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The Process of Parenting 9th Edition Test Bank

  • Psychology
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The Process of Parenting 9th Edition Test Bank makes exam preparation simple with structured and comprehensive questions.

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    1 1. In addition to providing food, shelter, and access to schooling, parents have additional responsibilities in providing for children such as (name two) ___________________________. ________________________________________ 2. Society and the law view children as dependent and subject to parents' rules, and the law imposes penalties on children when _____________________________. ________________________________________ 3. The rate of infant mortality in the United States is _______ and twice as high as that of _________. ________________________________________ 4. Although a statistically rare event, the majority of parents worry very much that ____________________________________________. ________________________________________ 5. The American public is in general agreement that the family change that provides most difficulty for parents, children and society is ________________________. ________________________________________ 6. The most positive views of parents' effectiveness are held by __________. ________________________________________ 7. Two countries on the world with very unequal distributions of family income are __________. ________________________________________ 8. Besides tax credits to parents for children and free public education from ages five to eighteen, society provides children with __________________. ________________________________________ 9. __________ factors are those factors that are associated with positive outcomes for children. ________________________________________ 10. According to Dr. David Lykken, a parenting license would require parents to be over eighteen, married, employed, and __________. ________________________________________ 11. Judith Rich Harris believes that __________ and peer group socialization determine adult personalities, not parents' behavior. ________________________________________ 12. Currently, one in every __________ children in the U.S. lives in poverty. ________________________________________ 13. Parents from all ethnic groups describe __________ as the main reason for having children. ________________________________________ 14. More than work or marriage, society describes __________ as a sign of maturity and adulthood. ________________________________________ 15. It is the __________ of risk factors, rather than any particular one, that leads to poor outcomes for children. ________________________________________ 16. Adults appear biologically preprogrammed to respond positively to babies. True False

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    17. Parents who were abused as children are likely to abuse their own children. True False 18. Except in the case of adoption, the biological father is the legal father. True False 19. The public blames parents more than schools or teachers for children's learning problems. True False 20. Income inequality in a country affects the life span of all people in the country, even those with the most resources and the best health care. True False 21. A child with many skills is able to withstand the risks of growing up in a disadvantaged living situation and function well in spite of them. True False 22. Survey data reveals that with multitasking children between the ages of eight and eighteen have total recreational media exposure of about ten hours and forty-five minutes per day, not including the time spent with cell phones and texting. True False 23. Only thirty percent of parents believe government and employers are doing enough to help parents. True False 24. A survey of parents' joys and problems reveals that parents experience all the responsibilities from the beginning, but the joys come later when children are teens and interact more equally with parents. True False 25. Young men and women of outstanding achievement are identified as having special abilities early in life and get outstanding teaching so parents have a minimal role in children's achievements. True False 26. Unwed biological fathers who do not live with mothers have no legal rights in regard to their newborns unless biological mothers agree. True False 27. Even those Americans who disapprove of the changes in family structures are optimistic about the future of marriage and the family. True False 28. Because it is hard for children when they have poor health, parents take special pleasure in children's being healthy. True False 29. The Rochester Longitudinal Study found no one single social change that could be made to eliminate environmental risks for children. True False 30. When parents are asked why they do not want children, they usually say it is because they have other interests they want to pursue not because they find children or parenting difficult. True False 31. Children and teens say that parents A. love and care for them. B. find it hard to balance work and family well. C. have enough energy to do things with them when they are home. D. A and C

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    32. Put these four forms of family life in chronological order starting with the oldest: (A) multigenerational families, (B) nuclear families, (C) extended farm families, and (D) diverse families A. C, B, D, A B. C, B, A, D C. A, C, B, D D. A, C, D, B 33. Urie Bronfenbrenner and Pamela Morris believe a child need not be biologically related to parents or live in a two-parent family, but requires a caregiver who A. is healthy and employed. B. has a long-term love for and commitment to the child. C. receives emotional support from another adult. D. B and C 34. Those children living with neither biological parent are most often living with A. foster parents. B. grandparents. C. other family relatives. D. in institutions like group homes. 35. About _____ percent of children live with two biological or adoptive, married parents. A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70 36. A councilwoman in Rochester seeks your advice because she has money to fund one social program to reduce environmental risks for children. She wants to know the one program that research suggests will reduce environmental risks for children. You tell her A. no one particular social change can reduce risks for children. B. cash payments to families will eliminate environmental risks for children. C. change must reduce the number of risks for children. D. A and C 37. Parents say government can do more to help parents by doing all of the following EXCEPT A. removing sales tax from items necessary for children like formula or diapers. B. requiring employers to give paid maternal and paternal leave. C. increasing tax rate on employers to provide benefits for parents. D. giving tax credits to businesses that allow flex time for employees. 38. Of the thirty-eight million immigrants in this country, about ____ percent are authorized to be here. A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70 39. Compared to children who do not have this gene, children who have the DRD4-7 repeat allele gene A. are more reactive to parents' insensitive parenting. B. are less likely to respond to changes in parents' sensitive parenting. C. show more compliant behavior when parents become more sensitive parents. D. A and C 40. British epidemiologists believe that countries with great income inequality create stress for their residents in all of the following ways EXCEPT A. residents are social and sensitive to status hierarchy. B. there is so much competition for resources. C. residents feel inferior to those with high status. D. residents feel they can not trust others in the hierarchy to help them.

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    41. Census data and survey data suggest that adults have about ____ hours per day of media exposure. A. 4 to 5 B. 6 to 7 C. 8 to 9 D. 10 to 11 42. Parents launch children on a positive trajectory of development when they A. are protective and vigilant concerning the child's progress. B. establish a secure attachment to their infant. C. let toddlers have complete freedom to explore. D. B and C 43. A Congressman is considering voting for a paid Family Medical Leave Act. A constituent writes that he must vote "Yes" for such a bill because (select the most accurate reason) A. The U.S. must maintain its leadership role among industrialized nations in providing benefits to families. B. The U.S. provides a rich array of services for children and families and requires this bill to have complete services for families. C. The U.S. is one of five or six countries in the industrialized world needing such a bill. D. U.S. parents are unaware of the importance of such leave. 44. School furniture specially designed to permit students more physical activity in class A. increases children's focus and attention. B. distracts students from doing their work. C. increases motor coordination and improvement in sports. D. A and C 45. David Lykken proposed instituting a parenting license because A. parents' impulsive behaviors threaten their children's long-term future. B. parents refuse to take parenting instructions, unless it is required. C. parents are demanding training and licensure. D. children are so changeable, parents must be carefully coached. 46. Jay Belsky believes that a major source of family stress is that society does not A. honor the goodness of children. B. honor the heroism of everyday parenting. C. honor the resources needed for parents. D. demand enough of parents. 47. Katherine Ellison believes motherhood improves all of the following abilities EXCEPT A. social skills. B. resiliency. C. memory. D. efficiency. 48. Judith Warner describes all of the following as examples of society's unrealistic expectations of parents EXCEPT A. being physically available to children at all times. B. being wholly responsible for children's feelings of well being. C. loving children. D. ensuring children's success in life. 49. When mothers going through divorce become more accepting with children A. children feel less anxious and less worried in middle school. B. children's behavior changes quickly in response to mothers' changes. C. children's behavior changes did not persist into adolescence. D. A and C

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    50. Researchers found that nine years after mothers attended a fourteen-week parenting program and learned to set fair and firm limits with boys, mothers A. had drifted back and become less consistent. B. had higher incomes, educational levels and occupational levels. C. were dealing with aggressive teens. D. A and C 51. Based on the results of The Rochester Longitudinal Study, a counselor wants to develop protective behaviors that lead to positive child outcomes. She encourages mothers to do all of the following EXCEPT A. voice fewer dissatisfactions to the child. B. give the child a critical analysis of their behavior. C. get positive support from friends. D. encourage children to think independently. 52. Joe Ehrmann believes misguided societal expectations for men include all the following EXCEPT A. viewing competition and winning as primary goals in life. B. expressing genuine feelings in relationships with others. C. financial success is main measure of success as a person. D. power and dominance are main aims of relationships. 53. Longitudinal studies tracking parenting practices and children's behaviors in three generations found A . each generation learned positive behaviors from the generation that preceded it so there was improvement in parenting over generations. B. negative parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another, but positive behaviors were not. C. positive parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another, but negative behaviors were not transmitted. D. both positive and negative parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another. 54. Parents who grew up with an alcoholic parent do not transmit alcoholic behavior to their children when they A. form common parenting goals with their spouse. B. engage in controlled drinking themselves. C. plan satisfying family activities and holiday rituals. D. A and C 55. In surveys, mothers and fathers report their children have changed them as individuals by making them aware of all of the following EXCEPT A. importance of protecting the environment. B. the wonder of creation and natural beauty. C. the responsibilities of being a parent. D. their own personality characteristics. 56. Briefly describe three ways that parenthood has positively changed Katherine Ellison.

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    57. Briefly describe four protective factors that led to positive outcomes in the Rochester Longitudinal Study. 58. Briefly describe three stresses Judith Warner experienced as a mother in contemporary society. 59. Briefly describe three stresses Joe Ehrmann believes society places on men in contemporary society. 60. Briefly describe what social scientists mean by the term "two-track childhood" and give two reasons why social scientists are concerned.

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    1 Key 1. In addition to providing food, shelter, and access to schooling, parents have additional responsibilities in providing for children such as (name two) ___________________________. providing access to medical care, providing immunizations before the age of 5, providing education on moral and legal behaviors Brooks - Chapter 01 #1 2. Society and the law view children as dependent and subject to parents' rules, and the law imposes penalties on children when _____________________________. children do not obey parents' reasonable rules Brooks - Chapter 01 #2 3. The rate of infant mortality in the United States is _______ and twice as high as that of _________. 6.1, Japan Brooks - Chapter 01 #3 4. Although a statistically rare event, the majority of parents worry very much that ____________________________________________. a crime like kidnapping will be committed against their child Brooks - Chapter 01 #4 5. The American public is in general agreement that the family change that provides most difficulty for parents, children and society is ________________________. single mothers having children without father involvement Brooks - Chapter 01 #5 6. The most positive views of parents' effectiveness are held by __________. children Brooks - Chapter 01 #6 7. Two countries on the world with very unequal distributions of family income are __________. Britain, Wales, and the United States Brooks - Chapter 01 #7 8. Besides tax credits to parents for children and free public education from ages five to eighteen, society provides children with __________________. no assistance unless the child is poor or disabled Brooks - Chapter 01 #8 9. __________ factors are those factors that are associated with positive outcomes for children. Protective Brooks - Chapter 01 #9 10. According to Dr. David Lykken, a parenting license would require parents to be over eighteen, married, employed, and __________. have no history of violent or aggressive behavior Brooks - Chapter 01 #10 11. Judith Rich Harris believes that __________ and peer group socialization determine adult personalities, not parents' behavior. genes Brooks - Chapter 01 #11 12. Currently, one in every __________ children in the U.S. lives in poverty. 5 Brooks - Chapter 01 #12 13. Parents from all ethnic groups describe __________ as the main reason for having children. love and emotional closeness with children Brooks - Chapter 01 #13

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    14. More than work or marriage, society describes __________ as a sign of maturity and adulthood. parenthood Brooks - Chapter 01 #14 15. It is the __________ of risk factors, rather than any particular one, that leads to poor outcomes for children. accumulation/number Brooks - Chapter 01 #15 16. Adults appear biologically preprogrammed to respond positively to babies. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 01 #16 17. Parents who were abused as children are likely to abuse their own children. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 01 #17 18. Except in the case of adoption, the biological father is the legal father. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 01 #18 19. The public blames parents more than schools or teachers for children's learning problems. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 01 #19 20. Income inequality in a country affects the life span of all people in the country, even those with the most resources and the best health care. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 01 #20 21. A child with many skills is able to withstand the risks of growing up in a disadvantaged living situation and function well in spite of them. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 01 #21 22. Survey data reveals that with multitasking children between the ages of eight and eighteen have total recreational media exposure of about ten hours and forty-five minutes per day, not including the time spent with cell phones and texting. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 01 #22 23. Only thirty percent of parents believe government and employers are doing enough to help parents. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 01 #23 24. A survey of parents' joys and problems reveals that parents experience all the responsibilities from the beginning, but the joys come later when children are teens and interact more equally with parents. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 01 #24 25. Young men and women of outstanding achievement are identified as having special abilities early in life and get outstanding teaching so parents have a minimal role in children's achievements. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 01 #25 26. Unwed biological fathers who do not live with mothers have no legal rights in regard to their newborns unless biological mothers agree. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 01 #26

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    27. Even those Americans who disapprove of the changes in family structures are optimistic about the future of marriage and the family. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 01 #27 28. Because it is hard for children when they have poor health, parents take special pleasure in children's being healthy. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 01 #28 29. The Rochester Longitudinal Study found no one single social change that could be made to eliminate environmental risks for children. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 01 #29 30. When parents are asked why they do not want children, they usually say it is because they have other interests they want to pursue not because they find children or parenting difficult. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 01 #30 31. Children and teens say that parents A. love and care for them. B. find it hard to balance work and family well. C. have enough energy to do things with them when they are home. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 01 #31 32. Put these four forms of family life in chronological order starting with the oldest: (A) multigenerational families, (B) nuclear families, (C) extended farm families, and (D) diverse families A. C, B, D, A B. C, B, A, D C. A, C, B, D D. A, C, D, B Brooks - Chapter 01 #32 33. Urie Bronfenbrenner and Pamela Morris believe a child need not be biologically related to parents or live in a two-parent family, but requires a caregiver who A. is healthy and employed. B. has a long-term love for and commitment to the child. C. receives emotional support from another adult. D. B and C Brooks - Chapter 01 #33 34. Those children living with neither biological parent are most often living with A. foster parents. B. grandparents. C. other family relatives. D. in institutions like group homes. Brooks - Chapter 01 #34 35. About _____ percent of children live with two biological or adoptive, married parents. A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70 Brooks - Chapter 01 #35

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    36. A councilwoman in Rochester seeks your advice because she has money to fund one social program to reduce environmental risks for children. She wants to know the one program that research suggests will reduce environmental risks for children. You tell her A. no one particular social change can reduce risks for children. B. cash payments to families will eliminate environmental risks for children. C. change must reduce the number of risks for children. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 01 #36 37. Parents say government can do more to help parents by doing all of the following EXCEPT A. removing sales tax from items necessary for children like formula or diapers. B. requiring employers to give paid maternal and paternal leave. C. increasing tax rate on employers to provide benefits for parents. D. giving tax credits to businesses that allow flex time for employees. Brooks - Chapter 01 #37 38. Of the thirty-eight million immigrants in this country, about ____ percent are authorized to be here. A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70 Brooks - Chapter 01 #38 39. Compared to children who do not have this gene, children who have the DRD4-7 repeat allele gene A. are more reactive to parents' insensitive parenting. B. are less likely to respond to changes in parents' sensitive parenting. C. show more compliant behavior when parents become more sensitive parents. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 01 #39 40. British epidemiologists believe that countries with great income inequality create stress for their residents in all of the following ways EXCEPT A. residents are social and sensitive to status hierarchy. B. there is so much competition for resources. C. residents feel inferior to those with high status. D. residents feel they can not trust others in the hierarchy to help them. Brooks - Chapter 01 #40 41. Census data and survey data suggest that adults have about ____ hours per day of media exposure. A. 4 to 5 B. 6 to 7 C. 8 to 9 D. 10 to 11 Brooks - Chapter 01 #41 42. Parents launch children on a positive trajectory of development when they A. are protective and vigilant concerning the child's progress. B. establish a secure attachment to their infant. C. let toddlers have complete freedom to explore. D. B and C Brooks - Chapter 01 #42

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    43. A Congressman is considering voting for a paid Family Medical Leave Act. A constituent writes that he must vote "Yes" for such a bill because (select the most accurate reason) A. The U.S. must maintain its leadership role among industrialized nations in providing benefits to families. B. The U.S. provides a rich array of services for children and families and requires this bill to have complete services for families. C. The U.S. is one of five or six countries in the industrialized world needing such a bill. D. U.S. parents are unaware of the importance of such leave. Brooks - Chapter 01 #43 44. School furniture specially designed to permit students more physical activity in class A. increases children's focus and attention. B. distracts students from doing their work. C. increases motor coordination and improvement in sports. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 01 #44 45. David Lykken proposed instituting a parenting license because A. parents' impulsive behaviors threaten their children's long-term future. B. parents refuse to take parenting instructions, unless it is required. C. parents are demanding training and licensure. D. children are so changeable, parents must be carefully coached. Brooks - Chapter 01 #45 46. Jay Belsky believes that a major source of family stress is that society does not A. honor the goodness of children. B. honor the heroism of everyday parenting. C. honor the resources needed for parents. D. demand enough of parents. Brooks - Chapter 01 #46 47. Katherine Ellison believes motherhood improves all of the following abilities EXCEPT A. social skills. B. resiliency. C. memory. D. efficiency. Brooks - Chapter 01 #47 48. Judith Warner describes all of the following as examples of society's unrealistic expectations of parents EXCEPT A. being physically available to children at all times. B. being wholly responsible for children's feelings of well being. C. loving children. D. ensuring children's success in life. Brooks - Chapter 01 #48 49. When mothers going through divorce become more accepting with children A. children feel less anxious and less worried in middle school. B. children's behavior changes quickly in response to mothers' changes. C. children's behavior changes did not persist into adolescence. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 01 #49 50. Researchers found that nine years after mothers attended a fourteen-week parenting program and learned to set fair and firm limits with boys, mothers A. had drifted back and become less consistent. B. had higher incomes, educational levels and occupational levels. C. were dealing with aggressive teens. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 01 #50

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    51. Based on the results of The Rochester Longitudinal Study, a counselor wants to develop protective behaviors that lead to positive child outcomes. She encourages mothers to do all of the following EXCEPT A. voice fewer dissatisfactions to the child. B. give the child a critical analysis of their behavior. C. get positive support from friends. D. encourage children to think independently. Brooks - Chapter 01 #51 52. Joe Ehrmann believes misguided societal expectations for men include all the following EXCEPT A. viewing competition and winning as primary goals in life. B. expressing genuine feelings in relationships with others. C. financial success is main measure of success as a person. D. power and dominance are main aims of relationships. Brooks - Chapter 01 #52 53. Longitudinal studies tracking parenting practices and children's behaviors in three generations found A . each generation learned positive behaviors from the generation that preceded it so there was improvement in parenting over generations. B. negative parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another, but positive behaviors were not. C. positive parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another, but negative behaviors were not transmitted. D. both positive and negative parenting behaviors were transmitted from one generation to another. Brooks - Chapter 01 #53 54. Parents who grew up with an alcoholic parent do not transmit alcoholic behavior to their children when they A. form common parenting goals with their spouse. B. engage in controlled drinking themselves. C. plan satisfying family activities and holiday rituals. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 01 #54 55. In surveys, mothers and fathers report their children have changed them as individuals by making them aware of all of the following EXCEPT A. importance of protecting the environment. B. the wonder of creation and natural beauty. C. the responsibilities of being a parent. D. their own personality characteristics. Brooks - Chapter 01 #55 56. Briefly describe three ways that parenthood has positively changed Katherine Ellison. Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 01 #56 57. Briefly describe four protective factors that led to positive outcomes in the Rochester Longitudinal Study. Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 01 #57

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    58. Briefly describe three stresses Judith Warner experienced as a mother in contemporary society. Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 01 #58 59. Briefly describe three stresses Joe Ehrmann believes society places on men in contemporary society. Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 01 #59 60. Briefly describe what social scientists mean by the term "two-track childhood" and give two reasons why social scientists are concerned. Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 01 #60

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    1 Summary Category # of Questions Brooks - Chapter 01 60

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    2 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Socialization is the process __________. ________________________________________ 2. William Cross identifies two aspects of identity: __________ and __________. ________________________________________ 3. Native Canadian communities that _______________ had a lower rate of suicides than Native Canadian communities that did not. ________________________________________ 4. Annette Lareau found that middle class parents see childhood as a period of __________ and working class and poor parents see it as a period of __________. ________________________________________ 5. Sandra Hofferth found that within both middle class and working class families, it was mother's __________ that determined what children did and how they spent their time. ________________________________________ 6. About 1 in __________ children in the United States live in immigrant families. ________________________________________ 7. The three main indicators determining parents' social status are _______________. ________________________________________ 8. The term __________ __________ describes the physical/social settings, the child-rearing practices, and the values of the family. ________________________________________ 9. The process of acculturation occurs in three stages: _________, _________, and ___________. ________________________________________ 10. When a person treats someone unfairly because of their nationality or ethnic group, we say they are practicing __________; when a person has negative feelings about someone because of their ethnic group, we say they are __________. ________________________________________ 11. Parents with the interdependent model of parent-child-relationships give frequent __________ to children. ________________________________________ 12. Parents with the independent model of parent-child relationships are likely to give frequent __________ to children ________________________________________ 13. ______________ was the strongest predictor of poor psychological and social adaptation in a large group of immigrant children. ________________________________________ 14. Give three ways in which families in Annette Lareau's study were alike regardless of their socioeconomic status. ________________________________________

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    15. Most ethnic groups like Latinos, Asian Americans, and Middle Eastern Americans are made up of people with a common geographical origin, history, and culture. True False 16. Follow-up studies of children attending an intensive two-year preschool program, the High Scope Perry Project, found that the effects of the program did not last. True False 17. Despite the hardships that African Americans have endured in this country, their current levels of self- esteem are as high as or higher than that of European Americans who have more advantages. True False 18. Social status affects verbal more than nonverbal forms of parent-child interactions. True False 19. Understanding the general characteristics of each ethnic group gives parent educators the information they need to help parents of that group. True False 20. Although parents living in poverty are more likely to be highly stressed and harsh in their parenting, their children feel as close to them as children in affluent feel to their parents. True False 21. From the ages of ten to fifteen, increases in teens' perceptions of perceived discrimination had little effect on early teens' moods. True False 22. Preschoolers are so involved in their own play activities, they do not pay attention to differences in peers' dress. True False 23. The interdependent model stresses that the child develops from an asocial infant into a socially responsible child. True False 24. People were more likely to change their self-designation of race from white to black if they had experienced poverty in the interim period. True False 25. In learning about cultural values, children absorb parents' values without thinking about them. True False 26. Japanese descendants of immigrants to a remote northern island resembled Americans on measures of cultural orientation more than they resembled Japanese from the mainland. True False 27. Alison Pugh found that for children, culturally valued possessions came to signify emotional connection, belonging, and being cared for. True False 28. A study of five thousand immigrant youth revealed that the largest group of youth sought to assimilate with the new culture. True False 29. Industrialization and urbanization encourage countries to hold more strongly to their interdependent values. True False

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    30. Developmental niche is a concept that describes all of the following EXCEPT A. settings children develop in. B. recommended childrearing practices. C. children's eating and sleeping habits. D. the historical time they live in. 31. Parents who follow the interdependent model do all of the following EXCEPT A. give frequent commands to the child. B. teach values of respect and obedience. C. encourage child's questions. D. keep the child physically close. 32. Parents who follow the independent model do all the following EXCEPT A. teach obligations to parents. B. give children frequent praise. C. teach children to negotiate. D. use verbal communication with children. 33. In comparison to American mothers, Italian mothers of toddlers are more likely to focus on A. eating meals with the family. B. safety rules for exploration. C. sleeping alone. D. A and C 34. According to Cynthia Garcia Coll and Laura Szalacha, outsider status (minority group and immigrant status families) trigger a series of processes in which outsider status triggers A. discrimination that leads to inadequate resources and inhibits children's development. B. families' discouragement and inability to take advantage of community resources. C. children's unwillingness to achieve at school. D. families' rebellion against dominant cultural values 35. Neighborhoods can promote immigrant children's development by doing all of the following EXCEPT A. providing libraries and community centers. B. encouraging families to give up their values and adopt values of new culture. C. offering after school care. D. offering vacation care 36. A review of studies of self-esteem of ethnic groups finds that self-esteem of members of ethnic groups increases when A. groups get positive messages about their group from their communities. B. group has few members and is considered special. C. political movements highlight the group's positive contributions. D. A and C 37. The differences in self-esteem measures among ethnic groups A. are smallest in childhood. B. decrease in the teen years. C. are smallest in adulthood. D. show no relationship with age. 38. In an in-home language study, toddlers of professional, working, and welfare parents A. all experienced quality interactions with parents. B. heard equal amounts of language directed to them. C. heard equal numbers of positive comments directed to them. D. heard equal numbers of negative comments directed to them.

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    39. Parent educators are most likely to be helpful to parents with different values when A. they give parents a formal, structured program to follow. B. they ask questions about parents' goals and expectations in child-rearing. C. they teach them new values. D. A and C 40. Compared to those children who have never been poor, children who were chronically poor from birth to age nine, experienced a lower quality of parental care reflected in A. less sensitive caregivers. B. less stimulating homes. C. more depressed caregivers. D. all of the above 41. In poor and affluent families alike, children's school competence is predicted by A. amount of money family has. B. quality of school. C. closeness to parents. D. amount of day care. 42. Studies of children's feelings of perceived discrimination in early adolescence found that A. both boys and girls who perceived discrimination increased in depressive feelings. B. girls who perceived discrimination increased in depression but boys did not. C.effects of perceived discrimination decreased but did not disappear when children had warm relationships with parents and peers. D. A and C 43. In her study of ethnic and social status differences in family life, Annette Lareau used the term concerted cultivation to refer to parents' actions A. to let children take all the time they need to grow. B. of letting children hang out in activities with relatives and friends. C. to actively stimulate and foster children's talents and opinions. D. A and B 44. Follow-up studies of children in the High Scope Perry project, an intensive two-year preschool program showed benefits in A. greater school achievement. B. greater employment and economic success. C. greater social control in behavior. D. all of the above 45. In looking at ethnic and social status differences in child rearing, Annette Lareau used the term accomplishment of natural growth to refer to parents' efforts to A. give children as happy a childhood as possible with much free play time. B. stimulate children's maximal growth. C. avoid directives to children. D. A and C 46. Cynthia Garcia Cole and Laura Szalacha identify all of the following as protective factors for outsider families EXCEPT A. strong ethnic pride. B. loose, flexible family cohesion. C. strong sense of family obligation. D. high value on education.

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    47. Studying patterns of consumption among low-income and high-income families, Alison Pugh found all of the following EXCEPT A. low-income parents used symbolic deprivation, giving only what they could afford. B. upper-income families limited children's consumption to prevent their becoming materialistic in their values. C . upper-income families spent money not on possessions but on activities like lessons and schooling that developed new skills and competence. D . upper-income African American families exposed their children to situations in which they would be the only African American so they could cope with being "the only one." 48. Poverty status brings with it a cascade of problems that include all of the following EXCEPT A. poorer physical health. B. lack of parental love. C. greater family instability. D. poorer quality schools. 49. When African American and European American seventh graders wrote five essays on either a neutral topic (control group) or a personal value of importance (experimental group), examination of their grades at the end of eighth revealed that the benefits of writing essays were greatest for A. European American students who wrote on topics of personal importance. B. African American students who wrote on topics of personal importance. C. European American students who wrote on neutral topics. D. African American students who wrote on neutral topics. 50. African American mothers who reported the experience of discrimination reported all of the following when followed for two years EXCEPT A. increased physical problems. B. increased depression. C. increased hopelessness about children's problems. D. increase in harsh parenting. 51. Classroom programs that decrease exclusion and discrimination focus on: A. educating children that it is unfair to exclude others. B. teaching children to solve their own problems when excluded. C. teaching children to ignore group differences. D. A and C 52. Sesame Street has developed programs for preschoolers that increase appreciation for other cultural groups in countries around the world in all the following ways EXCEPT A. teaching respect for all groups. B. using adult stories to illustrate the points. C. emphasizing inclusion of all groups. D. promoting awareness of cultural groups in the country. 53. Better Beginnings, Better Futures is a Canadian program for low-income communities that A. was designed in the capital and made available for three different communities. B. was cost effective by the time children were 20. C. made changes in academic performance. D. B and C 54. Melvin Konner believes there are four general ways to socialize individuals to their culture including: A. cognitive enculturation. B. empathic enculturation. C. linear enculturation. D. active enculturation.

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    55. Describe four characteristics of the Better Beginnings Better Futures program in Canada and two results of the program. 56. Briefly describe the conflicts parent educator Tammy Mann feels when she is drawn to the values of the interdependent cultural model, though many experts advise the behaviors of the independent cultural model. Describe two ways parent educators can respond to parents with different values to best help them? 57. Describe three ways in which the independent model influences family life and parent-child relationships in families and three ways in which the interdependent model influences family life and parent-child relationships in families. 58. Describe three characterizations of each of Annette Lareau's child rearing approaches termed Concerted Cultivation and Accomplishment of Natural Growth. 59. Describe four ways cultural values are transmitted from one generation to another and give one example of each way.

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    2 Key 1. Socialization is the process __________. is the process by which individuals learn the skills necessary for life in the group they belong to Brooks - Chapter 02 #1 2. William Cross identifies two aspects of identity: __________ and __________. personal identity and Reference Group Orientation Brooks - Chapter 02 #2 3. Native Canadian communities that _______________ had a lower rate of suicides than Native Canadian communities that did not. preserved a sense of cultural continuity between their past, present, and future Brooks - Chapter 02 #3 4. Annette Lareau found that middle class parents see childhood as a period of __________ and working class and poor parents see it as a period of __________. preparation for adulthood; pleasure Brooks - Chapter 02 #4 5. Sandra Hofferth found that within both middle class and working class families, it was mother's __________ that determined what children did and how they spent their time. education Brooks - Chapter 02 #5 6. About 1 in __________ children in the United States live in immigrant families. 4 Brooks - Chapter 02 #6 7. The three main indicators determining parents' social status are _______________. income, educational level, and occupational level Brooks - Chapter 02 #7 8. The term __________ __________ describes the physical/social settings, the child-rearing practices, and the values of the family. developmental niche Brooks - Chapter 02 #8 9. The process of acculturation occurs in three stages: _________, _________, and ___________. idealization; disillusionment; and realistic acceptance Brooks - Chapter 02 #9 10. When a person treats someone unfairly because of their nationality or ethnic group, we say they are practicing __________; when a person has negative feelings about someone because of their ethnic group, we say they are __________. discrimination; prejudiced Brooks - Chapter 02 #10 11. Parents with the interdependent model of parent-child-relationships give frequent __________ to children. directives or commands Brooks - Chapter 02 #11 12. Parents with the independent model of parent-child relationships are likely to give frequent __________ to children praise or questions Brooks - Chapter 02 #12 13. ______________ was the strongest predictor of poor psychological and social adaptation in a large group of immigrant children. experience of discrimination Brooks - Chapter 02 #13

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    14. Give three ways in which families in Annette Lareau's study were alike regardless of their socioeconomic status. Any three of the 9 similarities listed on page 5990 Brooks - Chapter 02 #14 15. Most ethnic groups like Latinos, Asian Americans, and Middle Eastern Americans are made up of people with a common geographical origin, history, and culture. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 02 #15 16. Follow-up studies of children attending an intensive two-year preschool program, the High Scope Perry Project, found that the effects of the program did not last. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 02 #16 17. Despite the hardships that African Americans have endured in this country, their current levels of self- esteem are as high as or higher than that of European Americans who have more advantages. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 02 #17 18. Social status affects verbal more than nonverbal forms of parent-child interactions. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 02 #18 19. Understanding the general characteristics of each ethnic group gives parent educators the information they need to help parents of that group. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 02 #19 20. Although parents living in poverty are more likely to be highly stressed and harsh in their parenting, their children feel as close to them as children in affluent feel to their parents. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 02 #20 21. From the ages of ten to fifteen, increases in teens' perceptions of perceived discrimination had little effect on early teens' moods. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 02 #21 22. Preschoolers are so involved in their own play activities, they do not pay attention to differences in peers' dress. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 02 #22 23. The interdependent model stresses that the child develops from an asocial infant into a socially responsible child. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 02 #23 24. People were more likely to change their self-designation of race from white to black if they had experienced poverty in the interim period. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 02 #24 25. In learning about cultural values, children absorb parents' values without thinking about them. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 02 #25 26. Japanese descendants of immigrants to a remote northern island resembled Americans on measures of cultural orientation more than they resembled Japanese from the mainland. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 02 #26

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    27. Alison Pugh found that for children, culturally valued possessions came to signify emotional connection, belonging, and being cared for. TRUE Brooks - Chapter 02 #27 28. A study of five thousand immigrant youth revealed that the largest group of youth sought to assimilate with the new culture. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 02 #28 29. Industrialization and urbanization encourage countries to hold more strongly to their interdependent values. FALSE Brooks - Chapter 02 #29 30. Developmental niche is a concept that describes all of the following EXCEPT A. settings children develop in. B. recommended childrearing practices. C. children's eating and sleeping habits. D. the historical time they live in. Brooks - Chapter 02 #30 31. Parents who follow the interdependent model do all of the following EXCEPT A. give frequent commands to the child. B. teach values of respect and obedience. C. encourage child's questions. D. keep the child physically close. Brooks - Chapter 02 #31 32. Parents who follow the independent model do all the following EXCEPT A. teach obligations to parents. B. give children frequent praise. C. teach children to negotiate. D. use verbal communication with children. Brooks - Chapter 02 #32 33. In comparison to American mothers, Italian mothers of toddlers are more likely to focus on A. eating meals with the family. B. safety rules for exploration. C. sleeping alone. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 02 #33 34. According to Cynthia Garcia Coll and Laura Szalacha, outsider status (minority group and immigrant status families) trigger a series of processes in which outsider status triggers A. discrimination that leads to inadequate resources and inhibits children's development. B. families' discouragement and inability to take advantage of community resources. C. children's unwillingness to achieve at school. D. families' rebellion against dominant cultural values Brooks - Chapter 02 #34 35. Neighborhoods can promote immigrant children's development by doing all of the following EXCEPT A. providing libraries and community centers. B. encouraging families to give up their values and adopt values of new culture. C. offering after school care. D. offering vacation care Brooks - Chapter 02 #35

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    36. A review of studies of self-esteem of ethnic groups finds that self-esteem of members of ethnic groups increases when A. groups get positive messages about their group from their communities. B. group has few members and is considered special. C. political movements highlight the group's positive contributions. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 02 #36 37. The differences in self-esteem measures among ethnic groups A. are smallest in childhood. B. decrease in the teen years. C. are smallest in adulthood. D. show no relationship with age. Brooks - Chapter 02 #37 38. In an in-home language study, toddlers of professional, working, and welfare parents A. all experienced quality interactions with parents. B. heard equal amounts of language directed to them. C. heard equal numbers of positive comments directed to them. D. heard equal numbers of negative comments directed to them. Brooks - Chapter 02 #38 39. Parent educators are most likely to be helpful to parents with different values when A. they give parents a formal, structured program to follow. B. they ask questions about parents' goals and expectations in child-rearing. C. they teach them new values. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 02 #39 40. Compared to those children who have never been poor, children who were chronically poor from birth to age nine, experienced a lower quality of parental care reflected in A. less sensitive caregivers. B. less stimulating homes. C. more depressed caregivers. D. all of the above Brooks - Chapter 02 #40 41. In poor and affluent families alike, children's school competence is predicted by A. amount of money family has. B. quality of school. C. closeness to parents. D. amount of day care. Brooks - Chapter 02 #41 42. Studies of children's feelings of perceived discrimination in early adolescence found that A. both boys and girls who perceived discrimination increased in depressive feelings. B. girls who perceived discrimination increased in depression but boys did not. C. effects of perceived discrimination decreased but did not disappear when children had warm relationships with parents and peers. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 02 #42 43. In her study of ethnic and social status differences in family life, Annette Lareau used the term concerted cultivation to refer to parents' actions A. to let children take all the time they need to grow. B. of letting children hang out in activities with relatives and friends. C. to actively stimulate and foster children's talents and opinions. D. A and B Brooks - Chapter 02 #43

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    44. Follow-up studies of children in the High Scope Perry project, an intensive two-year preschool program showed benefits in A. greater school achievement. B. greater employment and economic success. C. greater social control in behavior. D. all of the above Brooks - Chapter 02 #44 45. In looking at ethnic and social status differences in child rearing, Annette Lareau used the term accomplishment of natural growth to refer to parents' efforts to A. give children as happy a childhood as possible with much free play time. B. stimulate children's maximal growth. C. avoid directives to children. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 02 #45 46. Cynthia Garcia Cole and Laura Szalacha identify all of the following as protective factors for outsider families EXCEPT A. strong ethnic pride. B. loose, flexible family cohesion. C. strong sense of family obligation. D. high value on education. Brooks - Chapter 02 #46 47. Studying patterns of consumption among low-income and high-income families, Alison Pugh found all of the following EXCEPT A. low-income parents used symbolic deprivation, giving only what they could afford. B. upper-income families limited children's consumption to prevent their becoming materialistic in their values. C . upper-income families spent money not on possessions but on activities like lessons and schooling that developed new skills and competence. D . upper-income African American families exposed their children to situations in which they would be the only African American so they could cope with being "the only one." Brooks - Chapter 02 #47 48. Poverty status brings with it a cascade of problems that include all of the following EXCEPT A. poorer physical health. B. lack of parental love. C. greater family instability. D. poorer quality schools. Brooks - Chapter 02 #48 49. When African American and European American seventh graders wrote five essays on either a neutral topic (control group) or a personal value of importance (experimental group), examination of their grades at the end of eighth revealed that the benefits of writing essays were greatest for A. European American students who wrote on topics of personal importance. B. African American students who wrote on topics of personal importance. C. European American students who wrote on neutral topics. D. African American students who wrote on neutral topics. Brooks - Chapter 02 #49 50. African American mothers who reported the experience of discrimination reported all of the following when followed for two years EXCEPT A. increased physical problems. B. increased depression. C. increased hopelessness about children's problems. D. increase in harsh parenting. Brooks - Chapter 02 #50

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    51. Classroom programs that decrease exclusion and discrimination focus on: A. educating children that it is unfair to exclude others. B. teaching children to solve their own problems when excluded. C. teaching children to ignore group differences. D. A and C Brooks - Chapter 02 #51 52. Sesame Street has developed programs for preschoolers that increase appreciation for other cultural groups in countries around the world in all the following ways EXCEPT A. teaching respect for all groups. B. using adult stories to illustrate the points. C. emphasizing inclusion of all groups. D. promoting awareness of cultural groups in the country. Brooks - Chapter 02 #52 53. Better Beginnings, Better Futures is a Canadian program for low-income communities that A. was designed in the capital and made available for three different communities. B. was cost effective by the time children were 20. C. made changes in academic performance. D. B and C Brooks - Chapter 02 #53 54. Melvin Konner believes there are four general ways to socialize individuals to their culture including: A. cognitive enculturation. B. empathic enculturation. C. linear enculturation. D. active enculturation. Brooks - Chapter 02 #54 55. Describe four characteristics of the Better Beginnings Better Futures program in Canada and two results of the program. Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 02 #55 56. Briefly describe the conflicts parent educator Tammy Mann feels when she is drawn to the values of the interdependent cultural model, though many experts advise the behaviors of the independent cultural model. Describe two ways parent educators can respond to parents with different values to best help them? Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 02 #56 57. Describe three ways in which the independent model influences family life and parent-child relationships in families and three ways in which the interdependent model influences family life and parent-child relationships in families. Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 02 #57 58. Describe three characterizations of each of Annette Lareau's child rearing approaches termed Concerted Cultivation and Accomplishment of Natural Growth. Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 02 #58

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    59. Describe four ways cultural values are transmitted from one generation to another and give one example of each way. Answer will vary Brooks - Chapter 02 #59

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    2 Summary Category # of Questions Brooks - Chapter 02 59

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    3 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Three strengths Erikson believed are developed when the balance of experiences in childhood is on the positive side are _____________________. ________________________________________ 2. The mapping of the genome revealed __________ genes than anticipated. ________________________________________ 3. According to Piaget, infants in the first two years of life are in the __________ of development. ________________________________________ 4. Vygotsky emphasizes ___________________________________. ________________________________________ 5. In the prenatal period, almost all the neurons we have are formed, but many of the __________ are formed after birth. ________________________________________ 6. __________ neurons in several areas of the brain serve many functions including helping us to understand other people. ________________________________________ 7. Infants and children differ not in whether __________ takes place with parents but in the nature and quality that depends on parents' behavior. ________________________________________ 8. Diana Baumrind termed parents who __________ as authoritative parents. ________________________________________ 9. The overabundance of synapses in the brain leads to __________ of the least used connections. ________________________________________ 10. When using media, upper-income parents tend to use ________, and lower-income parents _________________. ________________________________________ 11. The neuroendocrine hormone __________ regulates our daily pattern of arousal, alertness, and attention. ________________________________________ 12. At birth the hormone _________ encourages mother-infant bonding. ________________________________________ 13. A main aim of the Video-Feedback Intervention Positive Parenting Program is to increase parents' __________. ________________________________________ 14. When parents were asked about the major influences on their parenting, they reported they were: the way they were raised, extended family members, pediatricians, and ___________________________. ________________________________________ 15. Parents find it difficult to relate to their children in a consistent, supportive way when their own parents related to them in unpredictable, and frustrating ways because of ____________. ________________________________________

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    16. Authoritative parents employ firm control in an arbitrary way that does not take account of the child's individuality. True False 17. In Diana Baumrind's study, the children of permissive parents were the least independent and self- controlled. True False 18. The term "attachment" refers to all aspects of the parent-child relationship. True False 19. The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans recognized stages of children's development.. True False 20. Children will imitate a hostile, rejecting figure if no warm model is available for imitation. True False 21. Peter Huttenlocher believes optimal cortical development in children requires early stimulation and an enriched environment because early learning is hard-wired. True False 22. Freud viewed children as pleasure-seeking creatures who had to tame their impulses to meet parents' and society's demands. True False 23. Continuing high levels of cortisol are related children's flexible problem-solving. True False 24. Children's Executive Function skills begin to develop in the toddler years so parents can begin to interact with children to develop them. True False 25. With the exception of physical punishment, the effects of parenting strategies depend on the child's temperamental qualities. True False 26. The role of language in intellectual growth is ignored in theories of development. True False 27. Sleep patterns play a role in the development of children's Executive Function skills. True False 28. There has been little continuity in parenting practices across centuries because living conditions have changed so much. True False 29. The mapping of the genome revealed that though there are fewer genes than thought, each gene is more versatile, responding to messages from other cells and the environment. True False 30. Parenting groups that help married and unmarried parents talk about their feelings for each other have long-lasting benefits on the couple relationship but do not impact their child's development. True False 31. A mother of a six-year-old complains her son is not doing well in first grade because he is not getting enough recess and play time. Based on your knowledge, you tell her A. developmentally he is old enough to sit in the classroom and does not need recess. B. she just has to accept that boys are more active and have more trouble in school. C. that her son would probably concentrate better and work more effectively if he had scheduled recesses throughout the day. D. that her son is immature for his age and needs to return to kindergarten.

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