Test Bank For Elemental Geosystems, 8th Edition

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.1) AphysicalgeographerwouldlikelyNOTstudyA) theeffectsoftheremovalofdamsontheElwhaRiverinWashington.B) theimpactofHurricaneSandyʹslandfallalongtheU.S.EastCoast.C) the9.0magnitudeearthquakeinJapanin2011.D) Thediffusionofvariousreligionsfromtheso-calledMiddleEast.1)2) GeographyisdescribedasA) aspatialscience.B) anEarthscience.C) ahumanscience.D) aphysicalscience.2)3) ThewordspatialreferstoA) erasoftime.B) thingsthatareuniqueandspecial.C) itemsthatrelatespecificallytosociety.D) thenatureandcharacterofphysicalspaceandthedistributionofphenomenawithinit.3)4) WhichisNOTtrueofgeographers?A) TheyareEarthsystemsscientists.B) Theyusespatialanalysis.C) Theyareconcernedwithspatialandtemporalrelationships.D) Theyareprimarilyconcernedwithplacenames.4)5) GeographyA) doesnotusesystemsanalysis.B) doesnotconsiderprocessinexplainingsystems.C) isnotascience.D) isderivedfromgeoandgraphein;literally,ʺtowriteEarth.ʺ5)6)ʺGeographyʺliterallymeansA) mapmaking.B) towrite(about)Earth.C) thestudyofrocks.D) placememorization.6)7) ThemainmethodologygoverninggeographicinquiryA) involvesspatialanalysis.B) useschronologicalorganization.C) isfieldwork.D) isbehavioralanalysis.7)8) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefieldofphysicalgeography?A) Understandingsoildevelopment.B) Thespatialanalysisofallthephysicalelements,processes,andsystemsthatmakeuptheenvironment.C) Thestudyofweather.D) Mappingofrocktypes.8)1

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9) Relativetothefivefundamentalthemesofgeography,communicationanddiffusionrefertoA) location.B) place.C) regions.D) human-Earthrelationships.E) movement.9)10) Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelycharacterizesthegoalofgeography?A) Memorizationofthenamesofplacesonworldandregionalmaps.B) Memorizationoftheimportsandexportsofacountry.C) Theproductionofmaps.D) UnderstandingdistributionsandmovementsacrossEarth.10)11) Whichofthefollowingtermscharacterizesthedisciplineofgeography?A) UnscientificB) IntegrativeC) EclecticD) Botheclecticandintegrative11)12) Whichofthefollowingcomprisethefundamentaldualityinthefieldofgeography?A) PoliticalversusenvironmentalB) EconomicversuspoliticalC) Physicalversushuman/culturalD) Physicalversuseconomic12)13) Relativetothefivefundamentalthemesofgeography,resourcemanagementandsustainablegrowthrefertoA) location.B) place.C) human-Earthrelationships.D) movement.E) regions.13)14) Relativetothefivefundamentalthemesofgeography,latitudeandlongituderefertoA) location.B) place.C) human-Earthrelationships.D) movement.E) regions.14)15) Relativetothefivefundamentalthemesofgeography,areasthatdisplayuniformcharacteristicsrefertoA) location.B) place.C) human-Earthrelationships.D) movement.E) regions.15)16) Relativetothefivefundamentalthemesofgeography,characteristicsofasitereferstoA) location.B) place.C) human-Earthrelationships.D) movement.E) regions.16)2

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17) Relativetothefivefundamentalthemesofgeography,theCienegadeSantaClara,anecotourismdestinationontheColoradoRiverdelta,isbestdescribedwithinwhichofthefivethemes?A) locationB) placeC) human-EarthrelationshipsD) movementE) regions17)18) Shalegasextractionusinghydraulicfracturingfallswithinwhichofthefivethemes?A) locationB) placeC) human-EarthrelationshipsD) movementE) regions18)19) Whichofthefollowingisthemoststronglysupportedbyextensivehypothesistesting?A) EducatedguessB) SpeculationC) TheoryD) Dogma19)20) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofscientifictheories?A) Theyarebroadinscopebecausetheyunifyknownfactsabouttheworld.B) Theyarebasedonnaturallaws(suchasthosepertainingtogravity,relativity,atomictheory,etc.).C) Theyarebasedonhypothesistesting.D) Theyareabsolutetruthsandcanneverbeprovenwrong.20)21) ThekeyideabehindthescientificmethodisA) unbridledspeculationabouttheworld.B) theuseofintuitionintestingtheories.C) thetestingofideasthroughcontrolledobservationsandexperiments.D) anappealtosupernaturalexplanationswhennaturalexplanationshavenotyetbeenfoundforaphenomenon.21)22) Thescientificmethodisdescribedbywhichofthefollowing?A) Asingle,definitivemethodfordoingscience.B) Irreproducibleresultsacceptedastheory.C) Thedevelopmentofhypothesesfortestingandprediction.D) Theacceptanceofsupernaturalexplanationsforphenomenonuntilscienceprovesotherwise.22)23)________ismassthatassumesaphysicalshapeandoccupiesspace.A) EntropyB) AsystemC) EnergyD) Matter23)24) Thecapacitytochangethemotionof,ortodoworkon,matteristhedefinitionofA) acceleration.B) plasma.C) thermodynamics.D) system.E) energy.24)3

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25) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofaclosedsystem?A) AnautomobileB) AriverdrainagebasinC) AforestD) Earth(intermsofmatter)25)26) Intermsofmatterandresources,Earthisessentiallya(n)________system;Intermsofenergy,Earthisa(n)________system.A) closed;openB) open;closedC) closed;closedD) open;open26)27) WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECT?A) Earthrepresentsanopensystemintermsofenergy.B) Earthrepresentsavastintegratedsystem.C) NewresourcesandmatterarebeingaddedtoEarthʹssystemsallthetime.D) Earthrepresentsaclosedsystemintermsofmatter.27)28) SystemsencounteredinnatureatEarthʹssurface,suchasaforest,areA) opensystemsintermsofmatter.B) closedsystemsintermsofenergy.C) opensystemsintermsofenergy.D) bothopensystemsintermsofenergyandopensystemsintermsofmatter.E) bothclosedsystemsintermsofenergyandopensystemsintermsofmatter.28)29) Withrespecttoair,water,andmaterialresources,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?A) Aforestisanopensystem.B) Aforestisaclosedsystem.C) Aforestisanopensystemintermsofair,butclosedintermsofmaterialresources.D) Aforestisanopensystemintermsofwater,butclosedintermsofenergyresources.29)30) Whattypeoffeedbackmaintainsstabilityinasystem;i.e.,whattypeoffeedbackkeepsasystemfunctioningproperly?A) PositiveB) NeutralC) Negative30)31) Iffeedbackinformationencouragesachangeinasystem,whattypeoffeedbackhasoccurred?A) NeutralB) PositiveC) NegativeD) Notenoughinformationisgiventoindicatewhattypeoffeedbackhasoccurred.31)32) WhichofthefollowingisCORRECTLYmatched?A) SteadystateequilibriumsmallfluctuationsaboutanaverageconditionB) TippingpointsameassteadystateequilibriumC) ThresholdbalanceofinputsandoutputsD) Dynamicequilibriumlargefluctuationsthatchangesabruptlyovertime32)33) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheconditionofsteady-stateequilibrium?A) Systeminputsalwaysexactlybalanceoutputssothesystemneverchanges.B) Systeminputsproducelarge,randomfluctuationsinoutput,forcingthesystemintoanewstateofequilibrium.C) Systeminputsandoutputsfluctuatearoundastableaveragesothesystemdoesnotmovefarfromitsaveragecondition.D) Systemsslowlyadjusttolong-termchangesininputandoutput.33)4

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34) Asarctictemperaturesrise,summerseaiceandglacialmeltaccelerates;lightercolorsurfacesaretherebyreplacedwithdarker-coloredsurfacesleadingtomoreabsorptionandsurfaceheating.Thisisanexampleofa(n)________feedback.A) dynamicB) positiveC) negativeD) reverse34)35) Ifincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxideleadtofurtherincreasesintemperaturebypromotingthereleaseofevenmorecarbondioxidefromtheoceans,thismeansthat________feedbackhasoccurredandthattheplanetis________.A) positive;outofequilibriumB) negative;outofequilibriumC) negative;inequilibriumD) positive;inequilibrium35)36) Thecarbondioxideabsorbedbyplantsisanexampleofan________toaforestandan________fromtheatmosphere.A) input;inputB) output;inputC) output;outputD) input;output36)37) Alargefloodinarivermaycauseabruptshiftsleadingtothecarvingofanewchannel.Thepointatwhichthischangeoccursisa(n)________.A) inputB) typeofdynamicequilibriumconditionC) typeofmetastableequilibriumD) threshold37)38) Ifglobaltemperaturesincreasedandcausedmorewatervaportoentertheairandmoresnowtofallincoolerlatitudes,thentheinitialincreaseinsnowfallwouldbea________feedback,whereasasustainedincreaseinthetemperaturescouldleadtothelossofsnowcoverevenatthoselatitudesandcausea________feedback.A) positive;positiveB) negative;negativeC) positive;negativeD) negative;positive38)39) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofmodels?A) Theyaresimplified,idealizedrepresentationsoftherealworld.B) Theyareneverusedinphysicalgeographybecauseoftheirinherentlimitations.C) Theyperfectlyreplicatetherealworld,butatadifferentscale.D) TheycomplicateourunderstandingofEarthsystemscience.39)40) Accordingtothetext,thethreeinorganicEarthrealmsaretheA) stratosphere,magnetosphere,andtroposphere.B) hydrosphere,lithosphere,andatmosphere.C) atmosphere,geoid,andhomosphere.D) thermosphere,lithosphere,heterosphere.40)41) WhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthedevelopmentofmodelsbyscientistsisNOTtrue?A) Adjustingthevariablesinamodelsimulatesdifferentconditionsandallowspredictionsofpossiblesystemoperations.B) Mostscientistsbelievethatanysystemcaneventuallybemodeledwith100percentaccuracy.Thus,modelscanbeperfectrepresentationsofreality.C) Amodelisasimplificationdesignedtohelpusunderstandcomplexprocesses.D) Amodelisonlyasgoodastheassumptionsandaccuracyofinformationuponwhichitisbased.41)5

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42) LivingsystemsareconsideredA) inorganic.B) abiotic.C) partofthelithosphere.D) biotic.42)43) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofthebiosphere?A) Itisnotconnectedtotheoverlappinginorganicspheres.B) Itextendsfromtheflooroftheoceansto8km(5mi.)intotheatmosphere.C) Itisneverreferredtoastheecosphere.D) Itisstatic,nevertorarelychanging.43)44) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofthebiosphere?A) Lifeprocessesgenerallyareshapedtotheabioticspheres.B) Itismoreahypotheticalconceptthananactualʺsphereʺinphysicalgeographyterms.C) Itonlyoccursinthehydrosphere.D) Itistheleastimportantofthefourʺspheres.ʺ44)45) TherealizationthatEarthwasasphereA) hadtowaituntilthemodernera(1800s).B) didnotoccurinEuropeuntilthefirstvoyagesofColumbus.C) wasfirstmadebyPythagoras,580-500B.C.D) wasmadebyIsaacNewton.45)46) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutEarthisCORRECT?A) Earthisperfectlyspherical.B) Itiselongated.C) Theequatorialdiameteris42km(26mi.)greaterthanthepolardiameter.D) Earthisthesecondlargestplanetinthesolarsystem.46)47) TheoblatenessofEarthoccursattheA) subtropics.B) equator.C) primemeridian.D) poles.47)48) ThediameterofEarthislargestwhenmeasuredaroundtheA) subtropics.B) primemeridian.C) equator.D) poles.48)49) IsaacNewtonreasonedthatEarthwasNOTperfectlysphericalbecauseofA) gravitationalforcecreatedbyEarthʹsmorerapidrotationattheequator.B) gravitationalforcecreatedbyEarthʹsmorerapidrotationatthepoles.C) centrifugalforcecreatedbyEarthʹsmorerapidrotationattheequator.D) centrifugalforcecreatedbyEarthʹsmorerapidrotationatthepoles.49)50) ThesciencethatspecificallyattemptstodetermineEarthʹsshapeandsizebysurveysandmathematicalmeansiscalledA) geodesy.B) astronomy.C) geology.D) cartography.E) geography.50)6

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51) Whomadeasignificant,earlycontributiontocartographybyaddingagridandorientingthemapwithnorthatthetop?HealsodividedthecircumferenceofEarthinto360 °,witheachdegreecomprising60minutes,andeachminutecomprising60seconds.A) MagellaninthesixteenthcenturyA.D.B) PythagorasinthesixthcenturyB.C.C) SirIsaacNewtonintheseventeenthcenturyA.D.D) PtolemyinthesecondcenturyA.D.51)52) AparalleloflatitudeA) isalinewhichpassesthroughbothpoles.B) measureslongitude.C) isusedtomeasuredistanceseastandwestoftheequator.D) isusedtomeasuredistancesnorthorsouthoftheequator.E) iscalledameridian.52)53) AnangulardistancemeasurednorthorsouthoftheequatoristermedA) latitude.B) Greenwichdistance.C) zenith.D) longitude.53)54) AnangulardistancemeasuredeastorwestofaprimemeridianistermedA) longitude.B) latitude.C) Greenwichdistance.D) zenith.54)55) Howfarnorthyoulivefromtheequatorismeasuredasyour________,whereasanimaginarylinemarkingallthoseplacesatthatsamedistancenorthoftheequatoriscalleda________.A) meridian;longitudeB) parallel;latitudeC) latitude;parallelD) longitude;meridianE) location;place55)56) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEregardingthe0° primemeridian?A) Internationalagreementregardingthelocationoftheprimemeridianwasnotresolveduntilthe1980swhenatreatywascompleted.B) EarthʹsprimemeridianpassesthroughtheoldRoyalObservatoryatGreenwich,England,assetbyan1884treaty.C) Thekeytomeasuringangulardistanceseastandwestoftheprimemeridianwasthedevelopmentofaccuratecompasses.D) TheprimemeridianpassesthroughParis,France.56)57) ThebasisfordefiningthelengthofadayisthefactthatA) Earthrotateseasttowest.B) Earthdoesnotrotate;rather,itrevolves.C) Earthrotatesonitsaxisin24hours;i.e.,itrotates15° oflongitudeperhour.D) Earthmovesthrough365.25daysayearinitsorbitabouttheSun.57)7

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58) AsFigure1.15shows,theInternationalDatelinefollowsgenerallytheA) principalmeridian.B) prime(0°)meridian.C) 180°meridian.D) daylightsavingsline.58)59) LatitudeisA) theangulardistancemeasuredeastorwestofaprimemeridian.B) theangulardistancemeasurednorthorsouthoftheequator.C) thebasisforestablishingmeridians.D) portrayedonaglobeaslinesthatcrosstheequatoratrightangles.59)60) LongitudeisA) thebasisforestablishingparallels.B) anangulardistancemeasuredeastorwestofaprimemeridian.C) determinedbySunaltitudeabovethehorizon.D) anangulardistancemeasurednorthorsouthoftheequator.60)61) Ifyouwerestandingat20°northlatitudeyouwouldbewithinwhichlatitudinalgeographiczone?A) SubarcticB) EquatorialC) MidlatitudeD) TropicalE) Subtropical61)62) Ifyouwerestandingat60°northlatitudeyouwouldbewithinwhichlatitudinalgeographiczone?A) AntarcticB) SubarcticC) MidlatitudeD) SubtropicalE) Subantarctic62)8

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63) AlineconnectingallpointsalongthesamelongitudinalangleiscalledaA) primelatitudinalangle.B) meridian.C) parallel.D) greatcircle.63)64) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofmeridians?A) Theyareusedtomeasureeast-westangulardistancesalongparallels.B) Theyarelinesthatruninaneast-westdirection.C) Allmeridiansarethesamelength.D) Theycrossparallelsatrightangles.64)65) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEoftheprimemeridian?A) Itisusedtodeterminelatitudeusinglinesthatruneastandwest.B) ItisthatplaceonEarthwherethedaysofficiallychange.C) Itwasnotestablisheduntil1884andiscenteredonanobservatorynearLondon.D) Itwasfirstusedinthe1500satthetimeofinitialcircumnavigationvoyages.65)66) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofthe1884internationaltreatyestablishingtheprimemeridian(0°)?A) Noconsensuswasmetatthe1884treaty,puttingoffthedecisionuntila1907treatywaspassed.B) TheUnitedStatesdesignatedtheWashingtonmeridianforlandmapsandmarinemaps.C) TheGreenwichmeridianwasestablishedastheprimemeridianbythetreaty.D) Eachcountryselecteditsownprimemeridianfortheirmarinemaps.66)67) AgreatcircleisA) acorrectmagneticcompassdirectiononaflatmap.B) anyparalleloflatitude.C) acircleofcircumferencewhosecentercoincideswiththecenterofEarth.D) thelongestdistancebetweentwoplacesonthesurfaceofEarth.67)68) EarthʹsequatorisanexampleofA) aprimemeridian.B) asmallcircle.C) agreatcircle.D) alineofequallongitude.68)69) ThelettersA.M.standforA) antemeridiem.B) aftermeridian.C) aftermorning.D) aftermidnight.E) antemajolica.69)70) ThelettersP.M.standforA) previousmorning.B) possiblemeridian.C) postmeridiem.D) priormajolica.70)9

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71) CoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)isA) established24standardmeridiansaroundtheglobeatequalintervalsfromtheprimemeridian.B) replacedGreenwichMeanTime(GMT)andbecamethelegalreferenceforofficialtimeinallcountries.C) thesameasGreenwichMeanTime(GMT).D) two-hoursaheadofZulutime,indicatingthesinglemomentwhenalllocationsontheplanetareonthesamecalendarday.71)72) UTCreferstoA) UniversalTimeConference.B) UniversalTimeCircles.C) CoordinatedUniversalTime.D) theInternationalDateLine.72)73) UTCisbasedonA) averagetimecalculationsfromatomicclockscollectedworldwideB) veryprecisependulummotioninGreenwich,U.K.C) thepulserateofpulsarstars.D) BigBen73)74) IfCityAislocated35°westofCityB,thetimeatCityAis________thatatCityB.A) earlierthanB) earlierduringdaylightssavingonlythanC) thesameasD) laterthan74)75) ThedifferenceinSuntimebetweentwoplaceslocated30° inlongitudeapartfromoneanotherisA) 30seconds.B) 30minutes.C) onehour.D) twohours.E) threehours.75)76) Ifaclockonashipindicatesthatitis2:00P.M.initshomeport,whileanotherclockontheshipindicatesthatitis12:00noonattheshipʹspresentlocation,whatisthedifferenceinlongitudebetweentheshipʹspositionanditshomeport?A) Theshipis30°westofitshomeport.B) Theshipis2°westofitshomeport.C) Theshipis45°westofitshomeport.D) Theshipis30°eastofitshomeport.E) Theshipis2°eastofitshomeport.76)77) Ifyoubeganatripat60°west,20°northandtraveled120° fartherwestand50° south,yournewpositionwouldbeA) 30°north,120°west.B) theInternationalDatelineat30°southlatitude.C) theInternationalDatelineat70°northlatitude.D) theGreenwichmeridianat70°northlatitude.E) theGreenwichmeridianat30°southlatitude.77)10

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78) Ifitis10:00PMonJuly3rdat30°west,whatdateandtimeisitat15° east?A) July3rd;9P.M.B) July3rd;11P.M.C) July3rd;6P.M.D) July4th;2A.M.E) July4th;1A.M.78)79) TravelersflyingwestfromLosAngeles(118° W)toTokyo(139° E)willcrossthe________and,asaresult,theywill________whencrossingthismeridian.A) InternationalDateline;loseaday(Example:SaturdaybecomesSunday.)B) InternationalDateline;gainaday(Example:SundaybecomesSaturday.)C) primemeridian;loseaday(Example:SaturdaybecomesSunday.)D) primemeridian;gainaday(Example:SundaybecomesSaturday.)79)80) StandardtimezonesA) areonlyusedinthedevelopedcountries.B) haveyettobegenerallyestablished.C) arespacedat5°intervalsoflongitudeinNorthAmerica.D) are15°widebecauseEarthrotatesthroughthatdistanceinonehour.80)81) Ifitis10:00A.M.inMiami,Florida(Easterntimezone),whattimeisitinLosAngeles,California,located3timezonestothewestinthePacificTimezone?A) 1P.M.B) 2P.M.C) 8A.M.D) 7A.M.81)82) Thepracticeofsettingtimeaheadorbehindduringtheyear,outofcoordinationwiththeSun,istermedA) CoordinatedUniversalTime.B) GreenwichMeanTime.C) Standardtime.D) DaylightSavingTime.82)83) ThepartofgeographythatembodiesmapmakingisknownasA) geodesy.B) theodesy.C) cartography.D) calligraphy.83)84) Ascaleof1inch=8milesisanexampleofaA) writtenscale.B) relativescale.C) graphicscale.D) representativefraction.84)85) Ascaleof1:24,000isregardedasA) asmallscalecomparedtoascaleof1:20,900,000.B) alargescale.C) ascaleappropriateforaworldglobe.D) anintermediatescale.85)86) Ascaleof1:900,000is________ascaleof1:24,000.A) twiceasmuchasB) equaltoC) largerthanD) smallerthan86)87) IfyouwantedamapwithalotofdetailofasmallareayouwouldwantaA) anintermediatescale.B) asmallscalemap.C) aworldglobe.D) alargescalemap.87)11

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88) Amapscaleof1:63,360isequivalenttoA) oneinchonthemapequals2,000feetontheground.B) oneinchonthemapequals24,000inchesontheground.C) oneinchonamapequals5milesontheground.D) oneinchonamapequals1mileontheground.88)89) AscalegivenasʺonecentimetertoonekilometerʺisanexampleofaA) representativefraction.B) graphicscale.C) relativescale.D) writtenscale.89)90) Whichtypeofmapscalewouldbeappropriatetouseifthemapweretobeenlargedbyphotocopying?A) RelativeB) WrittenC) RepresentativefractionD) Graphic90)91) Thelargerthescaleofamap,the________theareacoveredbythemapandthe________detailitprovides.A) larger;moreB) larger;lessC) smaller;lessD) smaller;more91)92) Thelargerthedenominatorinarepresentativefraction,the________thescaleofthemap.A) smallerB) larger92)93) Theamountofdetailonlargescalemapsisgenerally________thanonthanonsmallscalemaps.A) lessB) greaterC) Itisimpossibletocomparetherelativedetailofthesamefeaturesonmapsofdifferentscales.93)94) Thetransformationofasphericalglobaltoa2DsurfaceisaA) globe.B) diagram.C) mapprojection.D) cone.94)95) Whichofthefollowingdescribesthepropertyofequalareaonamap?A) EquivalenceB) ConformalityC) EquidistanceD) Proximity95)96) Whichmapprojectpreservesthepropertyoftrueshape?A) EquivalentB) EquidistantC) ConformalD) Proximal96)97) WhichofthefollowingpossessesallofEarthʹspropertiesofarea,shape,direction,proximity,anddistance,CORRECTLY?A) AworldglobeB) Alberʹsequal-areaconicprojectionC) RobinsonprojectionD) Mercatorprojection97)98) WheredoesthegreatestdistortioninaMercatorprojectionoccur?A) InthemiddlelatitudesB) TheequatorC) TowardsthepolesD) ThereisnodistortioninaMercatorprojection.98)99) Alineoftangency(alsocalledastandardline)isalineA) dividesEarthintotwoequalhalves.B) alongwhichnodistortionoccurs.C) alongwhichshearingoccurs.D) thatalwayscorrespondstoagreatcircle.99)12

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100) Onwhichoneofthefollowingprojectionsdogreatcircleroutesappearasstraightlines?A) AgnomonicprojectionB) GoodeʹshomolosineprojectionC) AnyconicprojectionD) Mercatorprojection100)101) OntheMercatorprojection,areasathighlatitudesappearA) largerthanareasofthesamesizenearertotheequator.B) thesamesizeasareasofthesamesizenearertotheequator.C) smallerthanareasofthesamesizenearertotheequator.101)102) Whichmapprojectionisbestateliminatingdistortion?A) Albersequal-areaprojection.B) Robinsonprojection.C) Mercatorprojection.D) Allmapprojectionsdistort.102)103) GPSunitsareA) ametricversionoflongitudeandlatitude.B) accuratelyallowdeterminationoflongitudeandlatitude.C) notavailabletothepublic;theyareonlyavailabletothemilitary.D)160 thofaGreenwichPrecisionSecond.103)104) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)?A) GPSisthesameasremotesensing.B) GPShelpedaccuratelydeterminedtheheightofMt.Everest.C) GPShasnoscientificuses,butaregreatforrecreationalpurposes.D) GPSisusedsolelybythemilitary,whoshareinformationwithphysicalgeographers.104)105) RemotesensingisA) basedontheprinciplethatsurfacesmustbephysicallyhandledanddirectlymeasuredforstudy.B) asubjectivedeterminationoftemperature.C) anearthboundtechniquenotusedinmodernsatellites.D) themonitoringofadistantobjectwithoutphysicalcontact.105)106) Whichofthefollowingsatelliteremotesensingplatformswaslaunchedin2013?A) TopexPoseidonB) Landsat8C) Radarsat-1D) Goes-12106)107) Asatelliteimagingsystemthatbeamselectromagneticenergyatasurfaceandthenrecordstheenergythatisreflectedisclassifiedasa(n)________system.A) photographicB) activeC) passiveD) holographic107)108) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofanactiveremotesensingdevice?A) FilmB) LiDARC) InfraredsensorD) Videocamera108)109) WhichofthefollowingisFALSE?A) Satelliteweatherimagesareanexampleofremotesensing.B) GISrepresentsanimportantplanningtool.C) GISstandsforgeographicinformationsystem.D) AGISmodeldoesnotrequiretheuseofamap.109)13

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110) WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesGeographicInformationSystems?A) AconstellationofsatellitesforaccuratelydetermininglocationanywherenearEarthʹssurface.B) Computer-basedtoolformanagementandanalysisofgeographicinformation.C) Acquiringinformationaboutobjectswithouthavingphysicalcontactwiththem.D) Derivingaccuratemeasurementsfromphotographs.110)111) TheadjustingofgeospatialdatasetsinrealtimetomakechangestomapsandothervisualmodelsiscalledA) geovisualization.B) geographicsynchronization.C) globalpositioning.D) remotesensing.111)112) Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesgeographicinformationscience(GISci)?A) Derivingaccuratemeasurementsfromphotographs.B) Techniquesforadjustinggeospatialdatasetsinrealtime.C) Computer-basedtoolformanagementandanalysisofgeographicinformation.D) FieldthatdevelopsthecapabilitiesofGISforusewithingeographyandotherdisciplines.112)TRUE/FALSE.WriteʹTʹifthestatementistrueandʹFʹifthestatementisfalse.113) Geographyisadisciplineprimarilyconcernedwithplacenames.113)114) Theessentialapproachingeographicstudiesisspatialanalysis.114)115) ThegeographicthemeofplacereferstoabsoluteandrelativepositiononEarth.115)116) Areasthatdisplayadegreeofuniformityarecalledregions.116)117) MigrationanddiffusionacrossEarthʹssurfaceisdescribedundertheprincipalgeographicthemeofmovement.117)118) Conditionsthatchangeinanexperimentormodelarecalledvariables.118)119) Photosynthesisinaplantleafisanexampleofanopen-systemoperation.119)120) Positivefeedbacktendstoamplifyorencourageresponseinsystemoperations.120)121) Negativefeedbacktendstostabilizeasystem.121)122) Theʺbalanceofnatureʺthatcharacterizeswell-functioningecosystemsoccursbecauseofpredominantlypositivefeedbackmechanisms.122)123) Amodelisessentiallyasimplificationofnaturalsystems.123)124) Puresciencefrequentlyinvolvesthemakingofvaluejudgmentsaboutthemoralorpoliticalcorrectnessofafact,idea,ortheory.124)125) Scientifictheoriesarecapableofgeneratingpredictions.125)14

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126) Becausescientificideasaretested,theycanbecorrectedwhentheyarewrong.126)127) LongitudemeasuresdistanceseastorwestofaprimemeridianonEarthʹssurface.127)128) LatitudeistheangulardistancemeasurednorthorsouthoftheequatorfromthecenterofEarthanditdescribesaparallellineonthesurface.128)129)ʺLongitudeʺisthenameofanangle,andʺmeridianʺisthenameofanimaginarylinethatconnectsallpointsalongthesamelongitude.129)130) TheGreekastronomer,geography,andmathematicianPtolemy,despitehisearlyworksinmapping,hashadlittlelastingimpactoncartography.130)131) Themidlatitudesstretchfromapproximately66.5°N/Stothepoles.131)132) Thereare180°oflatitude(90°NandS,respectively)and360°oflongitude(180°EandW,respectively).132)133) CoordinatedUniversalTimeisthepresentnameforworldstandardtime.133)134) Theprimemeridianandthe180thmeridianareoppositehalvesofthesamegreatcircle.134)135) Ameridianis360°inlength.135)136) Allparallelsare360°inlength.136)137) ThedayofficiallychangesonEarthattheprimemeridian.137)138) Thereare48timezones,eachapproximately7.5°inwidth.138)139) IfitisJuly3rdinTokyo(139°E),itisJuly4thinLosAngeles(118° W).139)140) WhenDaylightSavingTimeisineffect,clocksʺspringforwardʺonehourintheSpring(Example:1:00A.M.becomes2:00A.M.)andʺfallbackʺonehourintheFall(Example:2:00A.M.becomes1:00A.M.).140)141) AgreatcirclerouteistheshortestdistancebetweenanytwopointsonEarthʹssurface.141)142) Amapscaleof1:24,000isconsideredasmallscaleascomparedtoascaleof1:20,900,000,whichisconsideredalargescale.142)143) Alargescalemapshowsalargearea,butwithlessdetailthanasmallscalemap.143)144) TheglobeistheonlymapthataccuratelyportraysallspatialrelationshipscharacteristicofEarthʹssurface.144)145) Anequivalentmapprojectionpreservestrueshape.145)15

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