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The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change Second Edition Test Bank

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    Instructor Exam Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 1 1. Who proposed that attitudes are mental associations between an attitude object and evaluations of the object? (a) Alice Eagly (b) Richard Petty (c) Shelley Chaiken (d) * Russell Fazio 2. In the 1960s, attitude research was stimulated by the rise of which perspective in social psychology? (a) Gestaltism (b) * Social cognition (c) Social attribution (d) Interactionism 3. In theory, how does Evaluative P riming work as a measure of attitude ? (a) * Presentation of an attitude object automatically activates an evaluation of it, making people faster to identify congruent a djectives over incongruent ones (b) Presentation of the attitude object automatically activates extrapersonal associations with the object, improving attent ion to relevant words (c) Presentation of the attitude object across trials improves memory performance for words that share the same connotation (d) Presentation of the attitude object across trials improves attention to words that share the same connotation 4. Fazio et al.’s (1995) Evaluative Priming paradigm and Payne’s (2001, 2006) Weapons Bias paradigm share which common feature? (a) * The presentation of White or Black faces prior to a response (b) The measurement of attitude (c) The measurement of stereotypes (d) The presentation of White or Black names prior to a response 5. Greenwald et al.’s (1998) “IAT” is an acronym for the : (a) Indirect Attitude Test (b) * Implicit Association Test (c) Implicit Attitude Test (d) Indirect Association Test 6. Why are explicit measures of attitude useful? (a) * They often predict judgments and behaviour (b) They allow for effects of c ognitive development (c) They are unco rrelated with implicit measures (d) They are co rrelated with implicit measures

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    7. Why are implicit measures of attitude useful? (a) They are affected by context (b) * They can account for variance in behaviour that is not explained by explicit measures (c) They are invulnerable to impression management biases (d) They are more reliable than explicit measures 8. Samantha wants to look at attitudes toward pornography using an implicit measure. She believes that people will have negative associations based on the stigma associated with pornography, but may have positive attitudes themselves because of its erotic nature. Which implicit measure should she use to tap these positive attitudes? (a) The IAT (b) The AMP (c) The Single Category IAT (d) * The Personalized IAT 9. Which of the following are physiological techniques that have been used to study attitudes? (a) Facial Electromyography (Facial EMG) (b) Galvanic Skin Response (c) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (d) * All of the above 10. Why is pupillary dilation in the eye NOT a useful measure of attitude? (a) Pup ils react too slowly to stimuli (b) Pupi ls react too quickly to stimuli (c) * Pupils dilate for liked and disliked objects (d) Pup ils constrict for liked objects 11. The reliability of measures of attitude is high when : (a) they predict measures of behaviour (b) they reveal differences between people that are stable over time (c) the components of the measure (e.g., different items) are significantly c orrelated (d) * b and c 12. The validity of measures of attitude is high when : (a) * they are related to other measures of the same construct (b) they are unrelated to measures of ideology (c) they are unrelated to measures of personality (d) a and c

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    Instructor Exam Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 2 1. The “three witches of attitude” are: (a) c ognition, affect, and behaviour (b) c ontent, affect, and behaviour (c) * c ontent, structure, and function (d) c ognition, affect, and function 2. A measure of the cognitive component of attitudes toward nuclear power might ask people to rate the extent to which it is : (a) * h armful versus beneficial (b) a cceptable versus disgusting (c) b ad versus good (d) a wful versus nice 3. Measures of the components of attitude have focused more on : (a) c ognition and behaviour than emotion (b) e motion than behaviour than cognition (c) * c ognition and emotion than behaviour (d) n one of the above 4. A measure of the emotional component of attitudes toward nuclear power might ask people to rate the extent to which it is : (a) u nimportant versus important (b) * s ad versus delightful (c) u seless versus useful (d) f oolish versus wise 5. Open - ended measures of attitude components possess which of the following limitations most strongly, compared to other measures of attitude components? (a) * They rely on participants’ ability to free recall and articulate their responses (b) They rely on participants’ ability to guess their overall attitude (c) They rely on participants’ motivation to contemplate their behaviour (d) They require a large amount of time to complete 6. The bidimensional perspective on attitudes is most INCONSISTENT with which of these findings? (a) A null correlation between ratings of posit ivity and ratings of negativity

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    (b) A weak positive correlation between ratings of posit ivity and ratings of negativity (c) A weak negative correlation between ratings of posit ivity and ratings of negativity (d) * A strong negative correlation between ratings of positivity and ratings of negativity 7. Which of the following would be the WORST formula for the calculation of potential ambivalence, where P is the amount of positive valence and N is the amount of negative valence ? (a) P + N (b) * P - N (c) P + N - 32 (d) P*N 8. Ralph admires feminists but feels threatened by them at the same time. According to research described in your text, how might this combination affect Ralph’s judgments and behaviour? (a) The feelings of threat will dominate, causing negative evaluation s of feminists he encounters (b) The admiration of feminists will dominate, causing positive evaluat ions of feminists he encounters (c) The admiration and feelings of threat will cancel each other out, causing neutral evaluat ions of feminists he encounters (d) * He will show polarized reactions to the feminists he encounters, depending on whether their behaviour taps his a dmiration or feelings of threat 9. Snyder and DeBono (1985) found that : (a) * h igh self - monitors are more persuaded by messages that appeal to image than are low self - monitors (b) h igh self - monitors are more persuaded by messages that appeal to quality than are low self - monitors (c) h igh self - monitors are more persuaded by messages that appeal to both image and quality than are low self - monitors (d) h igh self - monitors are more likely to hold value - expressive attit udes than are low self - monitors 10. Which of the following is the most general and pervasive function of attitudes? (a) The ego - defensive function (b) * The object - appraisal function (c) The value - expressive f unction (d) The social - adjustive function

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    11. Strong attitudes are more likely to : (a) be unstable over time (b) elici t strong feelings about a topic (c) * resist change from persuasive messages (d) a and c 12. Attitude strength is an important variable in which of the following debates? (a) The superiority of implicit v s explicit measures of attitude (b) Attitudes as spontaneous feelings vs attit udes as deliberative cognitions (c) * Attitudes as temporary constructions vs attit udes as evaluations from memory (d) The superiority of open - ended vs cl osed - ended measures of attitude

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    Instructor Exam Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 3 1. Research on selective attention has found that : (a) people are more likely to encounter information that supports their attitudes, but they d o not seek this information out (b) people pay more attention to information that supports their attitude, but only when t hey are high in self - monitoring (c) people always seek out informati on that supports their attitude (d) * people pay more attention to information that supports their attitude when the opposing information does not seem highly useful and non - refutable 2. Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985) found that participants with : (a) ambivalent attitudes toward conflicts in the Middle East avoided neutral media sto ries about Israel and Palestine (b) p ro - Israeli attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being sympathetic to Israel (c) p ro - Palestinian attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being hostile to Israel (d) * p ro - Israeli attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being biased in favour of Palestinians 3. The congeniality effect is the theoretical tendency to : (a) interpret neutral information as supportive of your own attitude (b) pay more attention to information that refutes your own attitude (c) * better remember information that supports your attitude (d) see information that supports your attitude as being more valid 4. “ Attitudes are more likely to bias encoding and interpretation when the attitudes are easy to retrieve from memory. ” This hypothesis is corroborated by which of the following studies? (a) * Houston and Fazio (1989) (b) Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985) (c) Hastorf and Cantril (1954) (d) none of the above 5. According to Ajzen and Fishbein (1977), measures of attitude and behaviour should correspond in these aspects: (a) target, emotion, cognition, and behaviou r (b) content, structure, and f unction (c) * target, action, context, and t ime (d) content, reliability, and v alidity

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    6. Which of the following statements is a valid criticism of Wicker’s (1969) pessimistic conclusions about attitude - behavior relations? (a) Wicker only looked at 20 studies (b) * Many of t he studies he reviewed contained imprecise measures of attitude and behaviour (c) Wicker obtained an average correlation (r = .35) that w as stronger than he labelled it (d) a and b 7. Kraus (1995) found that attitude - behavior correlations are stronger for voting behaviour than for blood donations. Which of the following interpretations of this result are best supported by the available evidence? (a) * V alue - expressive attitudes are strong predictors of relevant action (b) E motion - based attitudes are weaker predictors of behaviour (c) A mbivalence toward politicians increases attitude - voting correspondence (d) A ttitudes toward politicians are higher in direct experience than attitudes toward blood donation 8. Cooke and Sheeran (2004) found that attitude accessibility and direct experience with an attitude object increase the magnitude of attitude - behavior correlations. This finding, among others, led them to which of the conclusions below? (a) Accessibility and direct experience are interchangeabl e constructs (b) The effect of direct experience on attitude - behavior relations is mediated by the effects of direct exper ience on attitude accessibility (c) * Attitude strength is an important moderator of attitude - behavior relations (d) Attitude accessibility is one of many consequences of direct exp erience with an attitude object 9. Kraus (1995) observed that correlations between attitudes and behavior are : (a) higher among col lege students than non - students (b) * lower among col lege students than non - students (c) low among co llege students and non - students (d) very high among co llege students and non - students 10. The RIM model may help to explain why implicit measures of attitude : (a) differ in reliability (b) differ in validity

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    (c) are weaker predictors of behaviour than are explicit measures of attitude (d) * are better predictors of spontaneous behavio ur than of deliberate behaviour 11. A police department is interested in detecting prejudice in new recruits by examining their non - verbal behaviour toward ethnic suspects. The department wants to know whether this behaviour is actually linked to attitudes. Which measure do you suggest they use? (a) S emantic - differential scales (b) Likeart scales (c) * A personalized Race IAT (d) A n open - ended measure of attitude components 12. Tim has a strong nega tive attitude toward nuclear power; Sarah dislikes nuclear power too, but has a much weaker attitude. One day, both get asked to donate to a campaign against nuclear power . According Holland, Verplanken, and Ad van Knippenberg (2002), what should be the effect of this behavior ? (a) * Tim ’s behaviour won’t change his attitude, while Sarah’s attitude will depend on how much she donates (b) Tim and Sarah will both change their attitudes to be consistent with the amount that they donate, in order to reduce dissonance (c) Tim will base his donations on his prior attitude, while Sarah will not donate and will therefore become more negative toward nuclear power (d) Tim and Sarah will both maintain their prior attitudes, because negative attitudes resist change even when they are weak

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    Instructor Exam Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 4 1. A key difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior is : (a) t he role of planning in advance of behaviour (b) * t he role of perceived behavioural control (c) t he role of behavioural intentions (d) t he role of subjective norms 2. According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, attitudes are a function of : (a) * expectancies and v alues (b) subjective norms and t raits (c) s ubjective norms and i dentity (d) subjective norms and e xpectancies 3. Armitage and Conner’s (2001) meta - analysis of 185 studies found strong support for which model below? (a) Theory of Reasoned Action (b) * Theory of Planned Behaviour (c) Composite Model (d) MODE Model 4. Which statement below describes the findings of Lawton, Conn er, and Parker (2007)? (a) B eliefs about negative outcomes from a behaviour almost always predict the behaviour more than do beliefs about positive outcomes (b) B eliefs about negative outcomes from a behaviour almost always predict the behaviour less than do beliefs about positive outcomes (c) * S ome behaviours are more strongly predicted by beliefs about negative outcomes than by beliefs about positive outcomes, while other behaviours are less strongly predicted by beliefs about negative outcomes than by beliefs about positive outcomes (d) B eliefs about negative outcomes are most important in pred icting the maintenance of behaviour, but beliefs about positive outcomes are most important in the initiation of behav iour 5. Evidence suggests that the Theory of Planned Behaviour could be improved by the consideration of : (a) h abits (b) anticipated negative self - conscious e motion

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