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Microbiology With Diseases By Taxonomy, 4th Edition Test Bank

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    Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation? 1) A) The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S - shape. B) The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened. C) He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present. D) The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time. E) The flasks he used were sealed with corks. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2) The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as 2) A) biotechnology. B) biochemistry. C) serology. D) immunology. E) epidemiology. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 3) Work by ________ laid the foundations of the field of environmental microbiology. 3) A) Beijerinck and Winogradsky B) Pauling and Woese C) Redi and Spallanzani D) Lister and Semmelweis E) Koch and Pasteur Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 1

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    4) What must one have before designing and conducting experiments? 4) A) a hypothesis B) popular opinion C) a theory D) scientific law E) a complete set of data Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5) Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundation for chemotherapy? 5) A) Ehrlich B) Koch C) Pasteur D) Lister E) Gram Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 6) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to 6) A) disprove spontaneous generation. B) use a magnifying glass. C) view microorganisms and record these observations. D) use the germ theory of disease. E) develop a taxonomic system. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 7) Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called 7) A) prokaryotes. B) viruses. C) pathogens. D) fungi. E) eukaryotes. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2

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    8) Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT 8) A) the cause of fermentation. B) the cause of anthrax. C) techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory. D) the cause of tuberculosis. E) development of a method to determine the cause of an infectious disease. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 9) The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is 9) A) epidemiology. B) ecology. C) serology. D) chemotherapy. E) bioremediation. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 10) Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing? 10) A) fungi; cell walls B) protozoa; multicellular C) prokaryotes; no nuclei D) viruses; acellular parasites E) algae; aquatic and marine habitats Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 11) The microbes commonly known as ________ are single - celled eukaryotes that are generally motile. 11) A) viruses B) archaea C) protozoa D) fungi E) bacteria Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 3

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    12) What is the correct order for the application of Koch's postulates? I. Inoculate suspect agent into test subject and observe that subject develops disease of interest. II. Isolate and culture suspect agent in the laboratory. III. Find suspect agent is every case of disease of interest but not in healthy hosts. IV. Recover and isolate suspect agent from test subject. 12) A) III, I, IV, II B) IV, I, III, II C) IV, I, II, III D) I, II, III, IV E) III, II, I, IV Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 13) Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation? 13) A) Needham B) Buchner C) Pasteur D) Redi E) Spallanzani Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 14) The term ________ refers to an infection acquired in a health care setting. 14) A) nosocomial B) spontaneous generation C) archaea D) abiogenesis E) bioremediation Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 15) What was the first disease shown to be bacterial in origin? 15) A) anthrax B) cholera C) tuberculosis D) yellow fever E) malaria Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 4

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    16) What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships among all organisms (including microbes)? 16) A) Ehrlich B) Pauling C) Avery D) Woese E) Kluyver Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 17) Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery? 17) A) Semmelweis B) Nightingale C) Snow D) Ehrlich E) Lister Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 18) Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates is FALSE ? 18) A) Koch's postulates involve the experimental infection of susceptible hosts. B) The suspected pathogen may not be present in all cases of the disease being studied. C) Koch's postulates cannot be used to demonstrate the cause of all diseases. D) All of Koch's postulates must be satisfied before an organism can be shown to cause a particular disease. E) A suspected pathogen must be able to be grown in the laboratory. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 19) Who discovered penicillin? 19) A) Pasteur B) Ehrlich C) Kitasato D) Fleming E) Domagk Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5

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    20) All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease EXCEPT 20) A) Pasteur. B) Koch. C) Pauling. D) Snow. E) Fracastoro. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 21) Louis Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by 21) A) obligate parasites. B) aerobes. C) archaea. D) prokaryotes. E) facultative anaerobes. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 22) The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a(n) ________ pathogen. 22) A) bacterial B) protozoal C) viral D) archaeal E) fungal Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 23) The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is 23) A) antisepsis. B) prokaryote. C) recombinant technology. D) nosocomial. E) chemotherapy. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 6

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    24) Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology? 24) A) How can microorganisms be seen? B) What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible? C) How do genes work? D) How are microbes related? E) How should living organisms be classified? Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 25) All of the following individuals were involved in improving public health in the 19th century EXCEPT 25) A) Semmelweis. B) Lister. C) Spallanzani. D) Nightingale. E) Snow. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 26) John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology? 26) A) immunology only B) infection control only C) epidemiology only D) both infection control and epidemiology E) infection control, epidemiology, and immunology Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 7

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    27) Parasitic worms, even meters - long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because 27) A) no one else wants to study them. B) the Gram stain can be used to identify them. C) Leeuwenhoek first discovered them. D) they are parasites. E) diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 28) According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are true of basic biochemical reactions? 28) A) There are an unlimited number of them. B) They are shared by all living things. C) They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups. D) They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions. E) Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 29) Who demonstrated that fermentation could occur in the absence of intact cells? 29) A) Koch B) Lister C) Pasteur D) Buchner E) Woese Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 30) The term ________ involves the study of the blood components that fight infection. 30) A) antisepsis B) serology C) etiology D) chemotherapy E) bioremediation Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 8

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    31) Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE? 31) A) F ungi are photosynthetic. B) M olds are multicellular. C) F ungi have a cell wall. D) F ungi are eukaryotes. E) Y easts are unicellular. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 32) Which of the following types of microbe was NOT observed by Leeuwenhoek? 32) A) fungus B) protozoan C) alga D) prokaryote E) virus Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 33) Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for 33) A) epidemiology. B) antisepsis. C) industrial microbiology. D) immunology. E) abiogenesis. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 34) The study of the body's defenses against pathogens is called 34) A) chemotherapy. B) epidemiology. C) etiology. D) immunology. E) molecular biology. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 9

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    35) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa? 35) A) T hey frequently possess cilia or flagella. B) M ost exhibit asexual reproduction. C) T hey are all photosynthetic. D) T hey are single - celled organisms. E) T hey are eukaryotic organisms. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 36) Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE? 36) A) T hey are photosynthetic organisms. B) T hey are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals. C) T hey are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals. D) T hey provide most of the oxygen on Earth. E) T he group includes seaweeds and kelps. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 37) Which of the following is NOT an observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice? 37) A) Y east can grow with or without oxygen. B) Y east cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice. C) Some bacteria may produce acid in grape juice. D) Y east can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice. E) P asteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 10

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    38) The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious disease by 38) A) identifying the sources of infectious agents. B) developing methods for reducing nosocomial infections. C) determining the taxonomic relationships among microbes. D) developing techniques for isolating pathogens. E) developing vaccines. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 39) Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases? 39) A) syphilis B) smallpox C) anthrax D) cholera E) puerperal fever Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 40) Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the ________ for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria. 40) A) Koch's stain B) Petri stain C) Ehrlich magic test D) Gram stain E) Pasteur fermentation test Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 11

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    41) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses? 41) A) T hey are composed of genetic material and protein. B) T hey are obligatory parasites. C) T hey are acellular. D) T hey are visible with a light microscope. E) T hey are smaller than prokaryotic cells. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 42) Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of 42) A) microbial genetics. B) genetic engineering. C) gene therapy. D) immunology. E) etiology. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 43) Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat 43) A) smallpox. B) anthrax. C) cholera. D) syphilis. E) cancer. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 44) Microbes that cause infectious disease are called (pathogens/germs/viruses). 44) Answer: pathogens Explanation: 45) A term synonymous with immunization, (vaccination/infection) is derived from the Latin name of the cowpox virus. 45) Answer: vaccination Explanation: 12

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    46) The development of molecular biology has made possible the application of (genome sequencing/gene sequences/gene sequencing) to provide a better understanding of the relationships between organisms. 46) Answer: gene sequencing Explanation: 47) The desire to prevent (infection /disease/sepsis), literally "putrefaction," resulted in many developments leading to modern medicine. 47) Answer: sepsis Explanation: 48) A scientist conducts experiments to test a(n) (observation/hypothesis/theory). 48) Answer: hypothesis Explanation: 49) A(n) (photosynthetic/algae/plant) organism makes its own food using light energy. 49) Answer: photosynthetic Explanation: 50) The amateur scientist (Koch/Leeuwenhoek/Pasteur) made his own microscopes and first reported the existence of microbes. 50) Answer: Leeuwenhoek Explanation: 51) A (colony/habitat/biofilm) is a community of microbes growing on surfaces. 51) Answer: biofilm Explanation: 52) The use of chemicals to treat diseases such as bacterial infections is called (gene therapy/chemotherapy). 52) Answer: chemotherapy Explanation: 53) Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated the importance of (antisepsis/vaccination/washing) as a means of preventing disease transmission. 53) Answer: washing Explanation: 54) A cell that contains a nucleus is called a(n) (prokaryotic/archaeal/eukaryotic) cell. 54) Answer: eukaryotic Explanation: 55) Spallanzani's experiments contradicted the experiments of (Needham/Redi/Pasteur) on spontaneous generation. 55) Answer: Needham Explanation: 13

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    56) The (physiology/metabolism) of an organism is all the chemical reactions that take place in the organism. 56) Answer: metabolism Explanation: 57) Research done in Robert Koch's laboratory laid the foundation for (epidemiology/immunology/etiology), the study of the body's defenses against disease. 57) Answer: immunology Explanation: 58) Organisms such as bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate are often studied in (environmental/bioremediation/ecologic) microbiology. 58) Answer: environmental Explanation: TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 59) Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells. 59) Answer: True False Explanation: 60) Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms. 60) Answer: True False Explanation: 61) The production of human blood - clotting factor by E. coli is an example of bioremediation. 61) Answer: True False Explanation: 62) Microbiologists study only single - celled organisms. 62) Answer: True False Explanation: 63) Louis Pasteur is considered the Father of Microbiology because of the many carefully conducted experiments and observations he made with microbes. 63) Answer: True False Explanation: 64) Koch's postulates can be used only to determine the causes of infectious diseases. 64) Answer: True False Explanation: 65) Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups. 65) Answer: True False Explanation: 66) Robert Koch developed a vaccine to prevent anthrax after identifying the causative agent. 66) Answer: True False Explanation: 14

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    67) Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water. 67) Answer: True False Explanation: 68) Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease. 68) Answer: True False Explanation: ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 69) Compare and contrast the three types of eukaryotic microbes. Answer: The three types of eukaryotic microbes are fungi, protozoa, and algae. Because they are all composed of eukaryotic cells, they have basic similarities in cellular structure, including the presence of a nucleus. However, these types of microbes differ in many ways as well. In terms of their nutrition, fungi and protozoa obtain their food from other organisms, whereas algae can make their own food through photosynthesis (a few protozoa also carry out photosynthesis). Algae and fungi can be multicellular organisms, but protozoa are found only as single - celled organisms. Protozoa are unique among the three in that they are animal - like in their characteristics, including movement. Algae are most like plants and are found in primarily water - based environments. 70) Explain how the discipline of biochemistry grew out of the science of microbiology. Answer: Some of the first experiments in biochemistry are attributed to Louis Pasteur in his research on the causes of fermentation. His research was extended by Eduard Buchner, who showed that enzymes produced by microbial cells are responsible for the phenomenon of fermentation. Later, in the early 20th century, Kluyver and van Niel advocated the use of microbes in research on basic biochemical reactions, which they maintained are common to all living things. Further advances in biochemistry were made as microbiologists such as Beadle and Tatum and Avery and his colleagues explored the nature of the genetic material and its function using microorganisms as model systems. 71) Use the basic steps of the scientific method to describe Pasteur's experiments to investigate spontaneous generation. Answer: The observation that life seemed to appear from non - life led some scientists to believe in the theory of spontaneous generation. However, Pasteur among others believed in biogenesis: that life must come from life. The question Pasteur hoped to answer was " W here do microbes come from?" (step 1). Pasteur's hypothesis (step 2) was that the "parents" of microbes were present in the air on dust particles. In his experiments (step 3) he used swan - necked flasks, which were designed to prevent microbes from entering the sterile broth inside them. He observed that the broth remained sterile in the control flask even though air could move into and out of the flask. The experimental flasks were also swan - necked, but they were tilted to allow the dust that had settled to enter the flask. The control flasks stayed sterile, and the experimental flasks became cloudy. These observations led Pasteur to accept his hypothesis (step 4). He concluded that the microbes came from the dust and that spontaneous generation was therefore not a valid theory. 72) Biotechnology can be said to have ancient roots. Explain. Answer: Biotechnology is the use of microbes to yield beneficial products. Humans have used microbes to their benefit for millennia in producing beer and wine, which were often safer to drink than the available water, and in preserving foods. Examples of the latter include the production of wine, which essentially preserved fruit juices, and of cheese and yogurt, which extended the storage life of milk products. Soy sauce and other fermented sauces were also preserved by fermentation and were later shown to enhance the flavors of certain foods. 15

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