The Development of Children, 7th Edition Test Bank

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TestBanks Chapter 01: The Study of Human Development1Itard believed that Victor behaved the way he didbecause he had:been retarded since birth.been malnourished from an early age.been isolated from society.a serious physical illness.2Itard worked with Victor to test what theory?The social environment shapes children'sdevelopment.The French monarchy did not adequately educatepeasants.Victor was retarded since birth.Victor suffered from autism.3By studying the Wild Boy of Aveyron, Itard hoped tolearn something about the:behavior of the mentally ill.causes of mental retardation.behavior of animals in their natural habitats.role of the environment in shaping development.4Studies of the Wild Boy of Aveyron suggest that:interaction with humans is critical for optimaldevelopment.critical periods in development do not exist.natural experiments should not be used to studydevelopment.the effects of negative experience can be undonewith instruction.5The effect of Itard's work with Victor was that Victor:made rapid progress and was later found to bedeveloping normally.made rapid progress at first but never learned tospeak or interact with others normally.never learned to communicate.made rapid progress but could not develop affectionfor other people.6The Wild Boy of Aveyron:

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eventually learned to speak fluent French.displayed strong sexual and aggressive instincts.learned to communicate simple needs, but nevermastered speech.never progressed beyond walking on all fours andmaking animal like sounds.7Which of the following is part of the study of childdevelopment?physical changes over the lifespanintellectual changes over the lifespansocial changes over the lifespanAll of the answers are correct.8Technological advances have contributed todevelopmental research in what way(s)?Video cameras allow for detailed analyses of humanbehavior.Brain imaging provides insight into the neuralactivity underlying behavior.Computers enable researchers to apply complexanalytic strategies to data.All of the answers are correct.9Which of the following correctly describes the sequenceof the periods of development?prenatal, infancy, middle childhood, adolescenceadolescence, prenatal, early childhood, infancyinfancy, early childhood, prenatal, adolescenceearly childhood, middle childhood, adolescence,prenatal10Jamie is fascinated by children's ability to solve morecomplex problems as they get older. Her interest fallsin the domain of:physical development.cognitive development.social development.emotional development.11Developmentalists recognize four major domains ofdevelopment, including:cognitive, physical, moral, and social.cognitive, social, physical, and emotional.moral, social, emotional, and physical.social, physical, emotional, and language.12Child development can be defined as:

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a psychological rather than a physical process.the preprogrammed unfolding of the body's geneticblueprint.the process of physical growth that commences atbirth and continues until adulthood.the sequence of physical, intellectual, social, andemotional changes that children undergo.13Researchers interested in children's cognitivedevelopment would MOST likely study how children:form friendships.learn to walk.learn language.learn to control their frustration.14Families, peers, schools, and communities, are____________ of children's development.ethnographiesdomainscontextsdescriptions15A major context of children's development is:genetics.health.families.age.16Which of the following is true of the field ofdevelopmental science?The biological basis of human development hasalready been well understood.Cultural processes are not considered to play a largerole in human development.Intervening to promote children's health and wellbeing is beyond the scope of developmental scientists'activities.Interdisciplinary and international efforts combine tocontribute to existing knowledge about humandevelopment.17The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenthcentury was that children were:born in original sin.miniature adults.

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rebellious in nature.inherently good.18What is the primary way that developmental scientistslearn about historical beliefs about childhood?by imagining what life was like in earlier timesby examining books, magazines, art, and otherrecords from earlier timesby interviewing the elderly about what life was likewhen they were childrenby exploring children's lives in developing countries19Investigations of historical beliefs about childhoodreveal that:the ways that people think about childhood haveremained consistent over time.there have been many views about childhood overtime.childhood has always been viewed as a distinctperiod of development.until modern times, children were viewed asinnately good.20How did the Industrial Revolution influence thediscipline of developmental science?It led the majority of scientists to be interested inproving how genetic factors drive development.It led scientists to study how the transforming rolesof children influenced their growth.It led the majority of scientists to encourage parentsto send their children to work for 12 hours each day.It led scientists to examine the role that growing upon farms played in human development.21In the wake of the industrial revolution, public schoolswere established and 10 hour workdays recommendedto provide children in the labor force with a(n):academic education.physical education.technical education.moral education.22Why did the publication of Darwin's The Origin ofSpecies stimulate interest in development?People hoped to influence the direction of futurehuman evolution.People thought this study would prove that humans

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are not related to other animals.People came to view children as imperfect adultswho, without intervention, would behave like loweranimals.People thought that in studying children, they wouldsee how human beings might have evolved from loweranimals.23The individual whose writings spurred interest in thestudy of human development as part of humanevolution was:Itard.Darwin.Preyer.Piaget.24One of the first developmentalists to stress theimportance of systematic observation was WilhelmPreyer (1841–1897). In his view, careful observationwas necessary to establish the ____________ ofbehavior and, hence, to see how behavioral patternsarose.frequencyimportancesequencegoals25James Mark Baldwin (1861–1934) made an importanttheoretical contribution to developmental science byarguing that, to understand abilities in the adult, onefirst needs to see how an ability:emerges and is transformed across stages ofdevelopment.is shaped by learning experiences.is encoded in the genes.is determined by cultural expectations.26Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test to:identify schoolchildren who could use specialeducation instruction.predict the likelihood that individual children wouldbe productive members of society.rank all citizens according to mental worth.inform the assignment of duties to army recruits.27Which of the following statements MOST accuratelydescribes developmentalists' view on the naturenurture debate?

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Nature is more important to development thannurture.Nuture plays a greater role in development thannature.Nature and nurture both play a central role indevelopment.Nature and nurture are intertwined and cannot beunderstood in isolation from each another.28Which of the following statements regardingdevelopmentalists is true?They are active in applying their knowledge topromote healthy development.They assess developmental status but do notprescribe measures for assisting those in trouble.Little has been learned about the behavior of humanbeings in the last century.They have not attempted to explain thedevelopmental processes underpinning age relatedchanges.29Developmental psychologists are interested in:describing general developmental trajectories.individual differences in development.the ways in which genetic heredity and environmentinteract to contribute to development.All of the answers are correct.30The debate about whether genetic or environmentalfactors are the most important determinants ofdevelopment and behavior:is not an important issue for developmentalpsychologists.has been settled; environmental factors are mostimportant.is known as the nature nurture controversy.has been settled; genetic factors are the mostimportant.31The inherited biological predispositions of the individualnurture.developmental continuity.nature.phylogeny.32The influences of the social and cultural environment onthe individual

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nature.ontogeny.developmental discontinuity.nurture.33Michael believes that his daughter is smart enough todo well in school without getting much help from herteachers. His view is consistent with the idea of:“nurture” as a driving force of development.“nature” as a driving force of development.the plasticity of development.the discontinuous nature of development.34Which of the following is one of the central questions ofdevelopmental psychology?In the first few years of life are children moresensitive to learning language or to developingattachments?Why are genetic factors more influential thanenvironmental processes in shaping development?Exactly how many stages are there in humandevelopment?Is development a gradual process of change, or is itpunctuated by periods of rapid change?35Sensitive periods are times in an organism'sdevelopment when:a particular experience (or lack of it) has a morepronounced effect on development.certain events must occur for development toproceed normally.great emotional growth occurs.a particular experience has an “all or nothing” effecton development.36Mrs. Phelps has just read in a parenting magazine thatif she does not begin reading to her daughter duringher daughter's first year of life, Leanne will not learn toread well after beginning school. This parenting advicereflects the influence of which developmental concept?critical or sensitive periodsthe biological maturation frameworkrepresentative samplingthe constructivist framework37Critical periods in development:occur in some animals but not in humans.are thought to regulate bonding in human infants.

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are times during which particular events must occurfor development to proceed normally.have been observed in humans during psychologicaldevelopment but not during physical development.38Critical periods in development refer to times when:particular experience has a more pronounced effecton the organism.particular events must occur for development toproceed normally.development proceeds at a faster pace.development slows to a near halt.39Sensitive periods in development refer to times when:a particular experience has a more pronouncedeffect on the organism than at other times.particular events must occur for development toproceed normally.development proceeds at a faster pace.development slows to a near halt.40Which of the following is an example of developmentalcontinuity?the qualitative reorganization of movement requiredfor learning to walkthe gradual growth in memory capacitythe shift from babbling to talkingthe stage like transformations that occur as a plantgrows from a seed41Qualitatively new patterns of behavior duringdevelopment, such as the change from crawling towalking, are often referred to as:stages.breakthroughs.passages.differences.42Stages of development involve changes that are:slow.small.qualitative.quantitative.43Discontinuous development is a view that regards

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development as a:process in which new ways of understanding andresponding to the world emerge at particular timeperiods.cumulative process of adding on more of the sametypes of skills that were there to begin with.process that is influenced solely by genetic factors.process that is influenced solely by environmentalfactors and culture.44Which of the following supports a stage theory ofdevelopment?Children often appear to be in one stage on oneoccasion and in a different stage on another.Children's thinking is continually changing, withmost of these changes occurring gradually.The processes by which people learn new behaviorsremain the same at all ages.As children develop, they proceed in a predictableorder through a series of qualitatively different stages.45According to John Flavell, a child has reached a newstage of development when:the brain changes according to a biologicaltimetable.a gradual change in behavior appears.qualitatively new patterns of behavior emerge.previously acquired skills are applied to a newproblem/situation.46Which of the following is a true statement aboutindividual differences in development?They are innate and stable.Our nature is the strongest influence on ourindividual differences.Our individual differences are the result of theinfluence of both nature and nurture.Our individual differences are the result of theinfluence of our environment.47Which of the following summarizes whatdevelopmentalists believe about the stability ofchildren's psychological characteristics over time?Children's characteristics are never stable over time.Children's characteristics are always stable overtime because of genetic factors.The stability of children's characteristics over timedepends both on genetic factors and the stability of

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children's environment.Physical traits, but not psychological traits, remainstable over time.48The function of a theory is to:make a specific prediction within a single researchstudy.show how research fits into public policy.guide the collection and interpretation of evidence.avoid debate about scientific issues.49Theories are important for understanding childdevelopment because they:provide systematic organization of many differentobservations.guarantee agreement among researchers aboutwhat they see.make it appear that child development experts knoweverything.allow immediate applications to help children.50A theory:is a collection of evidence.organizes evidence collected in the past, but doesnot help in making predictions about the future.is a specific statement about an expectedrelationship among two variables.provides a framework for collecting and interpretingevidence.51Which of the following represents a consensus ofopinion among modern psychologists about humandevelopment?Piaget's stage theory is an accurate description ofdevelopment through adolescence.Erikson's description of the challenges faced byindividuals over the lifespan are sufficient tounderstand the process of development.No single theoretical framework adequatelycharacterizes all of development.The sociocultural approach offers the optimalapproach to understanding development.52Whose theories emphasize the fundamental role playedby the sex drive in human development?Freud's

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Piaget'sErikson'sBandura's53According to the ____________ perspective,unresolved traumatic experiences in childhood underlieadult psychological functioning.psychodynamicsocial learningconstructivistsociocultural54The method of treatment used by proponents of apsychodynamic approach is called:modeling.behavior modification.psychoanalysis.assimilation.55Erikson departed from Freud's basic ideas aboutdevelopment by arguing that:biological drives motivate all human action.social and cultural factors play critical roles indevelopment.the developmental process is essentially completeby the end of adolescence.development proceeds through a series of stages.56In Erikson's theory, the main challenge of adolescenceis:establishing positive relationships.contributing in meaningful ways to society.avoidance of guilt.the quest for identity.57Behaviorist theory explains that learning occurs whenindividuals modify their behaviors as a result of:receiving rewards and punishments.establishing a sense of personal identity.constructing higher levels of knowledge.being challenged within their zone of proximaldevelopment.58Which of the following psychologists subscribed to abehaviorist framework?Jean PiagetJohn WatsonArnold Gesell

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Sigmund Freud59According to the Law of Effect, behaviors that:require little energy to produce are likely to berepeated.develop gradually are likely to be long lasting.produce uncomfortable effects are likely to berepeated.produce a satisfying effect are likely to be repeated.60A researcher who states that the environment “shapesbehavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay” wouldsupport which theoretical framework?constructivistpsychodynamicbehavioristsociocultural61Viewing children as individuals who are activeconstructors of their own development is a majorcontribution of:Freud.Piaget.Erikson.Bandura.62What assumption did Piaget make about children'slearning?Children are like sponges and absorb knowledgefrom the world around them.Children actively construct understandings of theworld around them.Children's learning is motivated by the satisfactionof biological drives.Children are most likely to learn behaviors thatcontribute to the survival of the species.63The theorist known for his appreciation of the activerole that children play in their own knowledgeconstruction is:Freud.Bandura.Piaget.Bronfenbrenner.64According to constructivist views, during____________, children interpret experiences in terms

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of existing schemes.accommodationassimilationequilibrationthe sensorimotor stage65An example of Piaget's concept of assimilation is aninfant who:knows how to grasp her mother's hair and uses thesame grasping movements to grab a toy.learns that her pacifier does not provide her withmilk.shares a toy with her father..bangs blocks together rather than chewing on them.66____________ occurs when a child modifies an existingschema to account for new experiences.AccommodationAssimilationModelingReplication67An example of Piaget's concept of accommodation is:an infant:feeling more relaxed when in familiar rather thanunfamiliar environments.demonstrating a preference for classical music.learning to suck on a rattle differently than shesucks on a pacifier.making eye contact with her caregiver when sheknocks over a toy.68Psychologists who adopt the sociocultural frameworkdiffer from adopters of the other frameworks ofdevelopment in:identifying the child as an active contributor to herdevelopment.assuming that biological and experiential factorsinfluence each other.including the culture of the child's social group as afactor in development.concerning themselves with the relativecontributions of biological and experiential factors todevelopment.69Which of the following is a central claim of BOTH Piagetand Vygotsky?

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All children go through the same stages ofdevelopment.The process of development is universal.Children actively construct their own knowledge.Development can't be separated from its socialcontext.70The range between what one can do unsupported andwhat one can do with optimal social support is referredto as ____________.ethologyaccomodationequilibrationthe zone of proximal development71When counting on her own, Josie can accurately count5 objects. When her father helps her by pointing ateach object to be counted, Josie can accurately count10 objects. Her father's assistance is:outside of Josie's zone of proximal development.within Josie's zone of proximal development.likely to result in Josie becoming uninterested incounting.likely to slow the pace of Josie's ability to countaccurately on her own.72A psychologist argues, “Historically, the survival of thespecies depended on males' hunting skills and females'food gathering skills. These activities required differentspatial skills, thus explaining the origin of currentgender differences in spatial abilities.” What theoreticalapproach is this psychologist describing?critical theorydynamic systems theoryecological systems theoryevolutionary theory73Why might an ethnologist be interested in the researchfinding that adults view infants as “cute”?because it demonstrates a process by which babieselicit care from their caregiversbecause it suggests that adult visual systems arenot yet fully developed.because it shows that adults are more intelligentthan infantsbecause it provides information on how best tomarket goods to consumers74According to Konrad Lorenz, all of the following aresigns of “babyness” EXCEPT:

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round, protruding cheekslarge eyes relative to the size of the facea high, protruding foreheada small head relative to the size of the body75According to Lorenz, features that signal “babyness”evoke caregiving behaviors from:adults.animals but not from humans.adults who already have children.females but indifference from males.76Individuals switch from a preference for pictures ofadults to a preference for pictures of infants at aboutwhat age?5during puberty21777The change in preference for pictures of infants overpictures of adults coincides with:the 5 to 7 brain shift and resultant improvement incognitive abilities.the physiological changes that make people capableof reproducing.the achievement of adult status.marriage.78Social learning theory extends the ideas of behaviorismby:proposing that children construct their ownunderstandings of the world around them.suggesting that neurological health is a keycomponent in learning.identifying the importance of modeling others'behaviors for learning.revealing that the challenge of early adulthood is toestablish intimate relationships.79Behavior modification is a strategy suggested by____________ theorists to help address problembehaviors in children.psychodynamicsocial learningconstructivistinformation processing

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