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This Document 54 items applying anatomy & physiology to dermal therapies. Covers definitions, organ systems, cellular structure, tissues, skin layers, glands, healing phases, anthropometric measurements, and factors affecting skin health.

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    CDNAAPO1 - Apply principles of anatomy and physiology to dermal therapies Assessment 1 - Item 1 of 54 Define Anatomy Anatomy explores the body's physical structures and how they connect and interact . It involves studying both large, easily seen parts (gross anatomy ) and tiny details like cells and tissues (microscopic anatomy ). Additionally, anatomy includes understanding how the body's form changes over a lifetime (developmental anatomy ). Item 2 of 54 Define Physiology Physiology is the scientific study of how the body's structures work and carry out their life-sustaining functions. It focuses on the normal processes and activities of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Item 3 of 54 What does structure determine? Structure fundamentally determines function. The way body parts are shaped and organized at all levels, from the microscopic arrangement of cells and tissues to the macroscopic organization of organs and organ systems, dictates what they can do. Item 4 of 54 Name the 5 of the 11 organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system Organ System Major Function 1. Skeletal System protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals. 2. Nervous system Fast acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles & glands. 3. Endocrine system Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. 4. Cardiovascular system Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc. the heart pumps blood. 5. Digestive system Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestable foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

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    Item 5 of 54 The body has 6 levels of structural organisation. Name them and explain how they relate to each other Levels: 1. Chemical: Atoms combine to form molecules, ie water & proteins. 2. Cellular: Molecules combine to form cells ie; keratinocytes. 3. Tissue: Similar cell types that have a common function ie. epidermis. 4. Organ: Consists of 2 > different types of tissues (generally 4 types) ie: integument 5. Organ system: Consist of different organs that collectively operate to perform a common function ie: integumentary system 6. Organismal: Highest level of organisation. Aggregate of all structural levels that work together to sustain life ie. the human organism Item 6 of 54 There are 8 functions that all humans must perform to maintain life. List all 8 and describe them in one sentence. Functions Descriptions 1 Maintaining boundaries This involves separating the internal environment from the external environment, allowing for the regulation of what enters and exits the body. 2. Movement This includes all activities promoted by the muscular system, such as walking, running, and manipulating objects, as well as the movement of substances within the body. 3. Responsiveness This is the ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them, allowing the body to adapt and survive. 4. Digestion This is the process of breaking down ingested food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. 5.

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    Metabolism This encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur within body cells, including breaking down substances and building new ones to produce energy and facilitate growth. 6. Excretion This is the process of removing wastes from the body, such as metabolic wastes, indigestible food residues, and excess substances. 7. Reproduction This involves the production of offspring at the cellular (cell division for growth and repair) and organismal (producing new individuals) levels. 8. Growth This is an increase in the size of a body part or the organism as a whole, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells or their size. Item 7 of 54 Identify factors that are essential to the survival/ health functioning of the human body? Nutrients - chemical substances used for energy and cell building. Oxygen - needed for metabolic reactions. Water - Provides necessary environment for chemical reactions. Maintaining normal body temperature - necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life sustaining rates. Atmospheric pressure - required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs. Item 8 of 54 Why is oxygen essential to our survival? Oxygen is essential for our survival because it is the crucial final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, the primary process by which our cells extract energy from food molecules through oxidative reactions. Even with abundant nutrients, without oxygen, these energy-releasing chemical reactions cannot occur. Consequently, ATP production drastically falls, and human cells, highly dependent on aerobic respiration, can only survive for a few minutes without a continuous supply of oxygen, which is made available to our blood and body cells through the coordinated efforts of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The roughly 20% oxygen content in the air wc breathe underscores its constant necessity for sustaining life. Item 9 of 54 There are several reasons why people die. One concern is there is a failure with the organs of the body and the essential factors for life. Please read the handout clicking on the link below. The Top 10 Causes of Death Why might the causes of death differ depending on where you live in the world? H Socioeconomic Factors: Lower-income countries often experience higher rates of death from infectious diseases, maternal and neonatal conditions, and nutritional deficiencies due to lack of access to clean water, sanitation, healthcare, and adequate nutrition.

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    n Healthcare Access and Quality: Access to quality medical care, including preventative measures, vaccinations, and treatments for chronic diseases, significantly impacts mortality rates. Wealthier countries generally have better healthcare infrastructure, leading to lower death rates from preventable causes. n Lifestyle and Behavioral Factors: Behaviors like smoking, diet, and exercise levels contribute to different causes of death. For example, higher rates of smoking in some regions may lead to increased deaths from respiratory diseases and cancers. □ Environmental Factors: Exposure to environmental risks such as air pollution, unsafe water, and pathogens can vary greatly and influence mortality. U Age Structure: In countries with aging populations, non-communicable diseases like heart disease, stroke, and Alzheimer's become more prominent causes of death. □ Data Collection and Coding Practices: Variations in how causes of death are recorded and classified can make comparisons between countries challenging. To summarise, the causes of death reflect a combination of health, wealth, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Item 10 of 54 Define homeostasis Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable and relatively constant internal environment despite continuous changes in the external world. It's a dynamic state of equilibrium where various chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to keep internal conditions within narrow limits necessary for survival. Item 11 of 54 Define the term 'health'. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Item 12 of 54 What is meant by the term 'pathology'? Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease. It involves examining tissues, organs, bodily fluids, and even the whole body to understand the structural and functional changes that lead to disease. Essentially, pathologists investigate the how and why of illnesses. Item 13 of 54 What does anatomical positioning refer to? Anatomical positioning is a standard reference posture used in anatomy to describe the body. In this position, the body stands erect with the head and eyes facing forward. The feet are parallel , and the arms hang at the sides with palms facing forward . This standard posture ensures everyone uses the same frame of reference when describing the location and orientation of body parts, preventing confusion. Item 14 of 54 The most important positions in dermal therapies are the structures or areas of the face. Where are the following?

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    a) Pre-auricular area In front of the ears b) Glabellar Between the eyebrows c) Peri oral region Area surrounding the mouth - above and below lips d) Name the soft cheek area covering the teeth Buccal Item 15 of 54 If you examine some of the 200 different cell types in the body, you will notice that they all contain similar structures. Textbooks depict a "generalised" cell that is not an exact replicate of any particular cell, rather it is a summary of the structure of all cells. The "generalised" cell provides an excellent foundation for understanding: n Specialised cells. □ Relationship of cell structure to cell function □ How cell function impacts on the appearance of the dermis. Cells can be divided into three main areas: 1. Plasma membrane (also referred to as the cell membrane) 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus a) With these characteristics, is this a red blood cell? Why? No, this is not a red blood cell. The diagram includes a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus and lack many of the typical organelles found in most other cells. RBCs are highly specialised for oxygen transport and have a distinctive biconcave shape that increases their surface area for gas exchange. Therefore, the structure of a generalised cell does not match that of a red blood cell.

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    b) Explain the structure and function of the cell membrane The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The bilayer features hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outward and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails facing inward, creating a semi-permeable barrier. In addition to phospholipids, the membrane contains cholesterol, which adds flexibility and stability, as well as proteins that assist with transport, signaling, and structural support. Carbohydrates are also present and play a key role in cell recognition and communication. Functionally, the cell membrane protects the cell by forming a boundary between the internal and external environments. It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell through selective permeability, helps maintain homeostasis, and enables communication with other cells via receptor proteins. Additionally, it supports processes such as cell signaling, adhesion, and interaction with the extracellular environment. Item 16 of 54 There are 1 7 structures identifiable in a cell. Some are listed in the table below. Please list the functions of components linden* ql I M C<U 1. Centriole Organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis, helping to guide the separation of chromosomes Assist in chromosome movement during cell division Form the structural foundation ofcilia and flagella, aiding in cell movement and fluid propulsion

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    2. Cilia Move substances across the cell surface - Cilia beat in a coordinated, wave-like motion to transport materials along the surface of cells. Propel mucus and trapped particles - In the respiratory tract , cilia move mucus loaded with dust, pathogens, and other debris upward and out of the airways. Facilitate directional flow - Their motion ensures substances arc moved in one consistent direction , enhancing efficiency. Alternate between power and recovery strokes - The power stroke pushes material effectively with a stiff motion. - The recovery stroke is flexible, minimizing resistance as the cilium returns to its starting position. 3. Golgi apparatus Modifies proteins and lipids from the ER. Packages molecules into vesicles. Forms secretory vesicles for exocytosis. Produces lysosomes with digestive enzymes. Directs transport within the cell. Stores and sorts cellular products. Supports membrane repair and growth. 4. Microtubules Maintaining cell shape, strength, and rigidity Determining the overall structure of the cell Distributing and positioning organelles within the cytoplasm Serving as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles Acting as attachment sites for enzymes involved in protein synthesis Forming structural components ofcilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle Extending outward from the centrosome near the nucleus to the cell membrane Assisting in chromosome separation during cell division (mitosis and meiosis) 5. Mitochondria ATP Production □ Main site of aerobic cellular respiration , producing the majority of the cell's ATP (adenosine triphosphate) —the primary energy currency of the cell. Energy Regulation □ Adjusts energy output based on the cell's energy demands . Cells with higher activity (e.g., muscle cells) contain more mitochondria. Double Membrane Structure □ The inner membrane is folded into cristae , increasing surface area for ATP production and housing key enzymes. Independent Reproduction □ Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA , allowing them to

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    replicate independently from the rest of the cell. Calcium Storage □ Helps store and regulate calcium ions (Ca 2 + ), which are vital for various cellular processes. Heat Production □ In some specialized cells (e.g., brown fat), mitochondria can generate heat through a process called non-shivering thermogenesis . Cell Signaling & Apoptosis □ Plays a role in cell signaling , and in initiating apoptosis (programmed cell death), which is crucial for development and disease prevention. 6. Nucleolus Production of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) □ The nucleolus is the primary site where rRNA is synthesized, a key component of ribosomes. Assembly of Ribosomal Subunits □ It combines rRNA with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes (large and small), which are then transported out to the cytoplasm. Regulation of Cell Cycle and Stress Response □ The nucleolus plays a role in monitoring cellular stress and can influence the cell cycle, especially in response to DNA damage. Role in Gene Expression □ By producing and processing rRNA, the nucleolus indirectly supports gene expression by enabling efficient protein synthesis. Storage of RNA and RNA-Related Molecules □ It serves as a reservoir for RNA molecules and components involved in ribosome production. 7. Nucleus Acts as the Control Center of the Cell □ Directs all cellular activities by regulating gene expression. Houses Genetic Material (DNA) □ Contains the genetic blueprint (DNA) for nearly all cellular proteins. Controls Protein Synthesis □ Dictates which proteins are to be made and in what quantities , guiding cell structure and function. Contains the Nucleoli □ Sites where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and ribosome subunits are assembled. Organizes Chromatin □ Stores and organizes DNA in the form of chromatin , which condenses into chromosomes during cell division. Facilitates Communication with the Cytoplasm □ The nuclear envelope , with its nuclear pores , allows selective exchange of materials (e.g., RNA, proteins) between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Maintains Nuclear Environment □ Contains distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets to support various nuclear functions such as transcription, replication, and RNA processing.

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