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Test Bank For Microbiology With Diseases By Taxonomy, 3rd Edition

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    INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL /TEST BANK Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Third Edition Robert W. Bauman, Ph.D. Amarillo College Contributors: Nichol Dolby, Ph.D. Amarillo College Lori Smith, Ph.D. American River College Randall K. Harris, Ph.D. William Carey College

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    iii Preface v Instructor’s Manual Chapter Summaries Chapter 1 A Brief History of Microbiology 1 Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology 6 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function 12 Chapter 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification 20 Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism 25 Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth 31 Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics 37 Chapter 8 Recombinant DNA Technology 43 Chapter 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment 48 Chapter 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs 55 Chapter 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes 60 Chapter 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes 65 Chapter 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 73 Chapter 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology 68 Chapter 15 Innate Immunity 79 Chapter 16 Adaptive Immunity 85 Chapter 17 Immunization and Immune Testing 90 Chapter 18 Immune Disorders 97 Chapter 19 Pathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria 107 Chapter 20 Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli 117 Chapter 21 Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios 123 Chapter 22 Pathogenic Fungi 129 Chapter 23 Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors 136 Chapter 24 Pathogenic DNA Viruses 143 Chapter 25 Pathogenic RNA Viruses 149 Chapter 26 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 157 Answers to In-Chapter Critical Thinking Questions 164 Answers to Clinical Case Studies 204 Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 212 Contents

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    Test Bank Chapter 1 A Brief History of Microbiology T-1 Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology T-16 Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function T-30 Chapter 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification T-45 Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism T-61 Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth T-76 Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics T-92 Chapter 8 Recombinant DNA Technology T-107 Chapter 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment T-122 Chapter 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs T-137 Chapter 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes T-152 Chapter 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes T-166 Chapter 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions T-180 Chapter 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology T-195 Chapter 15 Innate Immunity T-210 Chapter 16 Adaptive Immunity T-225 Chapter 17 Immunization and Immune Testing T-240 Chapter 18 Immune Disorders T-255 Chapter 19 Pathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria T-270 Chapter 20 Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli T-286 Chapter 21 Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios T-301 Chapter 22 Pathogenic Fungi T-317 Chapter 23 Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors T-332 Chapter 24 Pathogenic DNA Viruses T-347 Chapter 25 Pathogenic RNA Viruses T-362 Chapter 26 Applied and Environmental Microbiology T-378 iv Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank for Microbiology

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    v This volume contains the Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank accompanying Micro- biology with Diseases by Taxonomy, Third Edition, by Robert W. Bauman. The Instructor’s Manual is organized into these sections for every chapter: • Chapter Outline • Detailed Chapter Summary • Answers to In-Chapter Critical Thinking Questions • Answers to Clinical Case Studies • Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions The Test Bank consists of approximately 1800 multiple-choice, matching, true/false, fill-in-the-blank, short-answer, and essay questions, each tagged with a corresponding section title from the textbook as well as with a Bloom’s taxonomy ranking (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, or Analysis). Below is a list of media resources available to you as an adopter of Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy . Contact your local Pearson representative if you would like to order any additional supplements. To locate the representative near- est you, visit www.pearsonhighered.com/replocator or call 1-800-922-0579. Using MasteringMicrobiology™ with Your Textbook Ask your Pearson representative for a demonstration of MasteringMicrobiology or take a tour (www.masteringmicrobiology.com). 1. Assign and assess with MasteringMicrobiology . MasteringMicrobiology will help you maximize class time with customizable, easy-to-assign, and automatically graded assessments. Many assessments have built-in feedback to help guide your students to the correct answer. You can then easily export grades to a course management system or spreadsheet. MasteringMicrobiology includes the following powerful online tools: • Pre-lecture reading quizzes to make sure your students read the textbook before coming to class • Post-lecture quizzes to check students’ understanding • MicroFlix™ and BioFlix™ quizzes and activities to give students practice with 3-D movie-quality animations • Microbe Reviews to help students identify some of the microbes in each chapter • Microbiology Animation quizzes to ensure students have mastered the toughest topics in microbiology • Pre-lab quizzes to better prepare students for lab • Post-lab quizzes to check that your lab objectives were met • Get Ready for Microbiology quizzes to enable your students to come to your course prepared Preface

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    • Test Bank items to test every chapter section A list of MicroFlix and BioFlix topics follows, organized by chapter: Chapter MicroFlix Title 5 Metabolism 7 DNA Replication 16 Immunology Chapter BioFlix Title 3 Tour of an Animal Cell 7 Protein Synthesis 12 Mitosis 12 Meiosis A list of Microbiology Animation topics follows, organized by chapter: Chapter Microbiology Animation Title 3 Motility 3 Flagella: Structure 3 Flagella: Movement 3 Flagella: Arrangement 3 Spirochetes 3 Membrane Structure 3 Membrane Permeability 3 Passive Transport: Principles of Diffusion 3 Passive Transport: Special Types of Diffusion 3 Active Transport: Overview 3 Active Transport: Types 4 Microscopy and Staining: Overview 4 Light Microscopy 4 Electron Microscopy 4 Staining 4 Dichotomous Keys: Overview 4 Dichotomous Keys: Sample with Flowchart 4 Dichotomous Keys: Practice 5 Metabolism: Overview 5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 5 Enzymes: Overview 5 Enzyme: Steps in a Reaction 5 Enzymes: Competitive Inhibition 5 Enzymes: Non-competitive Inhibition 5 Glycolysis: Overview 5 Glycolysis: Steps 5 Fermentation 5 Krebs Cycle: Overview 5 Krebs Cycle: Steps 5 Electron Transport Chain: Overview 5 Electron Transport Chain: The Process 5 Electron Transport Chain: Factors Affecting ATP Yield vi Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank for Microbiology

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    Chapter Microbiology Animation Title 5 Photosynthesis: Overview 5 Photosynthesis: Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 5 Photosynthesis: Light Reaction: Cyclic Photophosphorylation 5 Photosynthesis: Light Reaction: Noncyclic Photophosphorylation 5 Photosynthesis: Light Independent Reaction 5 Metabolism: Big Picture 6 Bacterial Growth: Overview 6 Bacterial Growth Curve 6 Binary Fission 7 DNA Replication: Overview 7 DNA Replication: Forming the Replication Fork 7 DNA Replication: Replication Proteins 7 DNA Replication: Synthesis 7 Mutagens 7 Mutations: Types 7 Mutations: Repair 7 Transcription: Overview 7 Transcription: The Process 7 Translation: Overview 7 Translation: Genetic Code 7 Translation: The Process 7 Operons: Overview 7 Operons: Induction 7 Operons: Repression 7 Horizontal Gene Transfer: Overview 7 Transformation 7 Transduction: Generalized Transduction 7 Transduction: Specialized Transduction 7 Conjugation: Overview 7 Conjugation: F Factor 7 Conjugation: Hfr Conjugation 7 Conjugation: Chromosome Mapping 7 Transposons: Overview 7 Transposons: Insertion Sequences 7 Transposons: Complex Transposons 8 PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction: Overview 8 PCR: Components 8 PCR: The Process 8 Recombinant DNA Technology 10 Chemotherapeutic Agents: Modes of Action 10 Antibiotic Resistance: Origins of Resistance 10 Antibiotic Resistance: Forms of Resistance 13 Prions: Overview 13 Prions: Characteristics 13 Prions: Diseases 13 Viral Replication Overview 13 Viral Replication: Virulent Bacteriophages 13 Viral Replication: Temperate Bacteriophages 13 Viral Replication: Animal Viruses Preface vii

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    Chapter Microbiology Animation Title 14 Epidemiology: Occurrence of Disease 14 Epidemiology: Overview 14 Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease 14 Virulence Factors: Exotoxins 14 Virulence Factors: Endotoxins 14 Virulence Factors: Penetrating Host Tissues 14 Virulence Factors: Hiding from Host Defenses 14 Virulence Factors: Inactivating Host Defenses 14 Virulence Factors: Enteric Pathogens 14 Nosocomial Infections: Overview 14 Nosocomial Infections: Prevention 15 Host Defenses: Overview 15 Inflammation: Overview 15 Inflammation: Steps 15 Phagocytosis: Overview 15 Phagocytosis: Mechanism 15 Phagocytosis: Microbes that Evade it 15 Complement System: Overview 15 Complement System: Activation 15 Complement System: Results 16 Antigen Processing and Presentation: Overview 16 Antigen Processing and Presentation: Steps 16 Antigen Processing and Presentation: MHC 16 Humoral Immunity: Overview 16 Humoral Immunity: Clonal Selection and Expansion 16 Humoral Immunity: Antibody Function 16 Humoral Immunity: Primary Immune Response 16 Humoral Immunity: Secondary Immune Response 16 Cell-Mediated Immunity: Overview 16 Cell-Mediated Immunity: Helper T Cells 16 Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T Cells 16 Host Defenses: The Big Picture 17 Vaccines: Function 17 Vaccines: Types 2. Encourage your students to use the Study Area in MasteringMicrobiology. They’ll find extensive self-study tools there, including: • Three-Step Chapter Guide that takes students through these simple steps: Pre-Test, Learn & Practice, and Test Yourself • Get Ready for Microbiology that helps students quickly prepare for their microbiology course, featuring pre- and post-tests with instant feedback, personalized study plans, animations, activities, tutorials, and an eText with live links • Chapter Pre-Tests to help students assess prior knowledge and/or pre- conceptions of topics relevant to the chapter at hand before students read the chapter • Chapter Post-Tests to help students assess their comprehension of the chap- ter after they have read it viii Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank for Microbiology

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    • Practice Quizzes —multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and true/false—to help students master chapter topics • Concept Maps to help students practice building maps to organize con- cepts in a meaningful, visual way • Microbe Reviews that feature full-color micrographs from the textbook and allow students to review the characteristics of individual microbes • MicroFlix 3-D movie-quality animations on the three tough topics of metab- olism, DNA replication, and immunology • BioFlix 3-D movie-quality animations on basic topics in general biology • Microbiology Animations with Quizzes to help students master the tough- est topics in microbiology, via interactive, animated tutorials • Microbiology Videos featuring live-action videos of microorganisms, illus- trating microbial structures and motility • MP3 Tutor Sessions mini-lectures on tough topics, including audio quizzes, that students can download for study on the go • Flashcards to help students review key terms and concepts from the text • Glossary allowing students to check the definition of bolded terms in the book • Micro on the Web including relevant microbiology websites with RSS Feeds from WHO Disease Outbreak Tracking, CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, and Microbe World • Emerging Diseases links to allow students to follow current information on emerging diseases. • Careers, providing useful information about working in a microbiology- related field; basic research, applied research, and health professions are covered • Scientific American Quizzes to help students check their understanding of articles in the Current Issues in Microbiology magazine by Scientific American. • Pearson eText that provides the complete text of Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy, Third Edition, in online electronic format Other Instructor Media Resources Instructor Resource DVD/CD-ROM 0-321-67737-4 The Instructor Resource DVD/CD-ROM offers a wealth of instructor media resources, including presentation art, lecture outlines, test items, and answer keys— all in one convenient location. These resources help instructors prepare for class— and create dynamic lectures—in half the time! The IRDVD/CD-ROM includes: • All figures from the book with and without labels in both JPEG and PowerPoint ® formats • All figures from the book with the Label Edit feature in PowerPoint format • Select “process” figures from the book with the Step Edit feature in Power- Point format • All tables from the book • MicroFlix™ and BioFlix™ Animations, Microbiology Animations, and Micro- biology Videos Preface ix

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    • PowerPoint lecture outlines, including figures and tables from the book and links to the animations • PRS-enabled Active Lecture Clicker Questions • PRS-enabled Quiz Show Clicker Questions • PDF files of Transparency Acetate masters • The Instructor’s Manual as editable Microsoft ® Word files • The Test Bank as editable Microsoft ® Word files • The Test Bank in TestGen ® format All materials available on the Instructor Resource DVD/CD-ROM are also avail- able in the Instructor Resources area of MasteringMicrobiology. For more infor- mation about MasteringMicrobiology, see page v. Biological Agents of Disease/HIV Slide Set for Microbiology 0-8053-7671-2 This slide set contains 100 clinical photos of microorganisms and pathologies, all from sources other than the text. CourseCompass™ 0-321-67811-7 (Student Access Kit 0-321-68272-6) CourseCompass is a nationally hosted online course management system that offers pre-loaded, book-specific content including testing and assessment, weblinks, illustrations, and photos. Visit www.coursecompass.com for a demonstration and more information about CourseCompass. Blackboard and WebCT Pre-loaded book-specific content and test items files accompanying the text are available in open-access Blackboard and open-access WebCT formats. Contact your local Pearson sales representative for more information. Updates to the Third Edition The third edition of Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy has been exten- sively revised to present the most up-to-date coverage possible. Below is a list of new and updated content, boxes, figures, and photos you’ll find in this edition. Chapter 1 • New New Frontiers box: The Challenge of Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases Chapter 2 • Coverage of newly discovered 21st and 22nd amino acids has been added. • New Highlight box: Architecture-Preserving Bacteria Chapter 3 • Coverage of endospores has been added. • Discussion of eukaryotic flagella and cilia has been reorganized to emphasize that these structures are internal to the cytoplasmic membrane. • Coverage has been added of new discoveries concerning cell structure and function. Two examples follow: 1. Some prokaryotic cytoskeletons are contractile, allowing nonflagellated cells that possess them to be motile. 2. The cytoplasmic membrane is not uniform and fluid, but rather contains regions with unique lipid and protein molecules called “lipid rafts.” x Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank for Microbiology

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    Chapter 4 • New Applying Molecular Techniques box: Studying Biofilms on Stromatolites Chapter 5 • New art to illustrate relationships of catabolism, anabolism, ATP-ADP energy cycle, use of nutrients, precursor metabolites, and macromolecules. • Rearranged alternatives to Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis for greater clarity and better pedagogy • Clarified definitions of aerobic respiration versus anaerobic respiration versus fermentation in text, figures, and critical thinking questions • Upgraded nineteen figures for greater clarity and better pedagogy • Simplified longer figure legends, at request of reviewers • Added critical thinking question regarding photsynthesis • New “Beneficial Microbes” box on gold-mining bacteria Chapter 6 • Presents new hyperthermophile record holder, Geogemma , formerly called strain 121 • New Applying Molecular Techniques box: Hydrogen-Loving Microbes in Yel- lowstone’s Hot Springs • New New Frontiers box: A Nuclear-Waste-Eating Microbe? Chapter 7 • Text has been updated and rewritten to better distinguish bacterial genetics and eukaryotic genetics. • Includes new research indicating that sigma factor of RNA polymerase does not necessarily disengage during transcription • Covers newly discovered codons for 21st and 22nd amino acids • Covers actions of topoisomerase and gyrase • Artwork has been updated to reflect changes in our understanding of molecu- lar biology. For example, where possible, enzyme shapes are based upon actual 3-D profiles as revealed by X-ray crystallography. • Coverage has been added of quorum sensing as it relates to genetic control in infection. • Coverage has been added of regulation of genetic expression—antisense RNA, RNA interference (RNAi), riboswitches. • The overwhelming nature of horizontal gene transfer among prokaryotes is discussed. • New Applying Molecular Techniques box: Could Studying a Bacterial Genome Result in New Treatments for Acne? • New Applying Molecular Techniques box: RNA Interference Chapter 8 • Added coverage of using recombinant DNA technology to produce antisense nucleic acid molecules • Added coverage of DNA microarrays • Added coverage of new recombinant crops, including potato-blight resistant potatoes • Three new figures • New Applying Molecular Techniques box: Unlocking the Secrets of Candida albicans Preface xi

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    • New Applying Molecular Techniques box: Could Bacteria Help Decaffeinate Coffee? Chapter 10 • Added discussion of use of RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense nucleic acid as antimicrobial therapy • Figure 10.3 has been revised • Updated and revised tables of antimicrobials • New Applying Molecular Techniques box: Monoclonal Antibodies to the Rescue? Chapter 11 • New photos of bacteria and Archaea • Coverage of new hyperthermophile record holder— Geogemma (“strain 121”) • New Highlight box: From Cyanobacteria to Bats to Brain Disease? • New Highlight box: Streptomyces and the European Beewolf Chapter 12 • Updated algal, fungal, protozoan, water mold, and slime mold taxonomy • New photos for fungal hyphae and for dimorphic fungi • New fungal life cycle artwork to more clearly delineate nuclear states • Clarified cyst-trophozoite conversion for intestinal protozoa Chapter 13 • Updated viral nomenclature to correspond to changes approved by the Inter- national Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses; for example, herpes simplex viruses are officially known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 • New TEMs of viruses • New New Frontiers box: The Threat of Avian Influenza Chapter 14 • Incidence and prevalence figure redrawn to reflect actual AIDS data in the United States Chapter 15 • Revised to clarify the structures and processes of innate immunity, including cov- erage of toll-like receptors, antimicrobial peptides, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) • Includes latest discoveries in iron usage among pathogenic bacteria • Clarified artwork and discussion of pathways of complement activation • Clarified that cells and fluid move from venules during dilation and inflammation Chapter 16 • Updated coverage of adaptive immunity to reflect new discoveries and enhance accuracy and clarity; for example, added coverage of direct killing of bacteria by antibodies via ozone production • New Applying Molecular Techniques box: How do Viruses Thwart the Immune System? Chapter 17 • Updated vaccination schedules and incidence of preventable diseases in the United States Chapter 19 • New Highlight box: Botulism in Alaska xii Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank for Microbiology

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    • New Microbe-at-a-Glance features on Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridi- um botulinum Chapter 20 • Added coverage of Burkholderia, which is a major pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients and can be an important agent in the bioremediation of many long-lived organic contaminants • New Highlight box: The Mystery of Tularemia on Martha’s Vineyard • New Microbe-at-a-Glance features on Neisseria gonorrhoea and Escherichia coli Chapter 21 • New Microbe-at-a-Glance features on Treponema pallidum pallidum and Heli- cobacter pylori Chapter 22 • New Microbe-at-a-Glance features on Aspergillus and Giardia intestinalis Chapter 23 • Updated treatment and prevention of parasitic diseases, including use of the anti- malarial drug artemisinin • Vectors in life cycle drawings are now life size. • Updated the malaria map • New Highlight box: Baghdad Boil • New Highlight box: Snail Fever Returns to China • New Microbe-at-a-Glance features on Giardia intestinalis and Plasmodium falciparum Chapter 24 • Updated incidence, treatment, and prevention for DNA viral diseases • New Highlight box: Monkeypox • New Microbe-at-a-Glance features on smallpox and adenovirus Chapter 25 • Updated coverage of SARS, West Nile encephalitis, rotaviral diarrhea, AIDS, and Marburg hemorrhagic fever • Updated incidence, treatment, and prevention for RNA viral diseases • New Applying Molecular Techniques box: Sequencing the SARS Virus • New Highlight box: AIDS and Tuberculosis • New Microbe-at-a-Glance features on HIV and influenzavirus Chapter 26 • Added anammox reactions to nitrogen cycle Send Us Your Feedback We hope that you find the Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank useful, and we wel- come your comments and feedback! Please write to us at the following address: Robert W. Bauman c/o Applied Sciences Pearson Benjamin Cummings 1301 Sansome Street San Francisco, CA 94111 Preface xiii

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    INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL

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