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Families and Change: Coping With Stressful Events and Transitions Fifth Edition Test Bank

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource Chapter 1: Families Coping W ith Change: A Conceptual Overview Multiple Choice 1. Disturbance in and pressure on the family system is referred to as a. Change * b. Stress c. D evelopment d. F luidity Answer location: Introduction, p.4 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Knowledge 2. The earliest studies of stress focused on the impact of stress on a. Chemical imbalances b. Individuals’ emotional well - being *c. On physiological functioning d. Social well - being Answer Location: p.4 , The Study of Family Stress and Change Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Knowledge 3. The study of family stress and change evolved to include perspectives from multiple disciplines. An example of how a perspective conceptualizes stress would be to study the family as they move through stages of change. * a. D evelopmental b. P sychosocial c. E nvironmental d. P sychological Answer Location: The Study of Family Stress and Change, p. 5 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain: Knowledge 4. In studying stress, conceptualizing the family as a unit who grow and develop within a wider social system describes a (n) a. Social learning perspective b. Psychosocial perspective c. Developmental perspective * d. Ecological systems perspective Answer Location: Family Stress Theory, p. 6 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 5. Reuben Hill’s model of family stress, ABC - X Model, grew out of his work with * a. Veterans and their families b. Survivors of natural disasters c. Survivors of terrorist bombings

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource d. Individuals and their families who experienced sudden death of a family member Answer Location: ABC - X Model, p.6 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Knowledge 6. Ms. Landau lost another job, her third within 2 years. She feels hopeless and discouraged and decides that she is just not employable. This is an example of which dimension of family stressor events ? a. Internal vs. external * b. Perceived insolvable vs. perceived solvable c. Pervasive vs. bounded d. Precipitate onset vs. gradual onset Answer Location: Ten D imensions of Family Stressor Events (Table 1.1), p. 8 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Application 7. Characteristics of normative stressors include all but * a. Normative stressors are long term b. Normative stressors are predictable in the family lifecycle c. Normative stressors lead to crisis if the family fails to adapt d. Normative stressors disturb the system’s equilibrium Answer Location: Stressor Events, p. 9 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 8. James was deployed to Iraq and was reported missing in action. His parents have recently decided to separate, his youngest sister has been truant for a significant portion of the school year, and in general they are experiencing extreme stress. This is an example of: a. An isolated vs. accumulated stressor b. A clear - cut stressor c. A developmental stressor *d. An ambiguous loss stressor Answer Location: Stressor Events, p. 9 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Application 9. The following is an example of ambiguous loss a. Being emotionally absent and emotionally lost b. Being physically present and physically distant * c. Being e motionally absent and physically present d. Being physically and emotionally present Answer Location: Stressor Events, p. 9 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 10. Family resources moderate the impact of a stressor event. This means that: * a. Resources buffer the impact of stress on a family b. Resources prevent the family from experiencing stress c. Resources prevent the family from having the stress turn to crisis

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource d. Resources are inconsequential to the level of stress a family experiences Answer Location: Resources, p. 10 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 11. Cohesion and adaptability are examples of: a. Couples’ adjustment to change b. Developmental resources * c. Family system resources d. Micro - level resources Answer Location: Resources, p. 10 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 12. Social support as a resource refers to a. Support from social service agencies b. Support from social security c. Support from the environment * d. Support from interpersonal relationships Answer Location: Resources, p. 10 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 13. Research suggests that a family’s a stressor event may be the most important component in determining an individual’s or family’s response to a stressor event. * a. Perception of b. Life stage development at the time of c. Resources during d. Environmental context at the time of Answer Location: Definition of the E vent, p. 11 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 14. A parent loses his or her job and feels hopeless. As a result , he or she do es not look for another job because he or she assume s that it will continue to happen over and over again. This is an example of a. Welfare fraud b. Resistance * c. Learned helplessness d. Poor problem solving Answer Location: Definition of the E vent Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Application 15. Factors that can influence families’ perceptions in a stressful situation include all but a. Cognitive attributional style b. Spirituality c. Culture * d. Income

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource Answer Location, Definition of the E vent, p. 11 Question Type : MC Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 16. The Dowell family has been adjusting to the loss of their youngest child, Lindsay , to cancer. Friends and family surrounded them all throughout Lindsay’s short illness , and the community held benefits to help the family with medical costs. Ms. Dowell spoke to a gathering of friends and community members and said , “We knew that we would get through this hard, sad time because we were not alone and feel that our bond as a family has been strengthened by this loss”. This belief system is referred to as a. Fatalistic orientation b. Strengths perspective orientation * c. Mastery orientation d. Spiritual orientation Answer Location: Definition of the E vent, p. 12 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Analysis 17. The degree of stress a family experiences as the result of a stressful event depends on * a. T he family’s definition of the stressor event as well as the family’s resources to meet the demands of the change associated with the stressor b. T he family’s life stage of development and their spiritual orientation c. T he family’s cohesion and adaptability to meet the demands of the stressor event d. The interaction between the stressor and the timing of the event Answer Location: Stress and Crisis, p. 13 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 18. ______________ is defined as a disturbance in the equilibrium that is overwhelming, a severe pressure, or a change that immobilizes the family. a. Trauma b. Stress * c. Crisis d. Fatalism Answer Location: Stress and Crisis, p. 13 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 19. Mr. Garcia is scheduled to come home from serious abdominal surgery in a week. Although Ms. Garcia is very worried about her partner and about how she will manage once he is home, she sets out to find home health care support and meets with the nurse to learn how to care for the wound. This is an example of which type of coping response a. Controlling emotions generated by the stressor * b. Taking direct action c. Intrapsychic coping strategies d. Strength focused coping strategies Answer Location: Coping , p. 14 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Application

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource 20. Deandre is on probation at work because he has been blowing up at customers when he perceives that they are pushing him around. He found that when he takes his pain medication left over from an old injury, the customers’ rudeness doesn’t bother him. As a result, he is much more relaxed at work, and in fact was complimented on his p atience. This is an example of * a. Controlling emotions generated by the stressor b. Taking direct action c. Reframing the problem d. Finding motivation Answer Location: Coping, p. 14 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain : Analysis 21. Maladaptive forms of coping include all but a. Substance use/abuse b. Violence c. Overworking * d. Divorce Answer Location: Coping, p. 15 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 22. The Lees have always been protective over their children. They adhered to strict rules and schedules for all their children regardless of age. As Mica turned 15 , she began to challenge rules (staying out later than she was allowed and arguing nonstop with her parents). The most difficult event that happened was that Mica lied to her parents about staying over at her best friend’s house and instead went to a party where she got drunk and was taken to the police station when the party was raided. The family began therapy , which resulted in the Lees negotiating additional responsibilities and freedoms for Mica and learning new parenting skills for teens. This most closely describes a. Coping skills b. Understanding a family’s perceptions * c. Adaptation d. Utilizing resources Answer Location: Adaptation, p. 15 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Application 23. The Double “A” factor of the Double ABC - X model refers to all but * a. An extreme level of crisis that meets the definition for trauma b. Unresolved aspects of the initial stressor event c. Changes and events that occur regardless of the initial stressor d. Consequences of the family’s efforts to cope with the hardships of the situation Answer Location: Adaptation, p. 16 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 24. Currently, the field of family stress and crisis focuses on how family protective factors interact with risk and vulnerability. This focus is referred to as

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource a. Family s trengths p erspective b. Family s ystems t heory * c. Resiliency d. Circumflex perspective Answer Location: Resiliency, p. 18 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 25. We say that a family is resilient when * a. Even with risk and vulnerability present, a family ca n mobilize its protective factors and adapt b. Even though families have strengths, they have more protective factors to face a crisis c. Each individual in the family has amazing strengths and when they work together they can achieve anything d. The family’s capacity to change is not hampered by the problems they face because their perception of the stressor event (as manageable) and their resources help the family move toward precrisis functioning Answer Location : Resiliency, p.18 Question Type: MS Cognitive Domain : Comprehension True/False 26. Stressor events are inherently damaging to a family system. a. True * b. False Answer Location: Stressor Events, p., 7 Question Type: TF Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 27. Coping represents what people do in order to deal with a stressor. Coping is therefore an active process that promotes balance and facilitates growth and unity. * a. True b. False Answer Location: Coping, p. 14 Question Type: TF Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 28. Adaptation is a short - term response or modification by a family that changes the situation only momentarily. a. True * b. False Answer Location: Adaptation, p. 16 Question Type: TF Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 29. Family stress is considered a dichotomous variable where family crisis is considered a continuous variable. a. True

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource * b. False Answer Location: Stress and Crisis, p. 13 Question Type: TF Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 30. If a family successfully negotiates a crisis (and adjusts in a positive way) at one point in time, and they face a similar crisis 5 years later, they will successfully meet that challenge as well. a. True * b. False Answer Location, Conclusion, p. 19 Question Type: TF Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 31. The impact of change is stressful in famil y members’ lives and should be avoided at all costs. a. True * b. False Answer location : Introduction Question type: TF Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 32. Reuben Hill created the ABC - 0X Model based on his work with women who had been sexually abused. a. True * b. False Answer location, ABC - X, p. 6 Question type: TF Cognitive Domain : Knowledge 33. “A” in the ABC - X model represents the stressor event. * a. True b. False Answer location:, ABC - X, p. 6 Question type: TF Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Short Answer: 34. is defined as pressure or tension on the status quo; it is a disturbance of the family’s steady state. * a. Family Stress Answer location: Introduction, p. 4 Question type: SA Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 35. A/n perspective views the indivi dual and family as embedded in several layers of their environment * a . Ecological

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource Answer location: Ecological, p. 6 Question type: SA Cognitive Domain Knowledge 36. Regarding the dimensions of a family stressor event, vs gradual onset marks the degree of suddenness with which the crisis occurred, that is, with or without warning. * a. Precipitate onset Answer location: Stressor E vents, p. 8 Question type: SA Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 37. Regarding dimensions of a stressor that impact family functioning, unemployment is considered a/n stressor. * a. External Answer location: Introduction Question type: SA Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 38. A family’s buffer the impact of the stressor event on their level of stress. * a. Resources Answer location: Resources, p. 10 Question type: SA Cognitive Domain : Comprehension 39. Following a stressor event, the family’s of the event can vary from viewing it as unmanageable and too difficult to seeing it as an opportunity for growth. * a. Perception or meaning Answer location : Definition of the Event/ Perception s , p. 11 Question type: SA Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Essay 1. What do you see as the major changes that have taken place in the study of family stress, and why do you think these changes have occurred? *a. Answer s may include: • Greater geographic mobility • Stress in the context of physical science • In the twentieth century, Cannon (l932) laid the foundation for systematic research on the effects of stress in observations of bodily changes. • In the social sciences, both sociology and psychology have long histories of study related to stress and coping. Sociologists Marx, Weber, and Durkheim wrote extensively about “alienation,” which was conceptualized as synonymous with powerlessness, meaninglessness, and self - estrangement, clearly under the general rubric of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, l984). In psychology, stress was implicit as an organizing framework for thinking about psychopathology, especially in the theorizing of Freud and later psychol ogically oriented writers. Freudian psychology highlighted the process of coping and established the basis for a developmental

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource approach that considered the effect of life events on later development and gradual acquisition of resources over the life cycle. • Advances in technology, industrialization, urbanization, increased population density (including housing, traffic, and demand on the infrastructures), terrorism, and economic issues are frequently identified as making daily life more complicated and impersonal. Family roles are more fluid and diverse than the past, resulting in fewer social norms and supports. Families have become more diverse as a result of changing family structures (e.g., divorce, single - parent families, LGBTQ families, remarriage, cohabitation, and intergenerational reciprocity), immigration, economics (e.g., increased cost of living and two earner families), geographic mobility, and other macro level factors. In addition to natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes) and everyday stressors (e.g., accidents, discrimination based on race, religious beliefs, gender, and sexual orientation), U.S. families are facing the reality of wars involving American troops overseas. Additionally, contemporary families are experiencing economic insecurity and stress due to the Great Recession and the severe economic downturn in the global economy (se e Bartholomae & Fox ). Fluctuating unemployment rates, sobering financial losses in pensions, investments, and savings accounts, and the disappearance of benefits contribute to the financial struggle of individuals and families. Consider the accumulation of these events and it quickly becomes apparent that stress is a part of everyday life. Answer location: 3 - 5, Introduction Question type: ESS Cognitive Domain : Analysis

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource Chapter 2: Everyday Hassles and Family Relationships Multiple Choice 1. Everyday hassles are seen as continuous. Other characteristics may include *a. That they co - occur with other, more severe stressor events b. That they increase family flexibility c. That they give the family opportunity to build protective factors d. That they decrease vulnerability because a family learns to face them head on Answer Location: What A re E veryday H assles?, p. 28 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 2. One reason why everyday hassles are important to consider is that a. Historically they have appeared less important *b. Because they are more frequent than severe stressors, they may be more important determinants of family stress c. Families don’t often admit that they are a problem d. While they are not a big concern in general, if they can be ruled out, the more serious stressors can be analyzed Answer Location: What A re Every Day Hassles, p. 28 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 3. A random group of research participants was given a list of everyday hassles to rate for how often they occurred and how severe the hassle had been over the past month. a. This research was considered exemplary because it captured the complexity of people’s experiences with this type of stressor b. This research was conducted by feminist scholars *c. This research is considered flawed because it demonstrated a lack of ability to capture the complexity d. This research is considered to be a qualitative study Answer Location: Methods for Studying Everyday Hassles and Family Relationships , p. 29 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Analysis 4. A single parent who suffers from depression just received a negative evaluation from work, her second in a row. She g oes to pick up her preschooler and immediately gets into power struggles about putting on his snowsuit. This is an example of how can interact with a parent ’ s perception of daily hassles and affect how they adapt to those hassles. a. Children’s needs b. Stressor event *c. Enduring vulnerabilities d. Family Well - being Answer l ocation : The Vulnerability - Stress - Adaptation Model , p. 33 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Application

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource 5. A parent comes home after a long and very stressful day. When she gets home she tells her children to leave her alone for an hour. The children are frustrated and angry but they turn on the TV. Following her break from the family , they all have a peaceful, enjoyable evening together. This is an example of a. Positive chance occurrences *b. Positive adaptive processes c. Negative parenting skills d. Enduring vulnerabilities Answer location The Vulnerability - Stress - Adaptation Model , p. 32 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Application 6. Women report experiencing everyday hassles a. Less frequently than men *b. More frequently than men c. At the same as men d. Research is contradictory about gender differences in the frequency of experiencing everyday hassles Answer location Everyday Hassles, p. 35 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 7. The following is true in terms of the relationship of age to the perception of the hassles in that a. The younger population (< 60) reported less severe perceptions of hassles than those over 60 *b. The older population (>60) reported less severe perceptions of hassles c. There is not age difference between older, midlife and young adults d. The research is not clear whether age is a factor in perception of hassle severity Answer location Everyday Hassles, p. 35 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Application 8. Everyday hassles have been found to impact family interactions in two different ways including *a. Increased child/partner conflict and social withdrawal b. Increased workaholic behaviors and increased time away from the family c. Child conflict but not partner conflict and time away from the family d. Increased marital satisfaction and decreased positive time on family activities Answer Location: Adaptive Processes, p.38 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 9. In a recent study, women’s daily hassles predicted their own well - being and anxiety and a. Their personal relationship stress *b. Both partners’ relationship stress c. It did not predict relationship stress d. The relationship stress was associated to the anxiety only Answer Location: Adaptive Processes, p. 39 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource 10. The difference between women’s and men’s experiences as it applies to daily hassles and relationship stress according to Falconier et al. (2014) is that a. Men get more anxious and depressed than women, which is associated with higher relationship stress b. Women’s daily hassles were related to her own relationship stress and not both partners’ relationship satisfaction *c. Men’s daily hassles were related to their own relationship stress and not both partners’ relationship satisfaction d. There were no gender differences in the association between daily hassles and relationship difficulties Answer Location: Adaptive Processes, p.39 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 11. When workdays were highly stressful, women and men tended to withdraw from daily home tasks. A gender difference in how this was managed includes a. Men would come home late and turn on the TV b. Husbands would take on the tasks that their stressed wives could not manage but wives would not do the same for them *c. Wives would take on the tasks that their stressed husbands could not manage but their husbands would not the same for them d. Wives tended to do more child - related chores only when their husbands experienced work stress Answer Location: Adaptive Processes, p.40 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Knowledge 12. Wives with satisfying marriages were found to withdraw and express more anger at home following a stressful day. One possible explanation offered includes *a. The satisfying relationship actually allowed the wife freedom to express her frustrations b. The husband would not notice that she was stressed out and so she grew even more frustrated and showed her anger and withdrawal c. The relationship quality actually buffered the husband’s ability to handle the children’s needs d. The satisfying relationship wasn’t as satisfying as the wife reported Answer Location: Adaptive Processes, p. 40 Question Type: MC Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 13. It has become apparent throughout this chapter that mothers, daughters, and wives carry a disproportionate share of daily household tasks. In response to this, feminists argue for a. Higher work for higher pay b. More responsive employment leave policies for working mothers c. Equality in terms of adaptive processes *d. Gender equity Answer Location: Intervention, p. 42 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain: Knowledge 14. In order to combat antiquated social policies that do not reflect today’s necessity of dual income families to make ends meet a. Employers need to hire more women

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource *b. Employers need to a llow greater flexibility in work schedules, job sharing, and benefits c. Employers need to continue to recognize that if workers are motivated to excel, they will make family arrangements to do so d. The government alone needs to address gender equity issues Answer location: Intervention, p. 43 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 15. Everyday hassles emerge because all but the following a. There is a mismatch between the work environment of the family member and the family’s needs b. Work places seldom have family friendly policies and this creates constant stressors at home *c. Because an individual struggles with balancing their academic load d. Because contemporary families typically have parents experiencing workplace stress and come home to the tasks associated with raising children Answer location: Intervention, p. 44 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 16. A commonality that both women and men experience as it applies to everyday hassles is a. They report experiencing everyday hassles at the same rate *b. There is no difference in the number of days that women and men experience multiple hassles c. Women and men both reported hassles involving social networks at the same rate d. Women and men share household labor equally Answer location: Everyday Hassles , p. 36 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 17. Mardea comes home after work and is exhausted. She goes straight into her bedroom and shuts the door and pretty much ignores the children for about a half an hour. Once she emerges, she sits on the floor and is able to play with the children. This is an example of: a. An enduring vulnerability b. A chance occurrence c. Family structure *d. An adaptive process Answer location: The Vulnerability - Stress - Adaptation Model , p. 32 Question type: MC Cognitive Domain: Application True/False 1. An important contribution of the vulnerability - stress - adaptation model is that it explains how stressful events can be linked to relational outcomes. *a. True b. False Answer Location: The Vulnerability - Stress - Adaptation Model, p.31 Question type: TF Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource 2. The ways that families cope prevent daily hassles from impacting family well - being. a. True *b. False Answer Location: The Vulnerability - Stress - Adaptation Model, p. 32 Question Type: TF Cognitive Domain: Knowledge 3. Families that cope with everyday hassles well are said to have positive adaptive processes, which in turn improve family well - being. *a. True b. False Answer Location The Vulnerability - Stress - Adaptation Model, p. 32 Question Type: TF Cognitive Domain: Knowledge 4. Even though men are spending more time on household chores, women still do twice the amount of housework as their male partners. *a. True b. False Answer location: Everyday Hassles, p. 36 Question type: TF Cognitive Domain: Knowledge 5. Because the study of daily hassles focuses on home life and work life, financial difficulties are not seen to impact daily hassles. a. True *b. False Answer location: Everyday Hassles, p. 34 Question type: TF Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 6. If individuals have positive adaptive processes, they tend to manage their daily hassles better. *a. True b. False Answer location: The Vulnerability - Stress - Adaptation Model, p. 32 Question type: TF Cognitive Domain: Comprehension 7. Performing housework and child - care tasks elicited LESS positive reactions from husbands than from wives because the husbands perceived that they had LESS choice regarding their involvement in these domains than did the wives. a. True * b. False Answer location: Everyday Hassles, p. 37 Question type: TF Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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    Price, Families & Change 5e Instructor Resource 8. Both mothers and fathers have been shown to be less behaviorally and emotionally engaged with their children following busy workdays a. *True b. False Answer location: Adaptive Processes, p. 39 Question type: TF Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Essay 1. Define what is meant by proximal stressors , and give examples. Why are they important to consider in the study of family stress? *a. Answers may include: • Everyday hassles are the proximal stressors, strains, and transactions of day - to - day life that can be viewed as common annoyances . • These events are relatively minor and arise out of routinized daily activities, such as the tasks involved in main taining a home, caring for fam ily members, working at a paid job, and participating in community activities (e.g., Serido, Almeida, & Wethington, 2004). Both anticipated and unanticipated events constitute daily hassles (Wheaton, 1999). • First, everyday hassles represent a more frequent and continuous form of stress than the relatively rare events that constitute major life changes. Because of their frequency, everyday hassles may be more important determi nants of family stress than major, but less frequent, life events (Repetti & Wood, 1997b; Serido et al., 2004). • T he aggregate effects of e veryday hassles have the poten tial to compromise family and individual well - being and even increase vulnerability to major life events. Second, hassles are characterized by relatively minor ongoing stressors that occupy daily living. Answer Location: What Are Everyday Hassles?, p. 28 Question Type: ESS Cognitive Domain: Analysis 2. How has research on e veryday h assles evolved? Describe how feminist methodologies have advanced the field. *a. Answers may include: • Feminist scholars who have used qualitative methods to study everyday, routinized experiences within families have also emphasized the multidimensional nature of daily hassles. Focusing on the routine, gendered experiences of everyday family life, feminist researchers have conducted in - depth, face - to - face interviews to uncover valuable insights regarding daily hassles. These studies provide rich sources of information about the nuances of daily family life that include participants’ own, often quite complex, appraisals of their experiences. • In addition to underscoring the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of family members’ experiences of daily hassles, a rich history of qualitative research has uncovered routinized aspects of daily family life previously overlooked by researchers. This body of work directs our attention beyond the activities typically identified in survey studies to include (a) emotion work (Dressel & Clark, 1990), (b) kin work (DiLeonardo, 1987), (c) marriage work (Oliker, 1989), (d) the scheduling of family time (D aly, 1996; Roy, Tubbs, & Burton, 2004), (e) the feeding of the family (DeVault, 1991), (f) the enactment of family rituals (Oswald, 2000), (g) household labor (Coltrane,

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