The Process of Parenting 9th Edition Test Bank

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11.In addition to providing food, shelter, and access to schooling, parents have additional responsibilities inproviding for children such as (name two) ___________________________.________________________________________2.Society and the law view children as dependent and subject to parents' rules, and the law imposespenalties on children when _____________________________.________________________________________3.The rate of infant mortality in the United States is _______ and twice as high as that of _________.________________________________________4.Although a statistically rare event, the majority of parents worry very much that____________________________________________.________________________________________5.The American public is in general agreement that the family change that provides most difficulty forparents, children and society is ________________________.________________________________________6.The most positive views of parents' effectiveness are held by __________.________________________________________7.Two countries on the world with very unequal distributions of family income are __________.________________________________________8.Besides tax credits to parents for children and free public education from ages five to eighteen, societyprovides children with __________________.________________________________________9.__________ factors are those factors that are associated with positive outcomes for children.________________________________________10. According to Dr. David Lykken, a parenting license would require parents to be over eighteen, married,employed, and __________.________________________________________11. Judith Rich Harris believes that __________ and peer group socialization determine adult personalities,not parents' behavior.________________________________________12. Currently, one in every __________ children in the U.S. lives in poverty.________________________________________13. Parents from all ethnic groups describe __________ as the main reason for having children.________________________________________14. More than work or marriage, society describes __________ as a sign of maturity and adulthood.________________________________________15. It is the __________ of risk factors, rather than any particular one, that leads to poor outcomes forchildren.________________________________________16. Adults appear biologically preprogrammed to respond positively to babies.TrueFalse

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17. Parents who were abused as children are likely to abuse their own children.TrueFalse18. Except in the case of adoption, the biological father is the legal father.TrueFalse19. The public blames parents more than schools or teachers for children's learning problems.TrueFalse20. Income inequality in a country affects the life span of all people in the country, even those with the mostresources and the best health care.TrueFalse21. A child with many skills is able to withstand the risks of growing up in a disadvantaged living situationand function well in spite of them.TrueFalse22. Survey data reveals that with multitasking children between the ages of eight and eighteen have totalrecreational media exposure of about ten hours and forty-five minutes per day, not including the timespent with cell phones and texting.TrueFalse23. Only thirty percent of parents believe government and employers are doing enough to help parents.TrueFalse24. A survey of parents' joys and problems reveals that parents experience all the responsibilities from thebeginning, but the joys come later when children are teens and interact more equally with parents.TrueFalse25. Young men and women of outstanding achievement are identified as having special abilities early in lifeand get outstanding teaching so parents have a minimal role in children's achievements.TrueFalse26. Unwed biological fathers who do not live with mothers have no legal rights in regard to their newbornsunless biological mothers agree.TrueFalse27. Even those Americans who disapprove of the changes in family structures are optimistic about the futureof marriage and the family.TrueFalse28. Because it is hard for children when they have poor health, parents take special pleasure in children'sbeing healthy.TrueFalse29. The Rochester Longitudinal Study found no one single social change that could be made to eliminateenvironmental risks for children.TrueFalse30. When parents are asked why they do not want children, they usually say it is because they have otherinterests they want to pursue not because they find children or parenting difficult.TrueFalse31. Children and teens say that parentsA. love and care for them.B. find it hard to balance work and family well.C. have enough energy to do things with them when they are home.D. A and C

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32. Put these four forms of family life in chronological order starting with the oldest: (A) multigenerationalfamilies, (B) nuclear families, (C) extended farm families, and (D) diverse familiesA. C, B, D, AB. C, B, A, DC. A, C, B, DD. A, C, D, B33. Urie Bronfenbrenner and Pamela Morris believe a child need not be biologically related to parents or livein a two-parent family, but requires a caregiver whoA. is healthy and employed.B. has a long-term love for and commitment to the child.C. receives emotional support from another adult.D. B and C34. Those children living with neither biological parent are most often living withA. foster parents.B. grandparents.C. other family relatives.D. in institutions like group homes.35. About _____ percent of children live with two biological or adoptive, married parents.A. 40B. 50C. 60D. 7036. A councilwoman in Rochester seeks your advice because she has money to fund one social program toreduce environmental risks for children. She wants to know the one program that research suggests willreduce environmental risks for children. You tell herA. no one particular social change can reduce risks for children.B. cash payments to families will eliminate environmental risks for children.C. change must reduce the number of risks for children.D. A and C37. Parents say government can do more to help parents by doing all of the following EXCEPTA. removing sales tax from items necessary for children like formula or diapers.B. requiring employers to give paid maternal and paternal leave.C. increasing tax rate on employers to provide benefits for parents.D. giving tax credits to businesses that allow flex time for employees.38. Of the thirty-eight million immigrants in this country, about ____ percent are authorized to be here.A. 40B. 50C. 60D. 7039. Compared to children who do not have this gene, children who have the DRD4-7 repeat allele geneA. are more reactive to parents' insensitive parenting.B. are less likely to respond to changes in parents' sensitive parenting.C. show more compliant behavior when parents become more sensitive parents.D. A and C40. British epidemiologists believe that countries with great income inequality create stress for their residentsin all of the following ways EXCEPTA. residents are social and sensitive to status hierarchy.B. there is so much competition for resources.C. residents feel inferior to those with high status.D. residents feel they can not trust others in the hierarchy to help them.

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41. Census data and survey data suggest that adults have about ____ hours per day of media exposure.A. 4 to 5B. 6 to 7C. 8 to 9D. 10 to 1142. Parents launch children on a positive trajectory of development when theyA. are protective and vigilant concerning the child's progress.B. establish a secure attachment to their infant.C. let toddlers have complete freedom to explore.D. B and C43. A Congressman is considering voting for a paid Family Medical Leave Act. A constituent writes that hemust vote "Yes" for such a bill because (select the most accurate reason)A. The U.S. must maintain its leadership role among industrialized nations in providing benefits tofamilies.B.The U.S. provides a rich array of services for children and families and requires this bill to havecomplete services for families.C. The U.S. is one of five or six countries in the industrialized world needing such a bill.D. U.S. parents are unaware of the importance of such leave.44. School furniture specially designed to permit students more physical activity in classA. increases children's focus and attention.B. distracts students from doing their work.C. increases motor coordination and improvement in sports.D. A and C45. David Lykken proposed instituting a parenting license becauseA. parents' impulsive behaviors threaten their children's long-term future.B. parents refuse to take parenting instructions, unless it is required.C. parents are demanding training and licensure.D. children are so changeable, parents must be carefully coached.46. Jay Belsky believes that a major source of family stress is that society does notA. honor the goodness of children.B. honor the heroism of everyday parenting.C. honor the resources needed for parents.D. demand enough of parents.47. Katherine Ellison believes motherhood improves all of the following abilities EXCEPTA. social skills.B. resiliency.C. memory.D. efficiency.48. Judith Warner describes all of the following as examples of society's unrealistic expectations of parentsEXCEPTA. being physically available to children at all times.B. being wholly responsible for children's feelings of well being.C. loving children.D. ensuring children's success in life.49. When mothers going through divorce become more accepting with childrenA. children feel less anxious and less worried in middle school.B. children's behavior changes quickly in response to mothers' changes.C. children's behavior changes did not persist into adolescence.D. A and C

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50. Researchers found that nine years after mothers attended a fourteen-week parenting program and learnedto set fair and firm limits with boys, mothersA. had drifted back and become less consistent.B. had higher incomes, educational levels and occupational levels.C. were dealing with aggressive teens.D. A and C51. Based on the results of The Rochester Longitudinal Study, a counselor wants to develop protectivebehaviors that lead to positive child outcomes. She encourages mothers to do all of the followingEXCEPTA. voice fewer dissatisfactions to the child.B. give the child a critical analysis of their behavior.C. get positive support from friends.D. encourage children to think independently.52. Joe Ehrmann believes misguided societal expectations for men include all the following EXCEPTA. viewing competition and winning as primary goals in life.B. expressing genuine feelings in relationships with others.C. financial success is main measure of success as a person.D. power and dominance are main aims of relationships.53. Longitudinal studies tracking parenting practices and children's behaviors in three generations foundA.each generation learned positive behaviors from the generation that preceded it so there wasimprovement in parenting over generations.B. negative parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another, but positive behaviorswere not.C.positive parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another, but negative behaviorswere not transmitted.D. both positive and negative parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another.54. Parents who grew up with an alcoholic parent do not transmit alcoholic behavior to their children whentheyA. form common parenting goals with their spouse.B. engage in controlled drinking themselves.C. plan satisfying family activities and holiday rituals.D. A and C55. In surveys, mothers and fathers report their children have changed them as individuals by making themaware of all of the following EXCEPTA. importance of protecting the environment.B. the wonder of creation and natural beauty.C. the responsibilities of being a parent.D. their own personality characteristics.56. Briefly describe three ways that parenthood has positively changed Katherine Ellison.

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57. Briefly describe four protective factors that led to positive outcomes in the Rochester LongitudinalStudy.58. Briefly describe three stresses Judith Warner experienced as a mother in contemporary society.59. Briefly describe three stresses Joe Ehrmann believes society places on men in contemporary society.60. Briefly describe what social scientists mean by the term "two-track childhood" and give two reasons whysocial scientists are concerned.

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1 Key1.In addition to providing food, shelter, and access to schooling, parents have additional responsibilitiesin providing for children such as (name two) ___________________________.providing access to medical care, providing immunizations before the age of 5, providingeducation on moral and legal behaviorsBrooks - Chapter 01 #12.Society and the law view children as dependent and subject to parents' rules, and the law imposespenalties on children when _____________________________.children do not obey parents' reasonable rulesBrooks - Chapter 01 #23.The rate of infant mortality in the United States is _______ and twice as high as that of_________.6.1, JapanBrooks - Chapter 01 #34.Although a statistically rare event, the majority of parents worry very much that____________________________________________.a crime like kidnapping will be committed against their childBrooks - Chapter 01 #45.The American public is in general agreement that the family change that provides most difficulty forparents, children and society is ________________________.single mothers having children without father involvementBrooks - Chapter 01 #56.The most positive views of parents' effectiveness are held by __________.childrenBrooks - Chapter 01 #67.Two countries on the world with very unequal distributions of family income are __________.Britain, Wales, and the United StatesBrooks - Chapter 01 #78.Besides tax credits to parents for children and free public education from ages five to eighteen, societyprovides children with __________________.no assistance unless the child is poor or disabledBrooks - Chapter 01 #89.__________ factors are those factors that are associated with positive outcomes for children.ProtectiveBrooks - Chapter 01 #910.According to Dr. David Lykken, a parenting license would require parents to be over eighteen,married, employed, and __________.have no history of violent or aggressive behaviorBrooks - Chapter 01 #1011.Judith Rich Harris believes that __________ and peer group socialization determine adultpersonalities, not parents' behavior.genesBrooks - Chapter 01 #1112.Currently, one in every __________ children in the U.S. lives in poverty.5Brooks - Chapter 01 #1213.Parents from all ethnic groups describe __________ as the main reason for having children.love and emotional closeness with childrenBrooks - Chapter 01 #13

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14.More than work or marriage, society describes __________ as a sign of maturity and adulthood.parenthoodBrooks - Chapter 01 #1415.It is the __________ of risk factors, rather than any particular one, that leads to poor outcomes forchildren.accumulation/numberBrooks - Chapter 01 #1516.Adults appear biologically preprogrammed to respond positively to babies.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 01 #1617.Parents who were abused as children are likely to abuse their own children.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 01 #1718.Except in the case of adoption, the biological father is the legal father.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 01 #1819.The public blames parents more than schools or teachers for children's learning problems.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 01 #1920.Income inequality in a country affects the life span of all people in the country, even those with themost resources and the best health care.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 01 #2021.A child with many skills is able to withstand the risks of growing up in a disadvantaged livingsituation and function well in spite of them.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 01 #2122.Survey data reveals that with multitasking children between the ages of eight and eighteen have totalrecreational media exposure of about ten hours and forty-five minutes per day, not including the timespent with cell phones and texting.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 01 #2223.Only thirty percent of parents believe government and employers are doing enough to helpparents.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 01 #2324.A survey of parents' joys and problems reveals that parents experience all the responsibilities from thebeginning, but the joys come later when children are teens and interact more equally with parents.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 01 #2425.Young men and women of outstanding achievement are identified as having special abilities early inlife and get outstanding teaching so parents have a minimal role in children's achievements.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 01 #2526.Unwed biological fathers who do not live with mothers have no legal rights in regard to theirnewborns unless biological mothers agree.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 01 #26

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27.Even those Americans who disapprove of the changes in family structures are optimistic about thefuture of marriage and the family.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 01 #2728.Because it is hard for children when they have poor health, parents take special pleasure in children'sbeing healthy.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 01 #2829.The Rochester Longitudinal Study found no one single social change that could be made to eliminateenvironmental risks for children.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 01 #2930.When parents are asked why they do not want children, they usually say it is because they have otherinterests they want to pursue not because they find children or parenting difficult.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 01 #3031.Children and teens say that parentsA.love and care for them.B. find it hard to balance work and family well.C. have enough energy to do things with them when they are home.D. A and CBrooks - Chapter 01 #3132.Put these four forms of family life in chronological order starting with the oldest: (A)multigenerational families, (B) nuclear families, (C) extended farm families, and (D) diversefamiliesA.C, B, D, AB. C, B, A, DC. A, C, B, DD. A, C, D, BBrooks - Chapter 01 #3233.Urie Bronfenbrenner and Pamela Morris believe a child need not be biologically related to parents orlive in a two-parent family, but requires a caregiver whoA. is healthy and employed.B. has a long-term love for and commitment to the child.C. receives emotional support from another adult.D.B and CBrooks - Chapter 01 #3334.Those children living with neither biological parent are most often living withA. foster parents.B.grandparents.C. other family relatives.D. in institutions like group homes.Brooks - Chapter 01 #3435.About _____ percent of children live with two biological or adoptive, married parents.A. 40B. 50C.60D. 70Brooks - Chapter 01 #35

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36.A councilwoman in Rochester seeks your advice because she has money to fund one social programto reduce environmental risks for children. She wants to know the one program that research suggestswill reduce environmental risks for children. You tell herA. no one particular social change can reduce risks for children.B. cash payments to families will eliminate environmental risks for children.C. change must reduce the number of risks for children.D.A and CBrooks - Chapter 01 #3637.Parents say government can do more to help parents by doing all of the following EXCEPTA. removing sales tax from items necessary for children like formula or diapers.B. requiring employers to give paid maternal and paternal leave.C.increasing tax rate on employers to provide benefits for parents.D. giving tax credits to businesses that allow flex time for employees.Brooks - Chapter 01 #3738.Of the thirty-eight million immigrants in this country, about ____ percent are authorized to behere.A. 40B. 50C. 60D.70Brooks - Chapter 01 #3839.Compared to children who do not have this gene, children who have the DRD4-7 repeat allelegeneA. are more reactive to parents' insensitive parenting.B. are less likely to respond to changes in parents' sensitive parenting.C. show more compliant behavior when parents become more sensitive parents.D.A and CBrooks - Chapter 01 #3940.British epidemiologists believe that countries with great income inequality create stress for theirresidents in all of the following ways EXCEPTA. residents are social and sensitive to status hierarchy.B.there is so much competition for resources.C. residents feel inferior to those with high status.D. residents feel they can not trust others in the hierarchy to help them.Brooks - Chapter 01 #4041.Census data and survey data suggest that adults have about ____ hours per day of media exposure.A. 4 to 5B. 6 to 7C. 8 to 9D.10 to 11Brooks - Chapter 01 #4142.Parents launch children on a positive trajectory of development when theyA. are protective and vigilant concerning the child's progress.B.establish a secure attachment to their infant.C. let toddlers have complete freedom to explore.D. B and CBrooks - Chapter 01 #42

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43.A Congressman is considering voting for a paid Family Medical Leave Act. A constituent writes thathe must vote "Yes" for such a bill because (select the most accurate reason)A. The U.S. must maintain its leadership role among industrialized nations in providing benefits tofamilies.B.The U.S. provides a rich array of services for children and families and requires this bill to havecomplete services for families.C.The U.S. is one of five or six countries in the industrialized world needing such a bill.D. U.S. parents are unaware of the importance of such leave.Brooks - Chapter 01 #4344.School furniture specially designed to permit students more physical activity in classA.increases children's focus and attention.B. distracts students from doing their work.C. increases motor coordination and improvement in sports.D. A and CBrooks - Chapter 01 #4445.David Lykken proposed instituting a parenting license becauseA.parents' impulsive behaviors threaten their children's long-term future.B. parents refuse to take parenting instructions, unless it is required.C. parents are demanding training and licensure.D. children are so changeable, parents must be carefully coached.Brooks - Chapter 01 #4546.Jay Belsky believes that a major source of family stress is that society does notA. honor the goodness of children.B.honor the heroism of everyday parenting.C. honor the resources needed for parents.D. demand enough of parents.Brooks - Chapter 01 #4647.Katherine Ellison believes motherhood improves all of the following abilities EXCEPTA. social skills.B. resiliency.C.memory.D. efficiency.Brooks - Chapter 01 #4748.Judith Warner describes all of the following as examples of society's unrealistic expectations ofparents EXCEPTA. being physically available to children at all times.B. being wholly responsible for children's feelings of well being.C.loving children.D. ensuring children's success in life.Brooks - Chapter 01 #4849.When mothers going through divorce become more accepting with childrenA.children feel less anxious and less worried in middle school.B. children's behavior changes quickly in response to mothers' changes.C. children's behavior changes did not persist into adolescence.D. A and CBrooks - Chapter 01 #4950.Researchers found that nine years after mothers attended a fourteen-week parenting program andlearned to set fair and firm limits with boys, mothersA. had drifted back and become less consistent.B.had higher incomes, educational levels and occupational levels.C. were dealing with aggressive teens.D. A and CBrooks - Chapter 01 #50

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51.Based on the results of The Rochester Longitudinal Study, a counselor wants to develop protectivebehaviors that lead to positive child outcomes. She encourages mothers to do all of the followingEXCEPTA. voice fewer dissatisfactions to the child.B.give the child a critical analysis of their behavior.C. get positive support from friends.D. encourage children to think independently.Brooks - Chapter 01 #5152.Joe Ehrmann believes misguided societal expectations for men include all the following EXCEPTA. viewing competition and winning as primary goals in life.B.expressing genuine feelings in relationships with others.C. financial success is main measure of success as a person.D. power and dominance are main aims of relationships.Brooks - Chapter 01 #5253.Longitudinal studies tracking parenting practices and children's behaviors in three generationsfoundA.each generation learned positive behaviors from the generation that preceded it so there wasimprovement in parenting over generations.B. negative parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another, but positivebehaviors were not.C. positive parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another, but negativebehaviors were not transmitted.D.both positive and negative parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another.Brooks - Chapter 01 #5354.Parents who grew up with an alcoholic parent do not transmit alcoholic behavior to their childrenwhen theyA. form common parenting goals with their spouse.B. engage in controlled drinking themselves.C. plan satisfying family activities and holiday rituals.D.A and CBrooks - Chapter 01 #5455.In surveys, mothers and fathers report their children have changed them as individuals by makingthem aware of all of the following EXCEPTA. importance of protecting the environment.B. the wonder of creation and natural beauty.C.the responsibilities of being a parent.D. their own personality characteristics.Brooks - Chapter 01 #5556.Briefly describe three ways that parenthood has positively changed Katherine Ellison.Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 01 #5657.Briefly describe four protective factors that led to positive outcomes in the Rochester LongitudinalStudy.Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 01 #57

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58.Briefly describe three stresses Judith Warner experienced as a mother in contemporary society.Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 01 #5859.Briefly describe three stresses Joe Ehrmann believes society places on men in contemporarysociety.Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 01 #5960.Briefly describe what social scientists mean by the term "two-track childhood" and give two reasonswhy social scientists are concerned.Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 01 #60

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1 SummaryCategory# of QuestionsBrooks - Chapter 0160

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2Student: ___________________________________________________________________________1.Socialization is the process __________.________________________________________2.William Cross identifies two aspects of identity: __________ and __________.________________________________________3.Native Canadian communities that _______________ had a lower rate of suicides than Native Canadiancommunities that did not.________________________________________4.Annette Lareau found that middle class parents see childhood as a period of __________ and workingclass and poor parents see it as a period of __________.________________________________________5.Sandra Hofferth found that within both middle class and working class families, it was mother's__________ that determined what children did and how they spent their time.________________________________________6.About 1 in __________ children in the United States live in immigrant families.________________________________________7.The three main indicators determining parents' social status are _______________.________________________________________8.The term __________ __________ describes the physical/social settings, the child-rearing practices, andthe values of the family.________________________________________9.The process of acculturation occurs in three stages: _________, _________, and ___________.________________________________________10. When a person treats someone unfairly because of their nationality or ethnic group, we say they arepracticing __________; when a person has negative feelings about someone because of their ethnicgroup, we say they are __________.________________________________________11. Parents with the interdependent model of parent-child-relationships give frequent __________ tochildren.________________________________________12. Parents with the independent model of parent-child relationships are likely to give frequent __________to children________________________________________13. ______________ was the strongest predictor of poor psychological and social adaptation in a large groupof immigrant children.________________________________________14. Give three ways in which families in Annette Lareau's study were alike regardless of their socioeconomicstatus.________________________________________

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15. Most ethnic groups like Latinos, Asian Americans, and Middle Eastern Americans are made up of peoplewith a common geographical origin, history, and culture.TrueFalse16. Follow-up studies of children attending an intensive two-year preschool program, the High Scope PerryProject, found that the effects of the program did not last.TrueFalse17. Despite the hardships that African Americans have endured in this country, their current levels of self-esteem are as high as or higher than that of European Americans who have more advantages.TrueFalse18. Social status affects verbal more than nonverbal forms of parent-child interactions.TrueFalse19. Understanding the general characteristics of each ethnic group gives parent educators the informationthey need to help parents of that group.TrueFalse20. Although parents living in poverty are more likely to be highly stressed and harsh in their parenting, theirchildren feel as close to them as children in affluent feel to their parents.TrueFalse21. From the ages of ten to fifteen, increases in teens' perceptions of perceived discrimination had little effecton early teens' moods.TrueFalse22. Preschoolers are so involved in their own play activities, they do not pay attention to differences in peers'dress.TrueFalse23. The interdependent model stresses that the child develops from an asocial infant into a sociallyresponsible child.TrueFalse24. People were more likely to change their self-designation of race from white to black if they hadexperienced poverty in the interim period.TrueFalse25. In learning about cultural values, children absorb parents' values without thinking about them.TrueFalse26. Japanese descendants of immigrants to a remote northern island resembled Americans on measures ofcultural orientation more than they resembled Japanese from the mainland.TrueFalse27. Alison Pugh found that for children, culturally valued possessions came to signify emotional connection,belonging, and being cared for.TrueFalse28. A study of five thousand immigrant youth revealed that the largest group of youth sought to assimilatewith the new culture.TrueFalse29. Industrialization and urbanization encourage countries to hold more strongly to their interdependentvalues.TrueFalse

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30. Developmental niche is a concept that describes all of the following EXCEPTA. settings children develop in.B. recommended childrearing practices.C. children's eating and sleeping habits.D. the historical time they live in.31. Parents who follow the interdependent model do all of the following EXCEPTA. give frequent commands to the child.B. teach values of respect and obedience.C. encourage child's questions.D. keep the child physically close.32. Parents who follow the independent model do all the following EXCEPTA. teach obligations to parents.B. give children frequent praise.C. teach children to negotiate.D. use verbal communication with children.33. In comparison to American mothers, Italian mothers of toddlers are more likely to focus onA. eating meals with the family.B. safety rules for exploration.C. sleeping alone.D. A and C34. According to Cynthia Garcia Coll and Laura Szalacha, outsider status (minority group and immigrantstatus families) trigger a series of processes in which outsider status triggersA. discrimination that leads to inadequate resources and inhibits children's development.B. families' discouragement and inability to take advantage of community resources.C. children's unwillingness to achieve at school.D. families' rebellion against dominant cultural values35. Neighborhoods can promote immigrant children's development by doing all of the followingEXCEPTA. providing libraries and community centers.B. encouraging families to give up their values and adopt values of new culture.C. offering after school care.D. offering vacation care36. A review of studies of self-esteem of ethnic groups finds that self-esteem of members of ethnic groupsincreases whenA. groups get positive messages about their group from their communities.B. group has few members and is considered special.C. political movements highlight the group's positive contributions.D. A and C37. The differences in self-esteem measures among ethnic groupsA. are smallest in childhood.B. decrease in the teen years.C. are smallest in adulthood.D. show no relationship with age.38. In an in-home language study, toddlers of professional, working, and welfare parentsA. all experienced quality interactions with parents.B. heard equal amounts of language directed to them.C. heard equal numbers of positive comments directed to them.D. heard equal numbers of negative comments directed to them.

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39. Parent educators are most likely to be helpful to parents with different values whenA. they give parents a formal, structured program to follow.B. they ask questions about parents' goals and expectations in child-rearing.C. they teach them new values.D. A and C40. Compared to those children who have never been poor, children who were chronically poor from birth toage nine, experienced a lower quality of parental care reflected inA. less sensitive caregivers.B. less stimulating homes.C. more depressed caregivers.D. all of the above41. In poor and affluent families alike, children's school competence is predicted byA. amount of money family has.B. quality of school.C. closeness to parents.D. amount of day care.42. Studies of children's feelings of perceived discrimination in early adolescence found thatA. both boys and girls who perceived discrimination increased in depressive feelings.B. girls who perceived discrimination increased in depression but boys did not.C.effects of perceived discrimination decreased but did not disappear when children had warmrelationships with parents and peers.D. A and C43. In her study of ethnic and social status differences in family life, Annette Lareau used the termconcertedcultivationto refer to parents' actionsA. to let children take all the time they need to grow.B. of letting children hang out in activities with relatives and friends.C. to actively stimulate and foster children's talents and opinions.D. A and B44. Follow-up studies of children in the High Scope Perry project, an intensive two-year preschool programshowed benefits inA. greater school achievement.B. greater employment and economic success.C. greater social control in behavior.D. all of the above45. In looking at ethnic and social status differences in child rearing, Annette Lareau used the termaccomplishment of natural growth to refer to parents' efforts toA. give children as happy a childhood as possible with much free play time.B. stimulate children's maximal growth.C. avoid directives to children.D. A and C46. Cynthia Garcia Cole and Laura Szalacha identify all of the following as protective factors for outsiderfamilies EXCEPTA. strong ethnic pride.B. loose, flexible family cohesion.C. strong sense of family obligation.D. high value on education.

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47. Studying patterns of consumption among low-income and high-income families, Alison Pugh found all ofthe following EXCEPTA. low-income parents used symbolic deprivation, giving only what they could afford.B. upper-income families limited children's consumption to prevent their becoming materialistic in theirvalues.C.upper-income families spent money not on possessions but on activities like lessons and schooling thatdeveloped new skills and competence.D.upper-income African American families exposed their children to situations in which they would bethe only African American so they could cope with being "the only one."48. Poverty status brings with it a cascade of problems that include all of the following EXCEPTA. poorer physical health.B. lack of parental love.C. greater family instability.D. poorer quality schools.49. When African American and European American seventh graders wrote five essays on either a neutraltopic (control group) or a personal value of importance (experimental group), examination of their gradesat the end of eighth revealed that the benefits of writing essays were greatest forA. European American students who wrote on topics of personal importance.B. African American students who wrote on topics of personal importance.C. European American students who wrote on neutral topics.D. African American students who wrote on neutral topics.50. African American mothers who reported the experience of discrimination reported all of the followingwhen followed for two years EXCEPTA. increased physical problems.B. increased depression.C. increased hopelessness about children's problems.D. increase in harsh parenting.51. Classroom programs that decrease exclusion and discrimination focus on:A. educating children that it is unfair to exclude others.B. teaching children to solve their own problems when excluded.C. teaching children to ignore group differences.D. A and C52. Sesame Street has developed programs for preschoolers that increase appreciation for other culturalgroups in countries around the world in all the following ways EXCEPTA. teaching respect for all groups.B. using adult stories to illustrate the points.C. emphasizing inclusion of all groups.D. promoting awareness of cultural groups in the country.53. Better Beginnings, Better Futures is a Canadian program for low-income communities thatA. was designed in the capital and made available for three different communities.B. was cost effective by the time children were 20.C. made changes in academic performance.D. B and C54. Melvin Konner believes there are four general ways to socialize individuals to their culture including:A. cognitive enculturation.B. empathic enculturation.C. linear enculturation.D. active enculturation.

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55. Describe four characteristics of the Better Beginnings Better Futures program in Canada and two resultsof the program.56. Briefly describe the conflicts parent educator Tammy Mann feels when she is drawn to the values of theinterdependent cultural model, though many experts advise the behaviors of the independent culturalmodel. Describe two ways parent educators can respond to parents with different values to best helpthem?57. Describe three ways in which the independent model influences family life and parent-child relationshipsin families and three ways in which the interdependent model influences family life and parent-childrelationships in families.58. Describe three characterizations of each of Annette Lareau's child rearing approaches termed ConcertedCultivation and Accomplishment of Natural Growth.59. Describe four ways cultural values are transmitted from one generation to another and give one exampleof each way.

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2 Key1.Socialization is the process __________.is the process by which individuals learn the skills necessary for life in the group they belong toBrooks - Chapter 02 #12.William Cross identifies two aspects of identity: __________ and __________.personal identity and Reference Group OrientationBrooks - Chapter 02 #23.Native Canadian communities that _______________ had a lower rate of suicides than NativeCanadian communities that did not.preserved a sense of cultural continuity between their past, present, and futureBrooks - Chapter 02 #34.Annette Lareau found that middle class parents see childhood as a period of __________ and workingclass and poor parents see it as a period of __________.preparation for adulthood; pleasureBrooks - Chapter 02 #45.Sandra Hofferth found that within both middle class and working class families, it was mother's__________ that determined what children did and how they spent their time.educationBrooks - Chapter 02 #56.About 1 in __________ children in the United States live in immigrant families.4Brooks - Chapter 02 #67.The three main indicators determining parents' social status are _______________.income, educational level, and occupational levelBrooks - Chapter 02 #78.The term __________ __________ describes the physical/social settings, the child-rearing practices,and the values of the family.developmental nicheBrooks - Chapter 02 #89.The process of acculturation occurs in three stages: _________, _________, and ___________.idealization; disillusionment; and realistic acceptanceBrooks - Chapter 02 #910.When a person treats someone unfairly because of their nationality or ethnic group, we say they arepracticing __________; when a person has negative feelings about someone because of their ethnicgroup, we say they are __________.discrimination; prejudicedBrooks - Chapter 02 #1011.Parents with the interdependent model of parent-child-relationships give frequent __________ tochildren.directives or commandsBrooks - Chapter 02 #1112.Parents with the independent model of parent-child relationships are likely to give frequent__________ to childrenpraise or questionsBrooks - Chapter 02 #1213.______________ was the strongest predictor of poor psychological and social adaptation in a largegroup of immigrant children.experience of discriminationBrooks - Chapter 02 #13

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14.Give three ways in which families in Annette Lareau's study were alike regardless of theirsocioeconomic status.Any three of the 9 similarities listed on page 5990Brooks - Chapter 02 #1415.Most ethnic groups like Latinos, Asian Americans, and Middle Eastern Americans are made up ofpeople with a common geographical origin, history, and culture.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 02 #1516.Follow-up studies of children attending an intensive two-year preschool program, the High ScopePerry Project, found that the effects of the program did not last.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 02 #1617.Despite the hardships that African Americans have endured in this country, their current levels of self-esteem are as high as or higher than that of European Americans who have more advantages.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 02 #1718.Social status affects verbal more than nonverbal forms of parent-child interactions.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 02 #1819.Understanding the general characteristics of each ethnic group gives parent educators the informationthey need to help parents of that group.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 02 #1920.Although parents living in poverty are more likely to be highly stressed and harsh in their parenting,their children feel as close to them as children in affluent feel to their parents.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 02 #2021.From the ages of ten to fifteen, increases in teens' perceptions of perceived discrimination had littleeffect on early teens' moods.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 02 #2122.Preschoolers are so involved in their own play activities, they do not pay attention to differences inpeers' dress.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 02 #2223.The interdependent model stresses that the child develops from an asocial infant into a sociallyresponsible child.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 02 #2324.People were more likely to change their self-designation of race from white to black if they hadexperienced poverty in the interim period.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 02 #2425.In learning about cultural values, children absorb parents' values without thinking about them.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 02 #2526.Japanese descendants of immigrants to a remote northern island resembled Americans on measures ofcultural orientation more than they resembled Japanese from the mainland.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 02 #26

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27.Alison Pugh found that for children, culturally valued possessions came to signify emotionalconnection, belonging, and being cared for.TRUEBrooks - Chapter 02 #2728.A study of five thousand immigrant youth revealed that the largest group of youth sought to assimilatewith the new culture.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 02 #2829.Industrialization and urbanization encourage countries to hold more strongly to their interdependentvalues.FALSEBrooks - Chapter 02 #2930.Developmental niche is a concept that describes all of the following EXCEPTA. settings children develop in.B. recommended childrearing practices.C. children's eating and sleeping habits.D.the historical time they live in.Brooks - Chapter 02 #3031.Parents who follow the interdependent model do all of the following EXCEPTA. give frequent commands to the child.B. teach values of respect and obedience.C.encourage child's questions.D. keep the child physically close.Brooks - Chapter 02 #3132.Parents who follow the independent model do all the following EXCEPTA.teach obligations to parents.B. give children frequent praise.C. teach children to negotiate.D. use verbal communication with children.Brooks - Chapter 02 #3233.In comparison to American mothers, Italian mothers of toddlers are more likely to focus onA.eating meals with the family.B. safety rules for exploration.C. sleeping alone.D. A and CBrooks - Chapter 02 #3334.According to Cynthia Garcia Coll and Laura Szalacha, outsider status (minority group and immigrantstatus families) trigger a series of processes in which outsider status triggersA.discrimination that leads to inadequate resources and inhibits children's development.B. families' discouragement and inability to take advantage of community resources.C. children's unwillingness to achieve at school.D. families' rebellion against dominant cultural valuesBrooks - Chapter 02 #3435.Neighborhoods can promote immigrant children's development by doing all of the followingEXCEPTA. providing libraries and community centers.B.encouraging families to give up their values and adopt values of new culture.C. offering after school care.D. offering vacation careBrooks - Chapter 02 #35

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36.A review of studies of self-esteem of ethnic groups finds that self-esteem of members of ethnic groupsincreases whenA. groups get positive messages about their group from their communities.B. group has few members and is considered special.C. political movements highlight the group's positive contributions.D.A and CBrooks - Chapter 02 #3637.The differences in self-esteem measures among ethnic groupsA.are smallest in childhood.B. decrease in the teen years.C. are smallest in adulthood.D. show no relationship with age.Brooks - Chapter 02 #3738.In an in-home language study, toddlers of professional, working, and welfare parentsA.all experienced quality interactions with parents.B. heard equal amounts of language directed to them.C. heard equal numbers of positive comments directed to them.D. heard equal numbers of negative comments directed to them.Brooks - Chapter 02 #3839.Parent educators are most likely to be helpful to parents with different values whenA. they give parents a formal, structured program to follow.B.they ask questions about parents' goals and expectations in child-rearing.C. they teach them new values.D. A and CBrooks - Chapter 02 #3940.Compared to those children who have never been poor, children who were chronically poor from birthto age nine, experienced a lower quality of parental care reflected inA. less sensitive caregivers.B. less stimulating homes.C. more depressed caregivers.D.all of the aboveBrooks - Chapter 02 #4041.In poor and affluent families alike, children's school competence is predicted byA. amount of money family has.B. quality of school.C.closeness to parents.D. amount of day care.Brooks - Chapter 02 #4142.Studies of children's feelings of perceived discrimination in early adolescence found thatA. both boys and girls who perceived discrimination increased in depressive feelings.B. girls who perceived discrimination increased in depression but boys did not.C.effects of perceived discrimination decreased but did not disappear when children had warmrelationships with parents and peers.D.A and CBrooks - Chapter 02 #4243.In her study of ethnic and social status differences in family life, Annette Lareau used the termconcerted cultivationto refer to parents' actionsA. to let children take all the time they need to grow.B. of letting children hang out in activities with relatives and friends.C.to actively stimulate and foster children's talents and opinions.D. A and BBrooks - Chapter 02 #43

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44.Follow-up studies of children in the High Scope Perry project, an intensive two-year preschoolprogram showed benefits inA. greater school achievement.B. greater employment and economic success.C. greater social control in behavior.D.all of the aboveBrooks - Chapter 02 #4445.In looking at ethnic and social status differences in child rearing, Annette Lareau used the termaccomplishment of natural growth to refer to parents' efforts toA.give children as happy a childhood as possible with much free play time.B. stimulate children's maximal growth.C. avoid directives to children.D. A and CBrooks - Chapter 02 #4546.Cynthia Garcia Cole and Laura Szalacha identify all of the following as protective factors for outsiderfamilies EXCEPTA. strong ethnic pride.B.loose, flexible family cohesion.C. strong sense of family obligation.D. high value on education.Brooks - Chapter 02 #4647.Studying patterns of consumption among low-income and high-income families, Alison Pugh foundall of the following EXCEPTA.low-income parents used symbolic deprivation, giving only what they could afford.B. upper-income families limited children's consumption to prevent their becoming materialistic intheir values.C.upper-income families spent money not on possessions but on activities like lessons and schoolingthat developed new skills and competence.D.upper-income African American families exposed their children to situations in which they wouldbe the only African American so they could cope with being "the only one."Brooks - Chapter 02 #4748.Poverty status brings with it a cascade of problems that include all of the following EXCEPTA. poorer physical health.B.lack of parental love.C. greater family instability.D. poorer quality schools.Brooks - Chapter 02 #4849.When African American and European American seventh graders wrote five essays on either a neutraltopic (control group) or a personal value of importance (experimental group), examination of theirgrades at the end of eighth revealed that the benefits of writing essays were greatest forA. European American students who wrote on topics of personal importance.B.African American students who wrote on topics of personal importance.C. European American students who wrote on neutral topics.D. African American students who wrote on neutral topics.Brooks - Chapter 02 #4950.African American mothers who reported the experience of discrimination reported all of the followingwhen followed for two years EXCEPTA. increased physical problems.B. increased depression.C.increased hopelessness about children's problems.D. increase in harsh parenting.Brooks - Chapter 02 #50

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51.Classroom programs that decrease exclusion and discrimination focus on:A.educating children that it is unfair to exclude others.B. teaching children to solve their own problems when excluded.C. teaching children to ignore group differences.D. A and CBrooks - Chapter 02 #5152.Sesame Street has developed programs for preschoolers that increase appreciation for other culturalgroups in countries around the world in all the following ways EXCEPTA. teaching respect for all groups.B.using adult stories to illustrate the points.C. emphasizing inclusion of all groups.D. promoting awareness of cultural groups in the country.Brooks - Chapter 02 #5253.Better Beginnings, Better Futures is a Canadian program for low-income communities thatA. was designed in the capital and made available for three different communities.B. was cost effective by the time children were 20.C.made changes in academic performance.D. B and CBrooks - Chapter 02 #5354.Melvin Konner believes there are four general ways to socialize individuals to their cultureincluding:A.cognitive enculturation.B. empathic enculturation.C. linear enculturation.D. active enculturation.Brooks - Chapter 02 #5455.Describe four characteristics of the Better Beginnings Better Futures program in Canada and tworesults of the program.Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 02 #5556.Briefly describe the conflicts parent educator Tammy Mann feels when she is drawn to the valuesof the interdependent cultural model, though many experts advise the behaviors of the independentcultural model. Describe two ways parent educators can respond to parents with different values tobest help them?Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 02 #5657.Describe three ways in which the independent model influences family life and parent-childrelationships in families and three ways in which the interdependent model influences family life andparent-child relationships in families.Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 02 #5758.Describe three characterizations of each of Annette Lareau's child rearing approaches termedConcerted Cultivation and Accomplishment of Natural Growth.Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 02 #58

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59.Describe four ways cultural values are transmitted from one generation to another and give oneexample of each way.Answer will varyBrooks - Chapter 02 #59

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2 SummaryCategory# of QuestionsBrooks - Chapter 0259

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3Student: ___________________________________________________________________________1.Three strengths Erikson believed are developed when the balance of experiences in childhood is on thepositive side are _____________________.________________________________________2.The mapping of the genome revealed __________ genes than anticipated.________________________________________3.According to Piaget, infants in the first two years of life are in the __________ of development.________________________________________4.Vygotsky emphasizes ___________________________________.________________________________________5.In the prenatal period, almost all the neurons we have are formed, but many of the __________ areformed after birth.________________________________________6.__________ neurons in several areas of the brain serve many functions including helping us tounderstand other people.________________________________________7.Infants and children differ not in whether __________ takes place with parents but in the nature andquality that depends on parents' behavior.________________________________________8.Diana Baumrind termed parents who __________ as authoritative parents.________________________________________9.The overabundance of synapses in the brain leads to __________ of the least used connections.________________________________________10. When using media, upper-income parents tend to use ________, and lower-income parents_________________.________________________________________11. The neuroendocrine hormone __________ regulates our daily pattern of arousal, alertness, andattention.________________________________________12. At birth the hormone _________ encourages mother-infant bonding.________________________________________13. A main aim of the Video-Feedback Intervention Positive Parenting Program is to increase parents'__________.________________________________________14. When parents were asked about the major influences on their parenting, they reported they were: the waythey were raised, extended family members, pediatricians, and ___________________________.________________________________________15. Parents find it difficult to relate to their children in a consistent, supportive way when their own parentsrelated to them in unpredictable, and frustrating ways because of ____________.________________________________________

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16. Authoritative parents employ firm control in an arbitrary way that does not take account of the child'sindividuality.TrueFalse17. In Diana Baumrind's study, the children of permissive parents were the least independent and self-controlled.TrueFalse18. The term "attachment" refers to all aspects of the parent-child relationship.TrueFalse19. The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans recognized stages of children's development..TrueFalse20. Children will imitate a hostile, rejecting figure if no warm model is available for imitation.TrueFalse21. Peter Huttenlocher believes optimal cortical development in children requires early stimulation and anenriched environment because early learning is hard-wired.TrueFalse22. Freud viewed children as pleasure-seeking creatures who had to tame their impulses to meet parents' andsociety's demands.TrueFalse23. Continuing high levels of cortisol are related children's flexible problem-solving.TrueFalse24. Children's Executive Function skills begin to develop in the toddler years so parents can begin to interactwith children to develop them.TrueFalse25. With the exception of physical punishment, the effects of parenting strategies depend on the child'stemperamental qualities.TrueFalse26. The role of language in intellectual growth is ignored in theories of development.TrueFalse27. Sleep patterns play a role in the development of children's Executive Function skills.TrueFalse28. There has been little continuity in parenting practices across centuries because living conditions havechanged so much.TrueFalse29. The mapping of the genome revealed that though there are fewer genes than thought, each gene is moreversatile, responding to messages from other cells and the environment.TrueFalse30. Parenting groups that help married and unmarried parents talk about their feelings for each other havelong-lasting benefits on the couple relationship but do not impact their child's development.TrueFalse31. A mother of a six-year-old complains her son is not doing well in first grade because he is not gettingenough recess and play time. Based on your knowledge, you tell herA. developmentally he is old enough to sit in the classroom and does not need recess.B. she just has to accept that boys are more active and have more trouble in school.C.that her son would probably concentrate better and work more effectively if he had scheduled recessesthroughout the day.D. that her son is immature for his age and needs to return to kindergarten.

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