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Principles of Human Physiology 4th Edition Test Bank

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    Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex? 1) A) cells, tissues, organs, organ systems B) organ systems, organs, tissues, cells C) tissues, cells, organs, organ systems D) organ systems, cells, tissues, organs E) cells, tissues, organ systems, organs Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2) What percentage of adults in the United States is obese? 2) A) 15% B) 30% C) 10% D) 20% E) 25% Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 3) What are the two extracellular fluid compartments of the body? 3) A) intracellular fluid and blood B) intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid C) interstitial fluid and blood D) intracellular fluid and plasma E) interstitial fluid and plasma Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 1

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    4) The lumen of which of the following systems is part of the INTERNAL environment? 4) A) urinary system B) cardiovascular system C) gastrointestinal and urinary systems D) respiratory system E) gastrointestinal system Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5) Endocrine glands are derived from what type of tissue? 5) A) epithelial B) muscle C) reticular D) connective E) nerve Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 6) Which of the following compartments contains most of the water found in the human body? 6) A) intracellular fluid B) lumen of the intestinal tract C) plasma D) extracellular fluid E) interstitial fluid Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 7) What type of tissue lines exocrine glands? 7) A) epithelial B) connective C) nerve D) exonuclear E) muscle Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2

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    8) Which of the following is a tissue type that includes the cells found within blood and bones? 8) A) epithelial tissue B) nervous tissue C) muscle tissue D) connective tissue E) endocrine tissue Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 9) Approximately what percentage of people living in the United States suffer from diabetes mellitus? 9) A) 8% B) 15% C) 1% D) 0.5% E) 0.1% Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 10) Which of the following best describes intracellular fluid? 10) A) rich in sodium, potassium, and chloride B) rich in sodium and chloride C) rich in potassium and chloride D) rich in proteins and chloride E) rich in proteins and potassium Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 11) What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis? 11) A) negative feedback B) inherent control C) positive feedback D) extrinsic control E) intrinsic control Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 3

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    12) Which of the following is a normal blood glucose level? 12) A) 100 gm/mL B) 50 mg/dL C) 50 mmolar D) 100 mg/dL E) 200 mmolar Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 13) Type I diabetes mellitus is also known as ________. 13) A) juvenile onset diabetes mellitus B) diabetes insipidus C) ketoacidosis D) non - insulin dependent diabetes mellitus E) adult onset diabetes mellitus Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 14) Name the two organ systems that the kidneys belong to. 14) A) urinary and immune systems B) urinary and digestive systems C) endocrine and urinary systems D) endocrine and gastrointestinal systems E) urinary and skeletal systems Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 15) The positive feedback loop involving luteinizing hormone and estrogen is terminated by ________. 15) A) pregnancy B) nothing; the cycle cannot be terminated C) ovulation, which decreases estrogen secretion D) ovulation, which directly inhibits luteinizing hormone secretion E) birth Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 4

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    16) Luteinizing hormone - mediated regulation of estrogen during ovulation in women is an example of ________. 16) A) a quasi - negative feedback loop B) both a positive and negative feedback loop C) a negative feedback loop D) a quasi - positive feedback loop E) a positive feedback loop Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 17) Which of the following is NOT a primary type of tissue? 17) A) connective B) nerve C) epithelial D) muscle E) skeletal Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 18) What type of gland secretes products into ducts leading to the external environment? 18) A) endocrine glands B) neither endocrine nor exocrine C) exocrine glands D) both endocrine and exocrine Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 19) Glands are derived from what type of tissue? 19) A) epithelial B) nerve C) muscle D) connective E) kleenex Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5

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    20) Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE? 20) A) Illness can result if homeostasis is disrupted. B) The extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life. C) The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is positive feedback. D) The organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. E) Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 21) What is a general name for the non - cellular material that holds the widely scattered cells of connective tissue together? 21) A) Intracellular matrix B) Elastin C) Collagen D) Extracellular matrix E) Basement membrane Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 22) Which of the following is NOT a part of the internal environment? 22) A) airways to lungs B) blood C) brain D) endocrine glands E) heart Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 23) Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE? 23) A) The organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. B) The intracellular fluid makes up the majority of the body fluids. C) Intrinsic control mechanisms maintain the extracellular fluid in a constant state. D) The extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life. E) The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is negative feedback. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 6

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    24) What organ system functions in communication between cells of the body? 24) A) endocrine only B) integumentary only C) both nervous and endocrine D) nervous only E) nervous, integumentary, and endocrine Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 25) The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called what? 25) A) biochemistry B) microbiology C) homeostasis D) anatomy E) physiology Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 26) Which of the following is NOT a component of the gastrointestinal system? 26) A) kidneys B) gall bladder C) salivary glands D) stomach E) liver Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 27) What separates the internal environment of the body from the external environment? 27) A) plasma membrane of all body cells B) water C) membranes of blood cells D) walls of blood vessels E) epithelium Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 7

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    28) Which of the following descriptions INCORRECTLY describes the tissue type? 28) A) Nervous tissue is specialized for transmission of electrical impulses. B) Epithelial tissue forms glands. C) Connective tissue is specialized for exchange between the internal and external environments. D) Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction and generation of force. E) Epithelial tissue lines the lumen of internal organs. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 29) What organ system includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland? 29) A) cardiovascular B) integumentary C) nervous D) immune E) endocrine Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 30) What cells secrete insulin? 30) A) beta cells of the pancreas B) several cells located throughout the body C) G cells of the adrenal cortex D) I cells of the adrenal cortex E) alpha cells of the pancreas Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 31) Which of the following organ systems is primarily involved in the process of digestion? 31) A) cardiovascular system B) gastrointestinal system C) immune system D) endocrine system E) integumentary system Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 8

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    32) What tissue type functions in the transport of specific molecules from one body compartment to another? 32) A) nervous tissue B) muscle tissue C) epithelial tissue D) reticular tissue E) connective tissue Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 33) Who would be more prone to develop diabetes mellitus type II? 33) A) thin white adult B) obese white adult C) obese hispanic child D) thin, malnourished African American child E) obese hispanic adult Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 34) Which of the following is NOT one of the major cell types found in the human body? 34) A) endocrine cells B) muscle cells C) connective tissue cells D) nervous cells E) epithelial cells Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 35) What organ system protects the body against pathogens and abnormal cells? 35) A) integumentary B) endocrine C) respiratory D) immune E) nervous Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 9

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    36) What type of tissue separates the internal from the external environment? 36) A) nerve B) plasma membrane C) reticular D) connective E) epithelial Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 37) Which of the following is a protein found in the body that provides the tensile strength to resist stretching? 37) A) Vimentin B) Elastin C) Erythropoietin D) Collagen E) Basement membrane Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 38) Where is most of our total body water? 38) A) in the lumen of the kidneys B) surrounding the cells C) in blood D) inside cells E) in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 39) What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus? 39) A) one is a lack of insulin secretion, the other a resistance to insulin B) one causes diarrhea the other causes diuresis C) one is a deficit in insulin activity, the other a deficit in ADH activity D) one causes increased fluid loss, the other causes increased thirst E) one is a lack of ADH secretion, the other a resistance to ADH Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 10

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    40) Which t issue type includes cells contained in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastin? 40) A) endocrine tissue B) connective tissue C) nervous tissue D) muscle tissue E) epithelial tissue Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 41) The process of maintaining the internal environment in a state compatible for life is called ________, and it occurs primarily through ________. 41) A) intrinsic control : homeostasis B) intrinsic control : negative feedback C) negative feedback : intrinsic control D) positive feedback : intrinsic control E) homeostasis : negative feedback Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 42) Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? 42) A) At the time of birth, uterine contractions push the baby toward the cervix. Receptors in the cervix detect the pressure caused by the baby and cause the release of a hormone called oxytocin. This hormone stimulates stronger uterine contractions, which push more on the baby, causing an increase in pressure and another increase in oxytocin. The cycle continues until the baby is delivered from the mother. B) During a blood clot, platelets release ADP, which stimulates platelet aggregation, causing platelets to release more ADP. C) During an infection, the body temperature set point is increased. The hypothalamus communicates to skeletal muscles to shiver and to blood vessels to decrease blood flow to the skin, causing a rise in body temperature. D) If blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vessels increase in diameter, which in turn reduce the blood pressure. E) Consumption of caffeine increases urine output, causing dehydration. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 11

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    SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 43) What cells secrete insulin and where are they located? 43) Answer: beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Explanation: 44) What percentage of people in the United States have diabetes mellitus? 44) Answer: 8 Explanation: 45) Cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream are called ________. 45) Answer: erythrocytes Explanation: 46) List the essential components of a feedback loop and describe their function. 46) Answer: Sensor - detects the regulated variable Set point - value to which the regulated variable is compared by the integrator Integrator - determines the extent of the error signal in order to provide appropriate effector response Effector - that which can alter the regulated variable Explanation: 47) The smallest living units, capable of carrying out its own basic life processes are ________. 47) Answer: cells Explanation: 48) What organ system(s) provides communication between the cells of the body? 48) Answer: nervous and endocrine Explanation: 49) The ________ is the interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel. 49) Answer: lumen Explanation: 50) Name the two types of glands and describe their secretions. 50) Answer: Exocrine glands secrete their product into ducts that lead to an epithelial surface. Endocrine glands secrete their product (hormones) into the bloodstream where the hormones travel throughout the body. Explanation: 51) The layer of epithelial cells that coats the inside (lumen) of blood vessels is called the ________. 51) Answer: endothelium Explanation: 52) Insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus is also called ________. 52) Answer: type 1 diabetes mellitus or juvenile - onset diabetes mellitus Explanation: 12

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    53) The specific structures that attach bone to bone are called ________. 53) Answer: ligaments Explanation: 54) The fluid (non - cellular) portion of blood is called ________. 54) Answer: plasma Explanation: 55) The process whereby fluid and ions that have not been removed by the kidneys exit the body as urine is referred to as ________. 55) Answer: excretion Explanation: 56) The fluid compartment with a high protein and potassium concentration is called ________. 56) Answer: intracellular fluid Explanation: 57) Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. It is released when glucose levels increase above normal. Based on the concept of negative feedback, insulin (increases / decreases) blood glucose levels. 57) Answer: decreases Explanation: 58) Body mass index is a measure of weight in kilograms relative to ________. 58) Answer: height in meters (squared) Explanation: 59) Define homeostasis. 59) Answer: Homeostasis is the process whereby the body maintains the internal environment in a state compatible for life. Explanation: 60) The process whereby enzymes are moved into the gastrointestinal tract to digest nutrients is called ________. 60) Answer: secretion Explanation: 61) Name the types of tissue described below. This tissue is specialized for transport and exchange of material. This tissue is a major component of bone, ligaments, and blood. This tissue is specialized for generating electrical signals. This tissue is specialized to contract. 61) Answer: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle Explanation: 62) Most of the water in the body is found (inside cells / in blood / bathing cells). 62) Answer: inside cells Explanation: 13

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    MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 63) Organs of the body are defined as ________. 63) A) two or more tissues combined to form a structure that allows each tissue to function independently B) a collection of tissues that function independently of one another C) a combination of two or more tissues that makes a structure which performs specific functions D) a collection of cells that perform similar functions E) a collection of cells that function independently of one another Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 64) Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body ________. 64) A) affects the external environment B) maintains a constant internal and external environment C) maintains a constant external environment D) maintains a variable internal environment E) maintains a constant internal environment Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 65) The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called ________ . 65) A) plasma B) extracellular fluid C) intracellular fluid D) interstitial fluid E) intercellular fluid Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 14

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    66) The process whereby fluid in the kidneys is transported from the tubules back into the bloodstream is called ________. 66) A) absorption B) reabsorption C) filtration D) excretion E) secretion Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 67) The smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions are called ________. 67) A) organs B) cells C) organelles D) tissues E) organ systems Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 68) Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________, and that information is sent to the integrator. 68) A) regulated variable : set point B) set point : regulated variable C) sensor : regulated variable D) regulated variable : sensor E) error signal : regulated variable Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 15

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