective most modern developmentalists take on the nature–nurturedebate and explain epigenetics.4.Define a critical period and a sensitive period. Explain the difference between the twoperiods, and give an example of each.5.Explain Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems theory and describe his five systems.6.Define cohort, explain its effects, and give an example of one.7.Describe culture and explain why researchers interested in human development studydifferent cultures.8.List at least six factors that have been linked to depression.9.Define and discuss the term plasticity as it relates to human development. What factorsinfluence plasticity in development? Offer at least one example of plasticity that hasoperated or is operating in your own life.10.Imagine you are interested in the relationship between age and reading ability forchildren at 8 and 12 years old. Briefly define cross-sectional design and summarize howyou could test this relationship using that design.11.What practices must be built into a research study to protect participants?12.Define correlation and give an example. Can one determine cause and effect fromcorrelations? Explain why or why not.

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Page213.What are ethics and why are ethical standards so important to scientific research?

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Page3Answer Key1.Step 1: Begin with curiosity. Pose a question based on a theory, prior research, orpersonal observation. Step 2: Develop a hypothesis, which is a specific researchquestion that can be tested through research. Step 3: Test the hypothesis. Design andconduct research to gather empirical evidence (data). Step 4: Draw conclusions. Usingthe evidence gathered in the research, conclude whether the hypothesis is supported orrefuted. Step 5: Report the results by sharing the data, conclusions, and alternativeexplanations with other scientists.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)List steps ofscientific method inorderStates five of the stepsin orderStates three of thesteps in orderStates less than threesteps or does not statethe steps in orderExplain each stepDescribes the fivestepsDescribes three stepsDescribes less thanthree steps or does notdescribe stepsaccurately2.Nature refers to the influence of genes on a person, and nurture refers to environmentalinfluences on a person. Environmental influences include the health and diet of theembryo's mother and continuing lifelong, including family, school, community, andsociety. An example of nature would be having a gene that predisposes one to addiction.An example of nurture would be having that gene but avoiding addictions as a result ofnot being exposed to abuse or parental addictions. The debate concerns how much ofany person's characteristics, behaviors, or emotions is the result of genes and how muchis the result of the person's experiences.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Define nature andnurtureAccurately definesboth terms and givesan example of bothAccurately definesone term and gives atleast one accurateexampleDoes not accuratelydefine both terms orsupply accurateexamplesDescribe the debateAccurately describesboth sides of thedebateAccurately describesone side of the debateDoes not accuratelydescribe the debate3.Modern researchers have learned that neither nature alone nor nurture alone can providea complete way to understand development. Both nature and nurture matter, as bothgenes and environment affect nearly every characteristic. Epigenetics refers to thefactors that surround the genes and actually affect which genes get expressed. Thismeans that one's environment influences the expression of some genes.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Researcher'sviewpointStates modernresearchers' stance thatboth matterIs vague aboutmodern researchers'stanceIncorrectly statesmodern researchers'stance

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Page4EpigeneticsDefines the term andclearly explains what itmeansDefines the termwithout explainingits meaningDoes not describe theterm or give anexplanation4.A critical period is a time when something must occur to ensure normal development,and a sensitive period is a time when a specific developmental task occurs most easily.An example of a critical period would be the fetus growing arms and legs and hands andfeet—this can occur only at a specific time in utero. Language development is anexample of a sensitive period. It occurs most easily at a young age but can occur at alater age as well.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Define anddifferentiateDefines both periods;differentiates betweenthemDefines just oneperiod or is vagueabout differentiationFails to define bothperiods or fails todifferentiateExamplesGives a correct examplefor both periodsGives a correctexample of eitherperiodDoes not give anyexamples5.Bronfenbrennerbelieved that each person is affected by his or her social context. Overthe course of his career, he identified five systems. The first is the microsystem (e.g.,one's family and peer group), the second is the exosystem (school, clubs, and church),and the third is the macrosystem (larger social setting such as cultural values andeconomic policies). The fourth system, called the chronosystem, is the role of historicalcontext, and the fifth system, the mesosystem, is the interaction that occurs between allof the other systems.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Explain ecologicalsystems theoryClearly states what thetheory isGives a vagueexplanation of thetheoryIs unable to describethe theoryIdentify the systemsIdentifies the fivesystems and gives anexample ofmicrosystem,exosystem, andmacrosystemIdentifies three of thesystems or givesexamples for three ofthe systemsIdentifies less thanthree of the systems orgives less than threeexamples6.A cohort is a group of people born within a few years of each other who move throughtime together. Cohorts travel through life affected by the interaction of theirchronological age with the values, events, technologies, and culture of the era. Cohortexamples will vary but should show an understanding of a cohort; the baby boomgeneration is the example given in the text. Other common examples include theGreatest Generation (people who lived through the Depression and WWII) and theMillennials (Generation Y, born between the early 1980s and the early 2000s). Anotherexample would be Generation X, born between the early 1960s to the early 1980s.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)

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Page5Explain cohortCorrectly definescohort and explains itsimportance onmembersDefines cohortwithout explaining itsaffect on membersDoes not define cohortcorrectlyGive an exampleGives an example of acohortGives a vagueexample of cohortGives an incorrectexample or doesn'tgive an example7.Culture is a strong social construction, a concept created by a society. Such socialconstructions affect how people think and act—what they value, praise, ignore, andpunish. Different cultures may view the same behaviors or phenomenon as either anasset or a deficit. Therefore, by studying different cultures, researchers can identifywhich patterns are universal among humans and which occur only in certain cultures.This provides insights into the effects of different environments.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Describe cultureClearly describescultureGives a definition ofculture withoutdescribing itDoes not definecultureExplain whyresearchers studydifferent culturesClearly explains whyresearchers studydifferent culturesIs vague about whyresearchers studydifferent culturesDoes not explain whyresearchers studydifferent cultures8.Students should list any six of these 12 factors:-low serotonin level in the brain-low exposure to sunlight, especially in winter-being taken care of by a mother with postpartum depression-malnutrition (low hemoglobin)-a lack of close friends-serious diseases such as Parkinson's or AIDS or drugs to treat diseases-a life crisis (disruptive event)-death of a mother before age 10-absence of a father during childhood, especially due to divorce-siblings with eating disorders-poverty, especially in places with great disparity between the rich and poor-low cognitive skillsGood (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)List factors related todepressionGives six factors fromlist aboveGives four factorsfrom list aboveGives less than fourfactors from list above9.Plasticity is the molding of human traits while simultaneously maintaining somedurability of identity. The idea of plasticity is that human development is an ongoing,ever-changing interaction between the body and mind and between the individual andevery aspect of his or her environment. Influences that affect plasticity include culture,upbringing, and genes. The example should relate to some aspect of growth in one's life,such as how a high-functioning person on the autism spectrum can eventually earnacollege degree. (The autism remains (durability), but with school and other societalinterventions, the person can still achieve traditional milestones.)

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Page6Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Define and discussplasticityDefines and discussesplasticityDefinesordiscussesplasticityCannot define ordiscuss plasticityList factors thatinfluence plasticityLists three factors thatinfluence plasticityLists two factors thatinfluence plasticityLists one or no factorsthat influenceplasticityGive plasticityexampleGives an example ofplasticityGives an example ofplasticityDoes not give anexample of plasticity10.A cross-sectional design compares groups of people of one age with at least one othergroup of people of another age at a specific point in time. It is faster than a longitudinalstudy because all of the data is immediately available. Ideally the participants should bematched at the same socioeconomic level.To implement a cross-sectional design to test reading, first identify a group of childrenaged 8 and another group aged 12. Second, evaluate each individual child's readingability. Finally, compare the children of various ages and look for differences.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Definecross-sectionaldesignDescribescross-sectional designand identifies thatparticipants should beof a similarsocioeconomic statusDescribescross-section designbut doesn't elaborateabout having similarsocioeconomic statusfor participantsGives a vague orincorrect descriptionof cross-sectionaldesignSummarize how todo the researchIdentifies the threeparts of the researchdesignIdentifies two parts ofthe research designIdentifies one part orcannot identify theresearch design11.Researchers must ensure that people's participation is 1) voluntary, 2) confidential, and3) harmless. They must obtain the informed consent of all the participants. Informedconsent means that participants must understand and agree to the procedures after beingtold of any risks involved. If children are involved, consent must be obtained from thechildren as well as their parents. Participants must also be allowed to end theirparticipation at any time.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Summarizepractices toprotectparticipantsStates all three conditions;describes informedconsent and thatparticipants can endparticipationStates two conditions;explains informedconsentorthatparticipants can endparticipationStates one condition;fails to explaininformed consent12.A correlation exists between two variables when one variable changes (increases ordecreases) as the other variable changes. Examples will vary but should illustrate thisconcept, such as the number of people who drown increases as the number of ice creamsales increases. It is impossible to determine cause and effect from correlations becauseeven though correlations indicate a connection between two variables, they cannot

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Page7determine the reason for the connection since no other variables are controlled. In theexample above, people drowning and ice cream sales both increase during hot weather,so the correlation is caused by neither variable.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Define correlationGives a strongdefinition forcorrelationGives an adequatedefinition forcorrelationGives inaccurate or nodefinition ofcorrelationGive example of acorrelationOffers a good exampleof a correlationOffers a vague orweak example of acorrelationOffers an incorrect orno example of acorrelationExplain relationshipbetween causationand correlationStates that causationcannot be determinedfrom a correlationImplies that causationcan be determinedfrom a correlationStates that causationcan be determinedfrom a correlation13.Ethics are a set of moral principles and specific practices that protect both participantsand the integrity of research. Ethical standards provide study participants with theassurance of informed consent and knowing that their participation is voluntary,confidential, and that they will not be harmed.Ethics are also a vital part of the reporting process after the research has beenconducted. Reports of findings should be accurate, and the study should be able to bereplicated under the same conditions. Collaboration, replication, and transparency areessential ethical safeguards for all scientists.Good (5 pts)Fair (3 pts)Weak (1-0 pts)Define ethicsDefines ethicsDefines ethics only as theyapply to participantsorthereporting processDoes not define ethicsExplain theimportance ofethicsStates several ways inwhich ethics protectparticipants and howethics protect findingsand replicationIdentifies only how ethicsare important forparticipantsortheirimportance onthe reportingprocess and replicationDoes not explain whyethical standards areimportant

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Page11.The science of human development seeks to understand _____ people—all kinds ofpeople, everywhere, of every age—change over time.2.In order to minimize subjective opinions and personal biases when conducting research,it is important to employ the _____ method.3.A hypothesis is an idea generated by a question that can be _____ by various researchmethods.4.Empirical evidence refers to _____.5.In scientific research, collecting additional evidence by studying a different populationthan that used in the original project is known as _____.6.The term that refers to the traits inherited at conception is _____.7.Tim told his friend that he is tall because he inherited “tall” genes from his dad. Timwas claiming that _____, but not _____, was responsible for his height.8._____ refers to environmental influences on traits.9.The combination of all environmental influences that affect a developing person iscalled _____.10.The _____ takes into account all phases of life, from conception through death.11.A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular development must occurif it is to occur at all.12.A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular development occurseasily.

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Page213.Thalidomideonly caused birth defects if a pregnant woman ingested the drug during the_____ period of prenatal development.14.Tanner's friends do well in school, but Tanner has never really done well in school.They decide to meet once a week to study and soon Tanner is doing better in school.Within the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of Tanner's friends on Tanner'sschool performance comes from the _____.15.A(n) _____ is a group of people born at about the same time that experience the samehistorical events and cultural shifts.16.A person's income and level of education is part of his or her _____ status.17.The system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, expectations, and symbolicrepresentations that persist over time and prescribe social rules of conduct is known as_____.18.Two people from different cultures may value the need for achievement or successdifferently because of the _____ of each culture.19.The human tendency to assume that people unlike us are inferior is called the _____error.20.People of a specific _____ group share certain attributes such as religion and language.21._____ refers to the environmental factors that affect the expression of genes.22.Afton is seeking therapy for depression. At the first therapy session the therapist informsher that depression is caused by many factors, including genes, neurology, anddevelopment. Afton's therapist is referring to the _____ nature of depression, as manyareas of study are needed to understand depression.23.The approach called _____ refers to the idea that human development is ongoing andever-changing.

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Page324._____ observation requires researchers to record behaviors systematically andobjectively.25.Researchers who want to establish a causal relationship between two variables must usea research design called a(n) _____.26.When differences between the experimental group and the _____ are so large that theycould not have occurred simply by chance, they are considered to be significant.27.A _____ is a quick way to collect data from a large number of people.28.Cohort-sequential research can be thought of as a mix between a cross-sectional designand a _____ design.29.As children age, they tend to sleep fewer hours. This relationship is an example of a(n)____ correlation.

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Page4Answer Key1.how and why2.scientific3.tested (evaluated) (examined)4.data5.replication6.nature7.nature; nurture8.Nurture9.nurture10.life-span perspective11.critical12.sensitive13.critical14.microsystem15.cohort16.socioeconomic17.culture18.social construction19.difference-equals-deficit20.ethnic21.Epigenetics22.multidisciplinary23.dynamic systems24.Scientific25.experiment26.comparison group (control group)27.survey28.longitudinal29.negative

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Page11.What does the science of human development seek to understand?A)the meaning of lifeB)theories that have not been subjected to scientific testingC)the works of Freud, Piaget, and EriksonD)how and why people change over time2.Dr. Furthwonders if a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given alarge dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth has just demonstrated the _____ step in the scientificmethod.A)firstB)secondC)thirdD)fourth3.Dr. Hernandezpredicts that a certain drug will help patients with schizophrenia. Herprediction is called _____.A)a conclusionB)empirical evidenceC)a hypothesisD)a result4.A researcher designed and conducted an experiment to learn if 350 mg of a certain drugwould help patients with bipolar disorder. By designing and conducting this experimentthe researcher was able to _____.A)draw conclusionsB)demonstrate proofC)test the hypothesisD)confirm the results5.Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children develop over time. To gainan understanding of this subject not based on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Hendersonshould _____.A)use the scientific method to collect data and establish factsB)have the children undergo psychoanalysisC)talk with many children's parentsD)read Dr. Spock's book,Baby and Child Care

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Page26.The first step in the scientific method involves _____.A)posing a questionB)conducting researchC)supporting or refuting a hypothesisD)developing a hypothesis7.The second step in the scientific method involves _____.A)posing a questionB)conducting researchC)developing a hypothesisD)sharing the results8.The third step in the scientific method involves _____.A)posing a questionB)conducting researchC)sharing the resultsD)developing a hypothesis9.The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____.A)posing a questionB)conducting researchC)developing a hypothesisD)supporting or refuting a hypothesis10.Empirical evidence is based on _____.A)theories and speculationB)observation, experience, or experimentC)inferences based on personal biasesD)opinions generated by several groups of people11.After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method _____.A)draws conclusionsB)runs an experimentC)selects a group of participantsD)develops a hypothesis

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Page312.The final step in the five steps of the scientific method is to _____.A)test a hypothesisB)pose a questionC)conduct researchD)report the results13.What is a researcher's first step when designing a research study on children's languageacquisition?A)recruit children and their parents as participants in the studyB)develop a hypothesis on the way language is acquired in childrenC)pose a research question about language acquisitionD)draw conclusions on the way children acquire language14.A hypothesis is a(n) _____.A)experimentB)prediction that can be testedC)conclusion drawn from researchD)replication of a scientific study15.What is replication of a study?A)the repetition of a study using different participantsB)the repetition of a study using the same participantsC)designing a new study based on information from a previous studyD)designing a new study using new ideas and information16.Dr. Kong does a study in which he finds that smoking is correlated to an increased riskof high blood pressure. He publishes his results. Then Dr. Meco does the same studyusing different participants in another city. Dr. Meco's work is an example of _____.A)scientific controversyB)replicationC)ethicsD)observation

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Page417.Dr. Seldordoes a study in which she finds that alcohol consumption is correlated to anincreased risk of diabetes. She publishes her results. Then Dr. Al-Jaher does the samestudy using different participants in another nation. Dr. Al-Jaher's work is an example of_____.A)scientific controversyB)replicationC)empirical evidenceD)a hypothesis18.Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for theirchildren believe in the importance of _____ as it relates to development.A)nurtureB)replicationC)natureD)classical conditioning19.The term for all the environmental influences that affect development after conception is_____.A)proteinsB)nurtureC)natureD)amino acids20.In the science of human development, “nature” refers to _____.A)the genes that people inheritB)environmental influencesC)patterns of developmentD)developmental differences21.In the science of human development, “nurture” refers to _____.A)universal traitsB)biological traitsC)environmental influencesD)unique traits22.Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of _____.A)nature and nurture acting separatelyB)primarily natureC)nature and nurture acting togetherD)primarily nurture

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