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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Document preview page 1

Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 1

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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition

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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 1 preview imageExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1)In chemical communication between cells, a ________ cell secretes a chemical messenger that bindsto ________ on the ________ cell.1)A)secretory : connexons : gapB)secretory : connexons : targetC)gap : connexons : secretoryD)target : receptors : secretoryE)secretory : receptors : targetAnswer:E2)Direct communication between cells in contact with one another is accomplished through2)A)receptors.B)endocrine hormones.C)gap junctions.D)ligands.E)paracrine chemical messengers.Answer:C3)The number of bound receptors on a target cell depends on what two things?3)A)the concentration of the messenger and the distance it has to travelB)the type and concentration of receptorsC)the concentration of the messenger and signal transductionD)the secretory cell and target cellE)the concentration of the messenger and the concentration of receptors on the target cellAnswer:E4)Which type of chemical messenger, when released, binds to receptors on the cell that released thechemical messenger?4)A)neurohormoneB)autocrineC)cytokineD)neurotransmitterE)hormoneAnswer:B5)Which type of chemical messenger is released into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland where itcan affect target cells throughout the body?5)A)paracrineB)cytokineC)neurotransmitterD)hormoneE)autocrineAnswer:D1
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 2 preview image
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 3 preview image6)Which type of chemical messenger is released from the axon terminal of a neuron and directlycommunicates with other cells?6)A)hormoneB)paracrineC)cytokineD)neurotransmitterE)autocrineAnswer:D7)Communication across a synapse is initiated by the release of a neurotransmitter from the ________region of the neuron.7)A)axon hillockB)axon terminalC)dendriticD)perisynapticE)postsynapticAnswer:B8)Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which is released from the posterior pituitary, is an example ofwhat type of chemical messenger?8)A)cytokineB)autocrineC)neurotransmitterD)neurohormoneE)paracrineAnswer:D9)Inflammation is characterized in part by redness and swelling. In inflammation, ________ increasesblood flow to affected tissues (producing redness) and causes fluid to leak out of the blood vesselsand into the tissue (producing swelling).9)A)pyruvic acidB)histamineC)amineD)growth factorE)clotting factorAnswer:B10)The more specific a drug is for a certain ________ type, the more specific the therapeutic actions ofthe drug and the fewer the side effects.10)A)target cellB)receptorC)neurotransmitterD)hormoneE)ligandAnswer:B2
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 4 preview image11)Which of the following chemical messengers is lipophilic and is therefore able to cross the cellmembrane?11)A)peptidesB)amino acidsC)amines (excluding thyroid hormone)D)eicosanoidsE)proteinsAnswer:D12)Histamine acts as a(n) ________ in its role in inflammation.12)A)neurotransmitterB)cytokineC)hormoneD)paracrineE)autocrineAnswer:D13)What molecules are hydrophobic and can easily cross the plasma membrane?13)A)amino acidsB)hydrophilicC)lipophobicD)lipophilicE)hyperdermicAnswer:D14)All the messengers in what class are derived from cholesterol?14)A)eicosanoidsB)peptides/proteinsC)steroidsD)aminesE)amino acidsAnswer:C15)Most amines are ________, meaning they dissolve in water and therefore cannot cross the cellmembrane. The ________ hormones are an exception because they are ________ and can easilycross the cell membrane.15)A)lipophilic : thyroid : lipophobicB)lipophilic : protein : lipophobicC)hydrophobic : steroid : hydrophilicD)lipophobic : thyroid : lipophilicE)amino acids : steroid : lipophilicAnswer:D16)Peptide hormones are made________, stored and released via ________.16)A)on demand : active transportB)on demand : simple diffusionC)in advance : exocytosisD)in advance : receptor-mediated endocytosisE)in advance : pinocytosisAnswer:C3
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 5 preview image17)Cells that secrete dopamine must contain which enzymes?17)A)dopamineΆ-hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase onlyB)tyrosineΆ-hydroxylaseC)dopamineΆ-hydroxylase onlyD)dopa decarboxylase onlyE)tyrosineΆ-hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylaseAnswer:E18)Cells that secrete epinephrine must contain which enzymes?18)A)dopamineΆ-hydroxylase, tyrosineΆ-hydroxylase, and dopa decarboxylase onlyB)phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase and dopa decarboxylase onlyC)tyrosineΆ-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase onlyD)dopamineΆ-hydroxylase, tyrosineΆ-hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and dopa decarboxylaseE)dopamineΆ-hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase onlyAnswer:D19)Catecholamines are derived from what amino acid?19)A)glycineB)tryptophanC)glutamateD)histidineE)tyrosineAnswer:E20)Thyroid hormones are synthesized from what amino acid?20)A)glycineB)tryptophanC)histidineD)tyrosineE)glutamateAnswer:D21)Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that relieves pain. Which mechanismbest describes how NSAIDs work?21)A)Aspirin decreases the production of thromboxaneA2, a chemical involved in blot clotformation, and COX inhibitsA2and, therefore, blood clots do not form and cause pain.B)Prostaglandins (PG) are eicosanoids that produce pain and inflammation. Cyclooxygenase(COX) is an essential enzyme in the production of PG and aspirin inhibits COX and thereforerelieves pain due to the reduced production of PG.C)Leukotrienes are eicosanoids that produce pain and inflammation. COX is used in thelipoxygenase pathway and therefore NSAIDs stop the conversion of arachidonic acid toleukotrienes thereby reducing inflammation.D)When aspirin dissolves in the interstitial fluid it causes a concentration gradient and fluid ispulled from the cell reducing inflammation.E)The COX receptors have a greater affinity for aspirin and these speed up the reactions ofhealing.Answer:B4
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 6 preview image22)Doctors often prescribe baby aspirin (82 mg) to guard against the formation of blood clots insteadof a higher dose of 350 mg found in a regular aspirin. Which statement best describes thedistinction in dosages?22)A)Aspirin causes several side effects, some good and some bad. Aspirin decreases thromboxaneA2which causes blood clots; however, at higher dosages, it also decreases the production ofPGI2(prostacyclin) that inhibits production of blood clots. Thus, higher dosages of aspirinwould actually promote the formation of blood clots.B)Aspirin is an allosteric modulator that activates COX-2 in the body and it is COX-2 thatprimarily inhibits blood clot formation.C)Aspirin inhibits the production ofPGE2in the stomach, which protects the stomach liningfrom stomach acid causing ulcers. Lower dosages do not inhibitPGE2and do not harm thestomach.D)Low dosages of aspirin inhibit a critical enzyme in the production of prostaglandins calledcyclooxygenase (COX). There are two forms of COX: 1 and 2. Low dosages enhance theproduction of COX-2 which reduces blood clots. COX-1 receptors only reduce pain.E)Both dosages actually do the same thing to prevent blood clots but 82 mg of aspirin is muchcheaper than 350 mg.Answer:A23)Once a steroid hormone is synthesized, it is23)A)bound to the mitochondria until released.B)stored in a unique protein structure that maintains steroids in the cell.C)immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane.D)stored in a vesicle until released.E)bound to albumin until released from the cell.Answer:C24)What organelle packages peptide/protein messengers into secretory vesicles?24)A)nucleusB)smooth endoplasmic reticulumC)rough endoplasmic reticulumD)Golgi apparatusE)lysosomesAnswer:D25)In order to synthesize eicosanoids, ________ catalyzes the release of ________ from a membranephospholipid.25)A)phospholipase C : cholesterolB)phospholipase A2: cholesterolC)phospholipase C : inositol biphosphateD)phospholipase A2: arachidonic acidE)phospholipase C : arachidonic acidAnswer:D5
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 7 preview image26)An equilibrium exists between a hormone that is bound to a carrier protein and a free hormonesuch that, as the amount of free hormone increases,26)A)more bound hormone will be released from its carrier proteins.B)more hormone must be synthesized to directly replace the free hormones.C)more free hormone will become bound to carrier proteins.D)the amount of bound hormone will not change.E)cells will be stimulated to secrete more free hormone.Answer:C27)Lipophilic chemical messengers are poorly soluble in water. However, many of these lipophilicmessengers are transported throughout the body. Their transport in blood (water) is facilitated by27)A)carrier proteins.B)lipoproteins.C)white blood cells.D)chylomicrons.E)red blood cells.Answer:A28)What enzyme catalyzes synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?28)A)lipoxygenaseB)phospholipase A2C)phospholipase CD)cyclooxygenaseE)tyrosineΆ-hydroxylaseAnswer:D29)A half-life, in terms of a chemical messenger, refers to29)A)how long the chemical messenger will be effective in the body.B)the radioactivity of the chemical messenger.C)the amount of time the messenger is bound to a protein.D)the time it takes for half of the chemical messenger in the blood to be degraded.E)the amount of time it takes to cross the plasma membrane.Answer:D30)Androgens are precursor molecules for the synthesis of30)A)progesterone.B)cholesterol.C)cortisol.D)aldosterone.E)estradiol.Answer:E31)Progesterone is a potential precursor for the synthesis of31)A)testosterone.B)dehydroepiandrosterone.C)cortisol.D)estradiol.E)androstenedione.Answer:C6
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 8 preview image32)Aspirin decreases inflammation by inhibiting the actions of what enzyme?32)A)dopa decarboxylaseB)protein kinase AC)cyclooxygenaseD)lipoxygenaseE)phospholipase A2Answer:C33)Hormones that are dissolved in blood typically exhibit a half-life on the order of ________, whereashormones that are bound to carrier proteins can remain undegraded for ________.33)A)minutes : hoursB)minutes : secondsC)hours : minutesD)seconds : hoursE)seconds : minutesAnswer:A34)The location of receptors on a target cell depends on the solubility of the chemical messenger.Where would the receptors for lipophilic messengers be located?34)A)on the outside of the cellB)on the inside of the cellC)at a free floating ribosomeD)only in the nucleus of the cellE)It depends on if it is an alpha, beta, or delta type receptor.Answer:B35)TheΆ1adrenergic receptor has the greatest affinity for what messenger?35)A)dopamineB)norepinephrineC)epinephrineD)serotoninE)epinephrine and norepinephrine equallyAnswer:E36)The΅1adrenergic receptor has the greatest affinity for what messenger?36)A)serotoninB)epinephrineC)dopamineD)norepinephrineE)epinephrine and norepinephrine equallyAnswer:D37)Which of the following will NOT affect the magnitude of a cell's response to a specific hydrophilicligand?37)A)number of receptorsB)affinity of the receptor for the ligandC)receptor upregulationD)ligand concentrationE)lipid solubility of the ligandAnswer:E7
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 9 preview image38)Chronic exposure to a ligand (messenger) ________ the receptor population for that chemicalmessenger on the target cell.38)A)changes the conformation ofB)decreases the specificity ofC)upregulatesD)down regulatesE)decreases the affinity ofAnswer:D39)Which of the following statements best describes the release of lipophobic messengers?39)A)Lipophobic messengers are stored free in the cytosol and released by simple diffusion inresponse to a stimulus.B)Lipophobic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis immediately aftersynthesis.C)Lipophobic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by simple diffusion in response toa stimulus.D)Lipophobic messengers are released immediately upon synthesis by simple diffusion.E)Lipophobic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis in response to astimulus.Answer:E40)Which of the following statements best describes the release of a lipophilic messenger?40)A)Lipophilic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis in response to astimulus.B)Lipophilic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by simple diffusion in response to astimulus.C)Lipophilic messengers are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis immediately aftersynthesis.D)Lipophilic messengers are stored free in the cytosol and released by simple diffusion inresponse to a stimulus.E)Lipophilic messengers are released immediately upon synthesis by simple diffusion.Answer:E41)Lipophilic hormones are transported in blood ________ and bind to receptors located ________.41)A)bound to carrier proteins : inside the target cellB)dissolved in the plasma : inside the target cellC)bound to carrier proteins : on the plasma membrane of the target cellD)inside red blood cells : inside the target cellE)dissolved in the plasma : on the plasma membrane of the target cellAnswer:A42)Much evidence suggests that depression might be associated with deficiencies in the biogenicamines serotonin and norepinephrine. If this is true and the body has reduced concentrations ofthese amines, one might predict the body would ________ in order to adapt to these lowered levels.42)A)increase the half lifeB)upregulateC)increase the concentration of chemical messengerD)reduce the affinityE)downregulateAnswer:B8
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 10 preview image43)What is a molecule that is similar in structure to a messenger and binds with that messenger'sreceptor to stimulate a similar response from the target cell?43)A)antagonistB)protagonistC)synergistD)blockerE)agonistAnswer:E44)As a general rule, the magnitude of a target cell's response to a chemical messenger depends onwhich three factors?44)A)(1) the concentration of the messenger, (2) the number of receptors, and (3) the affinity of thereceptor for the messengerB)(1) the solubility of the chemical messenger, (2) the location of the receptor, and (3) the affinityof the receptor to the messengerC)(1) the concentration of the messenger, (2) the percent saturation of the receptor, and (3) thespecificity of the receptor for the chemical messengerD)(1) the half life of the messenger, (2) the number of receptors, and (3) the percent saturation ofthose receptorsE)(1) the solubility of the chemical messenger, (2) the location of the receptor, and (3) the class ofthe receptorAnswer:A45)The affinity of a receptor for its ligand is a measure of the45)A)strength of binding between ligand and receptor.B)percent of receptors on a specific target cell with bound ligand.C)number of binding sites available for the ligand.D)response produced in the target cell when the ligand binds to the receptor.E)ability of the ligand to permeate the plasma membrane and reach its receptor.Answer:A46)Typical responses to ________ messengers require a long time to develop because they necessitatetranscription of mRNA and translation of that mRNA into a functional protein.46)A)lipophilicB)lipophobicC)proteinD)amino acidE)peptideAnswer:A47)Insulin is a peptide hormone and therefore lipophobic. When insulin is released due to high bloodglucose levels, the response of the cells to this hormone will be ________ because it causes________.47)A)fast : new protein synthesisB)slow : a second messenger system to be activatedC)neutral : transcription of mRNA and translation of that mRNA into a functional proteinD)fast : enzyme-linked receptors to catalyze intracellular reactionsE)slow : amplification of proteinsAnswer:D9
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 11 preview image48)Heroin overdose is usually treated with an opioid ________ such as naloxone (Narcan) ornaltrexone, an opioid, which prevents heroin from binding to mu receptors and reverses the effectsof heroin on the body.48)A)ligandB)antagonistC)agonistD)antihistamineE)second messengerAnswer:B49)Differences in the rate of activity between fast and slow ligand-gated channels are caused by49)A)G protein activity gating the fast channel.B)G protein activity gating the slow channel.C)ligand selectivity.D)ligand affinity.E)ligands gating both channels to the closed state.Answer:B50)Opening channels for which of the following ions can trigger exocytosis?50)A)potassiumB)calciumC)magnesiumD)sodiumE)chlorideAnswer:B51)Which of the following ions binds to calmodulin to ultimately activate a protein kinase?51)A)chlorideB)sodiumC)magnesiumD)calciumE)potassiumAnswer:D52)A first messenger is an extracellular messenger that binds to its receptor on the ________ of the celland therefore activates a second messenger system.52)A)ribosomeB)endoplasmic reticulumC)outsideD)G proteinE)insideAnswer:C53)Which of the following statements best describes the function of tyrosine kinase?53)A)It catalyzes the formation of dopamine from L-dopa.B)It catalyzes the phosphorylation of a protein in the extracellular fluid.C)It catalyzes the phosphorylation of a protein inside a cell.D)It catalyzes the formation of norepinephrine from dopamine.E)It sequesters calcium in the cytosol.Answer:C10
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 12 preview image54)Cholera is the leading cause of death in children in developing countries, characterized by massivediarrhea. The effects stem from an extracellular toxin that the bacterium Vibrio cholerae releasesinto the gut. The toxin acts on a ________ that overstimulates ________ which causes a cascade ofevents that leads to electrolytes leaving the cell and causing water to follow them into the lumen ofthe intestine, resulting in severe diarrhea.54)A)G proteins : adenylate cyclaseB)protein kinases : calmodulinC)cAMP : G proteinsD)protein-P : GTPE)calcium : musclesAnswer:A55)Which of the following is the most common second messenger in the human body?55)A)cAMPB)IP3C)calciumD)cGMPE)DAGAnswer:A56)What terminates the cAMP second messenger system?56)A)the release of the first messenger from the receptorB)a G proteinC)the axon terminalD)degradation of cAMP by the liverE)the degradation of cAMP by the enzyme cAMP phosphodiesteraseAnswer:E57)Cyclic AMP (cAMP) stimulates one's metabolic rate. Many supplement companies offer productsclaiming to increase the levels of this chemical within the body. If you had a patient on thissupplement and they had high levels of cAMP in their body, what symptoms would you expectthem to display?57)A)increased heart rate and shallow breathingB)high G protein and sugar levels in their urineC)weight gain and lethargyD)hypoglycemia and low blood pressureE)weight loss and a high temperatureAnswer:E58)The function of a second messenger system is to58)A)facilitate the process of covalent modification of a protein.B)isolate the response to the inside of a cell.C)amplify the response of the first messenger.D)keep calcium involved in these responses.E)buffer a cell's response to a ligand.Answer:C59)Based on your knowledge of signal amplification, which type of chemical messenger can haverelatively small concentrations within the bloodstream and still get a large response?59)A)steroidB)paracrineC)lipophilicD)autocrineE)lipophobicAnswer:E11
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 13 preview image60)Functionally, G proteins are classified into what three types?60)A)those that affect ion channels, stimulatory G proteins, and inhibitory G proteinsB)first, second, and third messengersC)slow, fast, and opened or closedD)alpha, beta, and gammaE)those that affect proteins, those that affect enzymes, and those that affect specific genesAnswer:A61)When the alpha subunit of the G protein is activated, it can stimulate ion channels to do what?61)A)open onlyB)close onlyC)either open or closeD)degradeE)alter the ion that travels through the channelAnswer:C62)The enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of cAMP is called ________ and is activated by ________.62)A)phosphodiesterase : aGsproteinB)phosphoprotein phosphatase : aGiproteinC)adenylate cyclase : aGiproteinD)phosphodiesterase : aGiproteinE)adenylate cyclase : aGsproteinAnswer:E63)What enzyme is activated by cAMP?63)A)protein kinase CB)phosphodiesteraseC)tyrosine kinaseD)adenylate cyclaseE)protein kinase AAnswer:E64)In order to terminate a cAMP-mediated response, the enzyme ________ can be activated todegrade cAMP.64)A)cAMP protein kinaseB)cAMP phosphodiesteraseC)cAMP hydrogenaseD)cAMP decarboxylaseE)cAMP hydrolaseAnswer:B65)When associated with G protein, guanylate cyclase will activate what enzyme?65)A)phosphodiesteraseB)protein kinase GC)protein kinase AD)protein kinase CE)phospholipase CAnswer:B12
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 14 preview image66)What molecule, whose synthesis is catalyzed by phospholipase C, triggers the release of calciumfrom the endoplasmic reticulum?66)A)inositol biphosphateB)inositol triphosphateC)phosphatidylinositol biphosphateD)cGMPE)diacylglycerolAnswer:B67)Which of the following proteins is directly activated by a G protein?67)A)phospholipase A2B)protein kinase GC)tyrosine kinaseD)adenylate cyclaseE)calmodulinAnswer:D68)Which of the following are second messengers?68)A)cAMP onlyB)calcium onlyC)inositol triphosphate onlyD)both cAMP and inositol triphosphateE)cAMP, calcium, and inositol triphosphateAnswer:E69)What two systems primarily control homeostasis due to their ability to communicate over longdistances?69)A)nervous and cardiovascularB)nervous and endocrineC)endocrine and cardiovascularD)endocrine and respiratoryE)cardiovascular and respiratoryAnswer:B70)The chemical messenger of the nervous system is ________ and chemical messenger of theendocrine system is ________.70)A)neurotransmitter : hormoneB)neurohormone : adrenocorticoidC)neurotransmitter : neurohormoneD)hormone : neurotransmitterE)autocrines : paracrinesAnswer:A71)The target cells of the nervous system are71)A)other neurons.B)glial cells.C)neurons, muscles, or glands.D)muscle cells.E)all the cell types in the body.Answer:C13
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 15 preview image72)The nervous system communicates via the ________ and the endocrine system communicates viathe ________.72)A)neuron : endocrine glandB)glial cell : hormoneC)muscle cells : specific target cells of hormonesD)synapse : bloodstreamE)electrical signals : chemical signals or paracrine cellsAnswer:D73)Which of the following statements is true for the nervous system but NOT the endocrine system?73)A)A messenger communicates to target cells by binding to specific receptors.B)Effector organs are scattered throughout the body.C)Communication occurs over long distances.D)There is a special anatomical arrangement between the secretory cell and the target cell.E)A messenger is transported in the bloodstream.Answer:D74)What part of a neuron releases neurotransmitter by exocytosis?74)A)axon terminalB)somaC)dendritesD)axon hillockE)All of the answers are correct.Answer:A75)What chemical messenger diffuses to neighboring cells to exert an effect?75)A)autocrineB)neurotransmitterC)hormoneD)paracrineE)neurohormoneAnswer:D76)What chemical messenger is released from endocrine glands into the bloodstream?76)A)paracrineB)hormoneC)neurotransmitterD)autocrineE)neurohormoneAnswer:B77)What chemical messenger is released by a presynaptic cell?77)A)neurotransmitterB)hormoneC)paracrineD)neurohormoneE)autocrineAnswer:A14
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 16 preview image78)Which of the following enzymes catalyzes phosphorylation of a protein?78)A)tyrosine kinaseB)phospholipase A2C)tyrosineΆ-hydroxylaseD)adenylate cyclaseE)phosphodiesteraseAnswer:A79)Which of the following enzymes catalyzes synthesis and release of arachidonic acid?79)A)tyrosineΆ-hydroxylaseB)phospholipase A2C)tyrosine kinaseD)phosphodiesteraseE)adenylate cyclaseAnswer:B80)Which of the following enzymes catalyzes synthesis of epinephrine from norepinephrine?80)A)dopa decarboxylaseB)dopamineΆ-hydroxylaseC)phospholipase CD)phenylethanolamineN-methyl transferaseE)phosphoprotein phosphataseAnswer:D81)Which of the following enzymes catalyzes synthesis of cAMP?81)A)tyrosine kinaseB)tyrosineΆ-hydroxylaseC)phosphodiesteraseD)phospholipase A2E)adenylate cyclaseAnswer:E82)Which of the following enzymes catalyzes synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes?82)A)cyclooxygenaseB)phospholipase CC)dopamineΆ-hydroxylaseD)phenylethanolamineN-methyl transferaseE)phosphoprotein phosphataseAnswer:A83)Which of the following enzymes catalyzes dephosphorylation of a protein?83)A)cyclooxygenaseB)phenylethanolamineN-methyl transferaseC)dopamineΆ-hydroxylaseD)phosphoprotein phosphataseE)phospholipase CAnswer:D15
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 17 preview image84)Which of the following enzymes catalyzes synthesis of diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate?84)A)phenylethanolamineN-methyl transferaseB)phosphoprotein phosphataseC)phospholipase CD)dopamineΆ-hydroxylaseE)cyclooxygenaseAnswer:C85)A target cell will respond to a chemical messenger once that molecule has bound to a85)A)G protein.B)receptor.C)protein kinase.D)complex in the nucleus.E)calcium channel.Answer:B86)A(n) ________ is transported in the bloodstream.86)A)autocrineB)neurotransmitterC)glial cellD)paracrineE)hormoneAnswer:E87)Histamine is an example of a(n)87)A)hormone.B)paracrine.C)glial cell.D)neurotransmitter.E)autocrine.Answer:B88)Lipid-soluble molecules are not only hydrophobic, but are also88)A)lipophilic.B)cellulose.C)lipophobic.D)amino acids.E)disaccharides.Answer:A89)Catecholamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, are derived from the aminoacid89)A)tyrosine.B)glycine.C)glutamate.D)leucine.E)isoleucine.Answer:A16
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 18 preview image90)Identify the two enzymes involved in converting tyrosine into dopamine.90)A)andenylate cyclase and phospholipase CB)dopamineΆ-hydroxylase and propeptideC)cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenaseD)tyrosineΆhydroxylase and dopa decarboxylaseE)cortisol and dehydroepiandrosteroneAnswer:D91)Eicosanoids are derived from what phospholipid?91)A)thromboxanesB)arachidonic acidC)prostoglandinsD)leukotrienesE)prostacyclineAnswer:B92)Steroid messengers are derived from what precursor molecule?92)A)calmodulinB)tyrosineC)histamineD)cholesterolE)arachidonic acidAnswer:D93)Catecholamines are released from the secretory cell by93)A)simple diffusion.B)exocytosis.C)endocytosis.D)active transport.E)signal transduction.Answer:B94)Steroids are released from the secretory cell by94)A)active transport.B)endocytosis.C)simple diffusion.D)signal transduction.E)exocytosis.Answer:C95)What protein in the blood that is relatively non-specific with respect to its ability to bind andtransport chemical messengers in the blood?95)A)cytokineB)corticosteroid-binding globulinC)protein kinaseD)albuminE)hemoglobinAnswer:D17
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 19 preview image96)As free hormones bind to their receptors and no more hormone is released from their cell of origin,the concentration of hormone bound to carrier proteins will96)A)denature.B)have a greater affinity.C)increase.D)become saturated.E)decrease.Answer:E97)The strength with which a ligand (chemical messenger) will bind with a receptor is referred to as its97)A)affinity.B)enzyme-substrate complex.C)prohormone.D)binding strength.E)prepropeptide.Answer:A98)As the concentration of receptors on the cell membrane decreases, the response of the target cellwill98)A)decrease.B)remain the same due to saturation.C)increase its affinity.D)oscillate with the concentration of the chemical messenger.E)increase.Answer:A99)Which of the following chemical messengers are lipophilic?99)A)thyroid hormonesB)eicosanoidsC)peptides/proteinsD)steroidsE)steroids, eicosanoids, and thyroid hormoneAnswer:E100)Which of the following chemical messengers are lipophobic?100)A)steroidsB)peptides/proteinsC)thyroid hormonesD)peptides/proteins and steroidsE)amino acidsAnswer:ETRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.101)Lipophobic chemical messengers communicate a message to the target cell by binding to receptorson that cell's membrane.101)Answer:TrueFalse102)The target cell of a neurotransmitter is the postsynaptic cell.102)Answer:TrueFalse18
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 20 preview image103)Endocrine glands secrete neurohormones.103)Answer:TrueFalse104)Tyrosine is one of four amino acids that function directly as chemical messengers.104)Answer:TrueFalse105)Steroid hormones are produced within cells and stored in vesicles until they are released.105)Answer:TrueFalse106)Steroid hormones are derived from the hormone testosterone.106)Answer:TrueFalse107)All catecholamine-secreting cells synthesize dopamine.107)Answer:TrueFalse108)Eicosanoids are released immediately upon synthesis.108)Answer:TrueFalse109)The location of the receptor depends on whether the messenger is lipophilic or lipophobic.109)Answer:TrueFalse110)A single cell can have receptors for different messengers.110)Answer:TrueFalse111)Most receptors are relatively non-specific for the ligand that will bind to them.111)Answer:TrueFalse112)Receptors for lipophilic chemical messengers are only located on the surface of a cell's membrane.112)Answer:TrueFalse113)Tyrosine kinases are enzymes that add a phosphate group to tyrosine residues on other proteins,changing the conformation of those proteins.113)Answer:TrueFalse114)The higher concentration of messenger, the greater the response in the target cell.114)Answer:TrueFalse115)Enkephalin is an opiate produced in the body. When enkephalin binds to opioid receptors, itproduces analgesia (a lack of pain sensation). Morphine can also bind to opioid receptors andproduce analgesia. Morphine is an opiate antagonist.115)Answer:TrueFalse116)Thyroid hormones alter the transcription of mRNA in the target cell.116)Answer:TrueFalse117)If calcium channels open in the plasma membrane, calcium ions enter the cell.117)Answer:TrueFalse19
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 21 preview image118)An amplifier enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of a second messenger.118)Answer:TrueFalse119)In its active form, a G protein has a GDP bound to its alpha unit.119)Answer:TrueFalse120)Generally, the nervous system is a more rapid means of communication than the endocrine system.120)Answer:TrueFalse121)The site of communication between two neurons is called a synapse.121)Answer:TrueFalseESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.122)Compare and contrast the synthesis, release, transport, and signal transduction of lipophilic and lipophobicchemical messengers.Answer:Lipophilic (hydrophobic) messengers include the steroids, eicosanoids, and thyroid hormones. They aresecreted via simple diffusion from the cell that secretes them and must be bound to a carrier protein inthe bloodstream. The location of the receptor on their target cell is either in the nucleus or cytosol andtheir action on the target cell requires the synthesis of a new protein. Due to this new protein synthesis,these chemical messengers have a relatively slow response time but a long duration and a long have lifein the body.In contrast, lipophobic (hydrophilic) messengers include those chemical messenger classes of aminoacids, amines, and peptides. They are usually made in advance via protein synthesis, stored in secretoryvesicles, and released into the bloodstream via exocytosis where they dissolve into the plasma. Since theyare lipophobic, the receptor on their target cell is located on the outside of the cell and, therefore, oncethey bind to the receptor, they activate a second messenger system within the cell which has a fastresponse time due to the amplification of activated enzymes within the cell. Lipophobic messengers havea short half-life and a short duration of response.123)Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the most widely used medications in the world. To whatgroup of medications does aspirin belong? Explain its mechanism of action for preventing pain andinflammation as well as its ability to prevent blood clots. Aspirin also has some undesirable side effects,especially in higher doses. Explain what these side effects are and why they occur.Answer:Aspirin is one of a number of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Their mechanism ofaction is to target the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which has two forms COX-1 and COX-2. COX is acritical enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG), eicosanoids that cause pain and inflammation.COX-1 is present in many cells of the body and helps maintain homeostasis and synthesizes PG. Aspirin,however, nonselectively inhibits both forms of the COX enzyme but it is the inhibition of COX-2 thatresults in pain relief.Several side effects occur when aspirin inhibits the COX-1 enzyme because aspirin decreases theproduction of thromboxane A2, a chemical that is involved in the formation of blood clots.However, at higher doses, aspirin also decreases the production of PGI2(prostacyclin), a chemical thatinhibits the production of blood clots. Therefore, a lower dose of 82 mg (a baby aspirin) will decrease theproduction of thromboxane A2causing a beneficial side effect of taking aspirin. In larger dosages (likethose found in regular aspirin), although they will reduce pain and inflammation, they will also actuallypromote the formation of blood clots due to decreasing the production of PGI2. Another undesirable sideeffect of aspirin is the formation of ulcers and stomach bleeding and upset because aspirin also inhibitsthe production of PGE2which indirectly protects the lining of the stomach from stomach acid.20
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 22 preview image124)Describe the factors that affect the magnitude of a target cell's response. Assume that there is a receptor on thecell for the ligand.Answer:The first factor that affects a target cell's response to a ligand is the concentration of the ligand. Thekinetics of a ligand's binding to a receptor is shown as M+RM*RResponse, where M is themessenger (ligand), R is the receptor, and M*R is the messenger-receptor complex. As the concentrationof ligand increases, the number of bound receptors will increase until all receptors on the target cell arebound by ligand (saturated). This relationship between ligand and receptor means that the response to aligand will also be affected by the number of receptors available. At any concentration of ligand, thenumber of receptors bound depends upon the total number of receptors on the target cell. In order tochange the number of receptors on the target cell, some time is required to alter the regulation of proteinsynthesis or degradation of that receptor. If the concentration of ligand is low for long periods of time,cells tend to upregulate (increase) the number of receptors for that ligand. In that way, the cell can bemore responsive to lower concentrations of ligand. Alternatively, long periods of high ligandconcentration may downregulate that ligand's receptor population, thereby reducing the cell'sresponsiveness to the ligand. Finally, a cell's responsiveness to a ligand is determined by the affinity ofthe receptor for the ligand. As the receptor affinity increases, more receptors will be bound at the sameligand concentration. This is especially important when there are several classes of receptors that havedifferent affinities for a ligand such as epinephrine. Two types of receptors are capable of binding thecatecholamine epinephrine:΅andΆ2adrenergic receptors. Both of these receptors are found on bloodvessels and have the opposite effect on those vessels:΅adrenoreceptors induce vasoconstriction, whereasΆ2adrenoreceptors induce vasodilation. However, in the presence of epinephrine, theΆ2adrenoreceptor-induced vasodilation will predominate because theΆ2adrenoreceptor has a greateraffinity for epinephrine than the΅adrenoreceptor.125)Describe the function of both slow and fast channel-linked receptors. Include the role of calcium as a secondmessenger.Answer:Channel-linked receptors function in the gating of an ion channel into the open or closed states inresponse to ligand-receptor binding. These ligand-gated channels are usually very specific for aparticular ion and fall into two categories: fast and slow channels. Fast channels are those where thereceptor and channel are directly coupled. With slow channels, the receptor and channel are linked byconfusing a G protein. The binding of a ligand to a fast channel receptor will increase the likelihood thatan ion channel will open. That channel will only remain open for a short period of time, allowing the fluxof a particular ion across the membrane either into or out of the cell, depending upon that ion'selectrochemical gradient. The flux of ions across a membrane can alter cellular function in two ways: bychanging that cell's membrane potential, and/or the ion can act as a second messenger inside the cell. Themovement of sodium into a cell induces a rapid depolarization. Alternatively, if the channel is specific forcalcium, then the influx of calcium can trigger a series of responses by binding to the cytosolic proteincalmodulin or by binding to other proteins. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates a protein kinasewhich catalyzes phosphorylation of a protein. Calcium is well suited to this role due to its low cytosolicconcentration, making the cell very responsive to changes in intracellular calcium. The cytosolicconcentration of calcium is kept low by: 1) the active transport of calcium out of the cell; 2) sequestrationof calcium by cytosolic binding proteins; and 3) the active transport of calcium into the smoothendoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.21
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 23 preview image126)Describe G protein-linked receptors, including a discussion of the different enzyme pathways activated by Gprotein.Answer:G proteins act as a bridge between a receptor and a channel. Receptor-ligand binding activates a Gprotein within the cell membrane. G proteins can act through a number of second messenger pathways.cAMP is the most common pathway. A ligand binding to its receptor will activate Gs (or Gi, dependingupon the receptor). The΅subunit of the G protein is released to activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase.This step appears to be the most important because several other enzymes can be activated by the΅subunit of the G protein. Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. Once produced,cAMP will activate protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) by phosphorylating it. Proteinkinase A uses ATP to phosphorylate another enzyme, thereby altering that protein's function and causinga response within the cell. This cascade of reactions can be halted by the action of the cAMPphosphodiesterase, which degrades cAMP. At the same time, the protein activated by protein kinase Acan be inactivated by a phosphatase enzyme that removes the phosphate group. As stated above, the΅subunit of G protein could activate other enzymes like guanylate cyclase, which would stimulate theproduction of cGMP and ultimately activate protein kinase G. In addition, the΅subunit of G proteincould activate the enzyme phospholipase C. This enzyme is part of the phosphatidylinositol system.Activation of phospholipase C cleaves the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3). DAG remains in themembrane and activates protein kinase C, which stimulates other enzymes to initiate a cellular response.IP3 moves into the cytosol and stimulates the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. In thiscase, it is calcium that stimulates the cellular response through its binding to calmodulin or anotherprotein with a calcium binding site.22
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 24 preview imageExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1)A secondary endocrine organ is one that1)A)secretes at least two hormones.B)secretes hormones, but is better known for another function.C)is the target of tropic hormones.D)secretes tropic hormones.E)receives communication from at least two hormones.Answer:B2)Which of the following endocrine organs essentially secretes hormones from neurons?2)A)pancreasB)hypothalamusC)adrenal cortexD)thymusE)gonadsAnswer:B3)What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?3)A)paraventricular nucleusB)neurohypophysisC)melanocyteD)pineal glandE)adenohypophysisAnswer:B4)What hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, functions in uterine contraction and milkletdown in the breast?4)A)oxytocinB)prolactinC)somatomedinD)vasopressinE)antidiuretic hormoneAnswer:A5)Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ released from the________.5)A)releasing hormones : thalamusB)tropic hormones : hypothalamusC)stimulating hormones : posterior pituitaryD)oxytocin : hypothalamusE)neurotransmitters : hypothalamusAnswer:B1
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 25 preview image6)What ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulatethe pituitary?6)A)pulsatility of tropic hormone releaseB)hypothalamic-pituitary portal systemC)degradation rates of tropic hormonesD)affinity of the tropic hormonesE)hepatic portal systemAnswer:B7)Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary?7)A)follicle stimulating hormoneB)luteinizing hormoneC)prolactin inhibiting hormoneD)growth hormoneE)adrenocorticotropic hormoneAnswer:C8)Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormonefrom the anterior pituitary?8)A)follicle releasing hormoneB)growth hormone releasing hormoneC)follicle stimulating releasing hormoneD)corticotropin releasing hormoneE)gonadotropin releasing hormoneAnswer:E9)Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the controlof tropic hormones?9)A)TRH stimulates TSH release, which stimulates thymosin release.B)PRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.C)GHRH stimulates GH release, which stimulates insulin-like growth factor release.D)CRH stimulates ACTH release, which stimulates somatomedin release.E)GnRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.Answer:C10)Which of the following tropic hormones is also known as the catecholamine, dopamine?10)A)growth hormone inhibiting hormoneB)luteinizing hormoneC)growth hormoneD)prolactin releasing hormoneE)prolactin inhibiting hormoneAnswer:E11)Which of the following is a CORRECT example of long-loop negative feedback?11)A)TSH stimulates the release of TRH.B)GH stimulates the release of GHIH.C)FSH inhibits the release of GnRH.D)Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH.E)TSH inhibits the release of TRH.Answer:D2
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 26 preview image12)Which of the following is a CORRECT example of short-loop negative feedback?12)A)Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TSH.B)TRH inhibits the release of TSH.C)Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TRH.D)TRH stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.E)TSH inhibits the release of TRH.Answer:E13)The release of ________ from the pineal gland is important for establishing ________.13)A)prolactin : circadian rhythmB)prolactin : breast milk productionC)melatonin : thirstD)melatonin : circadian rhythmE)melanin : thirstAnswer:D14)The thyroid gland secretes what hormone(s)?14)A)thyroid hormones onlyB)thymosin onlyC)calcitonin onlyD)both thyroid hormones and thymosinE)both thyroid hormones and calcitoninAnswer:E15)What is triiodothyronine?15)A)a catecholamine released from the adrenal medullaB)the hormone secreted from the pineal glandC)the hormone secreted from the thymusD)a catecholamine released from the adrenal cortexE)a thyroid hormone, also known as T3, secreted from the thyroid glandAnswer:E16)Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland?16)A)cortisolB)adrenocorticotropic hormoneC)aldosteroneD)androgensE)epinephrineAnswer:B17)Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the endocrine region of the pancreas?17)A)pancreatic polypeptideB)cholecystokininC)somatostatinD)insulinE)glucagonAnswer:B3
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 27 preview image18)What hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal gland?18)A)epinephrineB)aldosteroneC)cortisolD)progesteroneE)androgensAnswer:B19)What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?19)A)zona reticularis onlyB)zona fasciculata onlyC)zona glomerulosa onlyD)both zonae reticularis and fasciculataE)both zonae reticularis and glomerulosaAnswer:D20)A person with a pheochromocytoma (a functioning adenoma) is experiencing symptoms created byits hypersecretion of epinephrine, including high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, excessivesweating, anxiety, and weight loss. Where would this neuroendocrine tumor be located?20)A)neurohypophysis of pituitary glandB)hypothalamusC)adrenal medullaD)adrenal cortexE)adenohypophysis of pituitary glandAnswer:C21)What cells secrete epinephrine from the adrenal gland?21)A)B cellsB)A cellsC)chromaffin cellsD)zona reticularis cellsE)D cellsAnswer:C22)All of the following paired hormones have antagonistic effects EXCEPT22)A)insulin and glucagon.B)epinephrine and norepinephrine.C)PRH and dopamine.D)ANP and aldosterone.E)calcitonin and PTH.Answer:B23)Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads?23)A)testosteroneB)estradiolC)androstenedioneD)oxytocinE)progesteroneAnswer:D4
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 28 preview image24)What anterior pituitary hormone is NOT a tropic hormone?24)A)growth hormoneB)prolactinC)follicle stimulating hormoneD)luteinizing hormoneE)adrenocorticotropic hormoneAnswer:B25)Which of the following hormones regulates plasma calcium levels?25)A)calcitonin onlyB)calcitrol onlyC)parathyroid hormone onlyD)both calcitonin, and oxytocinE)calcitonin, calcitrol, and parathyroid hormoneAnswer:E26)What hormone is secreted by the heart?26)A)atrial natriuretic peptideB)somatostatinC)thymosinD)erythropoietinE)epinephrineAnswer:A27)Where does the neural input for circadian rhythmicity of the pineal gland and hypothalamic tropichormones originate?27)A)lateral geniculusB)cerebrumC)supraoptic nucleusD)paraventricular nucleusE)suprachiasmatic nucleusAnswer:E28)Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release arecalled28)A)secondary secretion disorders.B)tertiary secretion disorders.C)primary secretion disorders.D)hypersecretions.E)hyposecretions.Answer:A29)Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion ofcortisol?29)A)decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisolB)increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisolC)decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisolD)increased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisolE)increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisolAnswer:E5
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 29 preview image30)A 10-year-old with precocious puberty is found to have a space-occupying tumor in the arcuatenucleus of the hypothalamus, leading to excessive prolactin release. Which of the followingcorrectly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?30)A)increased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactinB)decreased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactinC)increased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactinD)decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactinE)decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and increased prolactinAnswer:E31)A person with Cushing's disease is found to have a functioning adenoma in the anterior pituitarycausing an increase in ACTH secretion. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes changes inplasma levels of hormones?31)A)increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisolB)decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisolC)decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisolD)decreased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisolE)increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisolAnswer:D32)The mechanism of insulin catabolism in target cells is best described as degradation by32)A)mitochondrial enzymes following receptor-mediated endocytosis.B)peroxisomal enzymes.C)insulin-degrading enzyme following receptor-mediated endocytosis.D)lysosomes following receptor-mediated endocytosis.E)proteases in the extracellular fluid.Answer:C33)The concentration of free hormone in the blood depends on all of the following EXCEPT the33)A)rate of receptor downregulation.B)rate at which the hormone is metabolized.C)rate of hormone secretion.D)amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins.E)amount of hormone temporarily stored in adipose tissue.Answer:A34)When the response to two hormones is greater than the sum of the individual responses, theresponse is described as34)A)agonistic.B)antagonized.C)permissive.D)synergistic.E)additive.Answer:D6
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 30 preview image35)All of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex EXCEPT35)A)androgens.B)aldosterone.C)cortisol.D)epinephrine.E)both male and female sex hormone precursors.Answer:D36)Which of the following produces the hormone calcitonin?36)A)posterior pituitaryB)adrenal cortexC)pancreasD)thyroid glandE)adrenal medullaAnswer:D37)The hormones somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon are all produced by what mixedendocrine/exocrine gland?37)A)pancreasB)thyroid glandC)adrenal cortexD)adrenal medullaE)posterior pituitaryAnswer:A38)Vasopressin works on the kidney to decrease urine output, as does aldosterone, but has an effect onblood vessels that is similar to yet another hormone, which is38)A)ACTH.B)atrial natriuretic peptide.C)epinephrine.D)cortisol.E)rennin.Answer:C39)Oxytocin is produced by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, but is releasedinto the bloodstream where?39)A)hypothalamic-pituitary portal systemB)uterus and breast tissueC)neurohypophysisD)capillary beds of the median eminenceE)anterior pituitaryAnswer:C40)Which hormone's release is governed by GnRH?40)A)cortisolB)insulin-like growth factorsC)glucagonD)sex hormonesE)thyroid hormoneAnswer:D7
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Test Bank For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition - Page 31 preview image41)Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by CRH?41)A)cortisolB)thyroid hormoneC)sex hormonesD)glucagonE)insulin-like growth factorsAnswer:A42)Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by GHRH?42)A)cortisolB)insulin-like growth factorsC)thyroid hormoneD)glucagonE)sex hormonesAnswer:B43)Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by TRH?43)A)thyroid hormoneB)insulin-like growth factorsC)sex hormonesD)glucagonE)cortisolAnswer:A44)Which pancreatic cell type secretes somatostatin?44)A)beta cellsB)F cellsC)alpha cellsD)gamma cellsE)delta cellsAnswer:E45)Which pancreatic cell type secretes insulin?45)A)alpha cellsB)F cellsC)gamma cellsD)delta cellsE)beta cellsAnswer:E46)Which pancreatic cell type secretes glucagon?46)A)F cellsB)alpha cellsC)beta cellsD)gamma cellsE)delta cellsAnswer:B8
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