The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change Second Edition Test Bank

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Instructor Exam Multiple Choice QuestionsChapter 11.Who proposed that attitudes are mental associations between an attitude object andevaluations of the object?(a)Alice Eagly(b)Richard Petty(c)Shelley Chaiken(d)*Russell Fazio2.In the 1960s, attituderesearch was stimulated by the rise of which perspective insocial psychology?(a)Gestaltism(b)*Social cognition(c)Social attribution(d)Interactionism3.In theory, how does Evaluative Priming workas a measure of attitude?(a)*Presentation of an attitude object automatically activates an evaluation ofit, making people faster to identify congruent adjectives over incongruentones(b)Presentation of the attitude object automatically activates extrapersonalassociations with the object, improving attention to relevant words(c)Presentation of the attitude object across trials improves memoryperformance for wordsthat share the same connotation(d)Presentation of the attitude object across trials improves attention to wordsthat share the same connotation4.Fazio et al.’s (1995) Evaluative Priming paradigm and Payne’s (2001, 2006) WeaponsBias paradigm share which common feature?(a)*The presentation of White or Black faces prior to a response(b)The measurement of attitude(c)The measurement of stereotypes(d)Thepresentation of White or Black names prior to a response5.Greenwald et al.’s (1998) “IAT” is an acronym forthe:(a)Indirect Attitude Test(b)*Implicit Association Test(c)Implicit Attitude Test(d)Indirect Association Test6.Why are explicit measures of attitude useful?(a)*They oftenpredict judgments and behaviour(b)They allow for effects of cognitivedevelopment(c)They are uncorrelated with implicit measures(d)They are correlated with implicit measures

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7.Why are implicit measures of attitude useful?(a)They are affected bycontext(b)*Theycanaccount for variance in behaviour that is notexplained by explicitmeasures(c)Theyare invulnerableto impression management biases(d)They are morereliable than explicit measures8.Samantha wants to look at attitudes toward pornography using an implicit measure.Shebelievesthat people will have negative associations based on the stigmaassociated with pornography, but may have positive attitudes themselves because ofits erotic nature. Which implicit measure should she use to tap these positiveattitudes?(a)The IAT(b)The AMP(c)The Single Category IAT(d)*The Personalized IAT9.Which of the following are physiological techniques that have been used to studyattitudes?(a)Facial Electromyography (Facial EMG)(b)Galvanic Skin Response(c)Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)(d)*All of the above10.Why is pupillary dilation in the eye NOT a useful measure of attitude?(a)Pupils react too slowly to stimuli(b)Pupils react too quickly to stimuli(c)*Pupils dilatefor liked and disliked objects(d)Pupils constrict for liked objects11.The reliability of measures of attitude is high when:(a)they predict measures of behaviour(b)they reveal differences between people that are stable over time(c)the components of themeasure (e.g., different items) are significantlycorrelated(d)*b and c12.The validity of measures of attitude is high when:(a)*they are related to other measures of the same construct(b)they are unrelated to measures of ideology(c)they are unrelated to measures of personality(d)a and c

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Instructor Exam Multiple Choice QuestionsChapter 21.The “three witches of attitude” are:(a)cognition, affect, and behaviour(b)content, affect, and behaviour(c)*content, structure, and function(d)cognition, affect, and function2.A measure of thecognitive component of attitudes toward nuclear power mightask people to rate the extent to which it is:(a)*harmful versus beneficial(b)acceptable versus disgusting(c)bad versus good(d)awful versus nice3.Measures ofthe components of attitude have focused more on:(a)cognition and behaviour than emotion(b)emotion than behaviour than cognition(c)*cognition and emotion than behaviour(d)none of the above4.A measure of the emotional component of attitudes toward nuclear power mightask people to rate the extent towhich it is:(a)unimportant versus important(b)*sad versus delightful(c)useless versus useful(d)foolish versus wise5.Open-ended measures of attitude components possess which of the followinglimitations most strongly, compared to other measures of attitude components?(a)*They rely on participants’ ability to free recall and articulate theirresponses(b)They rely on participants’ ability to guess their overall attitude(c)They rely on participants’ motivation to contemplate their behaviour(d)They require a large amount of timeto complete6.The bidimensional perspective on attitudes is mostINCONSISTENTwith whichof these findings?(a)A null correlation between ratings of positivity and ratings of negativity

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(b)A weak positive correlation between ratings of positivity andratings ofnegativity(c)A weak negative correlation between ratings of positivity and ratings ofnegativity(d)*A strong negative correlation between ratings of positivity and ratings ofnegativity7.Which of the followingwould be the WORSTformula for the calculation ofpotential ambivalence, where P isthe amount ofpositive valence and N istheamount of negative valence?(a)P + N(b)*P-N(c)P + N-32(d)P*N8.Ralph admires feminists but feels threatened by them at the same time.According to research described in your text, how might this combination affectRalph’s judgments and behaviour?(a)The feelings of threat will dominate, causing negative evaluations offeminists he encounters(b)The admiration of feminists will dominate, causing positive evaluations offeminists he encounters(c)The admiration and feelings of threat will cancel each other out, causingneutral evaluations of feminists he encounters(d)*He will show polarized reactions to the feminists he encounters,depending on whether their behaviour taps his admiration or feelings ofthreat9.Snyder and DeBono (1985) found that:(a)*high self-monitors are more persuaded by messages that appeal to imagethan are low self-monitors(b)high self-monitors are more persuaded by messages that appeal to qualitythan are low self-monitors(c)high self-monitors are more persuaded by messages that appeal to bothimage and quality than are low self-monitors(d)high self-monitors are more likely to hold value-expressive attitudes thanare low self-monitors10.Which ofthe following is the most general and pervasive function of attitudes?(a)The ego-defensive function(b)*The object-appraisal function(c)The value-expressive function(d)The social-adjustive function

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11.Strong attitudes are more likely to:(a)be unstable over time(b)elicit strong feelings about a topic(c)*resist change from persuasive messages(d)a and c12.Attitude strength is an important variable in which of the following debates?(a)The superiority of implicit vs explicit measures of attitude(b)Attitudes as spontaneous feelings vs attitudes as deliberative cognitions(c)*Attitudes as temporary constructions vs attitudes as evaluations frommemory(d)The superiority of open-ended vs closed-ended measures of attitude

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Instructor Exam Multiple Choice QuestionsChapter 31.Research on selective attention has found that:(a)people are more likely to encounter information that supports theirattitudes, but they do not seek this information out(b)people pay more attention toinformation that supports their attitude,but only when they are high in self-monitoring(c)people always seek out information that supports their attitude(d)*people pay more attention to information that supports their attitudewhen the opposing information does not seemhighly useful and non-refutable2.Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985) found thatparticipants with:(a)ambivalent attitudes toward conflicts in theMiddle East avoided neutralmedia stories about Israel and Palestine(b)pro-Israeli attitudes perceived neutral media stories as beingsympathetic to Israel(c)pro-Palestinian attitudes perceived neutral media stories as beinghostile to Israel(d)*pro-Israeli attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being biased infavour of Palestinians3.The congeniality effect isthe theoretical tendency to:(a)interpret neutral information as supportive of your own attitude(b)pay more attention to information that refutes your own attitude(c)*better remember information that supports your attitude(d)see information that supports your attitude as being more valid4.“Attitudes are more likely to bias encoding and interpretation when theattitudes are easy to retrieve from memory.”Thishypothesisis corroborated bywhich of the following studies?(a)*Houston and Fazio (1989)(b)Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985)(c)Hastorf and Cantril (1954)(d)none of the above5.According to Ajzen and Fishbein (1977), measures of attitude and behaviourshould correspond in these aspects:(a)target, emotion, cognition, and behaviour(b)content, structure, and function(c)*target, action, context, and time(d)content, reliability, and validity

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6.Which of the following statements is a valid criticism of Wicker’s (1969)pessimistic conclusions about attitude-behavior relations?(a)Wicker onlylooked at 20 studies(b)*Many of the studieshe reviewedcontainedimprecisemeasures ofattitudeandbehaviour(c)Wicker obtained an average correlation (r = .35) that was stronger thanhe labelled it(d)a and b7.Kraus (1995) found that attitude-behavior correlations are stronger for votingbehaviour than for blood donations. Which of the following interpretations ofthis result are best supported by the available evidence?(a)* Value-expressive attitudes are strongpredictors of relevant action(b)Emotion-based attitudes areweaker predictors of behaviour(c)Ambivalence toward politicians increasesattitude-votingcorrespondence(d)Attitudes toward politicians are higher in direct experience thanattitudes toward blood donation8.Cooke and Sheeran (2004) found that attitude accessibility and directexperience with an attitude object increase the magnitude of attitude-behaviorcorrelations. This finding, among others, led them to which of the conclusionsbelow?(a)Accessibility and direct experience are interchangeable constructs(b)The effect of direct experience on attitude-behavior relations is mediatedby the effects of direct experience on attitude accessibility(c)*Attitude strength is an important moderatorof attitude-behaviorrelations(d)Attitude accessibility is one of many consequences of direct experiencewith an attitude object9.Kraus (1995) observed that correlations between attitudes and behavior are:(a)higher among college students than non-students(b)*lower among college students than non-students(c)low among collegestudents and non-students(d)very high among college students and non-students10.The RIM model may help to explainwhy implicit measures of attitude:(a)differ in reliability(b)differ in validity

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(c)are weaker predictors of behaviour than are explicit measures ofattitude(d)*are better predictors of spontaneous behaviour than of deliberatebehaviour11.A police department is interested in detecting prejudice in new recruits byexamining their non-verbal behaviour toward ethnic suspects. The departmentwants to knowwhether this behaviour is actually linked to attitudes. Whichmeasure do you suggest they use?(a)Semantic-differential scales(b)Likeart scales(c)*ApersonalizedRace IAT(d)An open-ended measure of attitude components12.Timhas a strongnegative attitude towardnuclear power; Sarah dislikes nuclearpower too, but has a much weaker attitude. One day, both get asked todonate toa campaign against nuclear power. AccordingHolland, Verplanken, and Ad vanKnippenberg (2002),what should be the effect of thisbehavior?(a)*Tim’s behaviour won’t changehis attitude, while Sarah’sattitudewilldepend on how much she donates(b)Timand Sarah will both change their attitudes to be consistent with theamount that they donate, in order to reduce dissonance(c)Timwill base his donations on his prior attitude, while Sarah will notdonate and will thereforebecome more negativetoward nuclear power(d)Tim and Sarah will both maintain their prior attitudes, because negativeattitudes resistchange even when they are weak

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Instructor Exam Multiple Choice QuestionsChapter 41.A key difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory ofPlanned Behavior is:(a)the role of planning inadvanceof behaviour(b)*the role of perceived behavioural control(c)the role ofbehavioural intentions(d)the role of subjective norms2.According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, attitudes are a function of:(a)*expectancies and values(b)subjective norms and traits(c)subjectivenorms and identity(d)subjective norms and expectancies3.Armitage and Conner’s (2001) meta-analysis of 185 studiesfound strongsupport for which model below?(a)Theory of Reasoned Action(b)*Theory of Planned Behaviour(c)Composite Model(d)MODE Model4.Which statement below describes the findings ofLawton, Conner, and Parker(2007)?(a)Beliefs about negative outcomes from a behaviour almost always predictthe behaviour more than do beliefs about positive outcomes(b)Beliefs about negative outcomes from a behaviour almost always predictthe behaviour less than do beliefs about positive outcomes(c)*Some behaviours are more strongly predicted by beliefs about negativeoutcomes than by beliefs about positive outcomes, while otherbehaviours are less strongly predicted by beliefs about negativeoutcomes than by beliefs about positive outcomes(d)Beliefs about negative outcomes are most important in predicting themaintenance of behaviour, but beliefs about positive outcomes are mostimportant in the initiation of behaviour5.Evidence suggests that the Theory of Planned Behaviour could be improved bythe consideration of:(a)habits(b)anticipated negative self-conscious emotion

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