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Discovering Psychology Sixth Edition Test Bank

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    Page 1 1. Professor Lewis studies the history of psychology. She would most likely agree with which of the following statements about psychology's early history? A) From its inception, psychology has always focused on the study of people who exhibit unusual behaviors or suffer from psychological disorders. B) Early psychologists disagreed about many issues including which methods psychologists should use and what kinds of behavior psychologists should study. C) All the early schools of psychology shared the common view that psychology should be the study of immediate conscious experience. D) The methods, definition, and scope of psychology have remained unchanged since psychology was founded in the nineteenth century. 2. Psychology is formally defined as the scientific: A) study of mental processes in human and nonhuman animals. B) study of the cause and treatment of mental illness. C) study of behavior and mental processes. D) investigation of unconscious mental processes. 3. Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, memory, and learning? A) Aristotle B) Descartes C) Calkins D) James 4. In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view is most like the view of: A) Aristotle. B) Descartes. C) Watson. D) Skinner. 5. French philosopher René Descartes: A) strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as a separate science. B) promoted a doctrine called interactive dualism. C) was the first of Wundt's students to receive a doctorate in psychology. D) was a philosopher who wrote extensively about topics such as sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory more than 2,000 years ago.

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    Page 2 6. Interactive dualism is the idea that: A) all living organisms must interact and perform dual functions to survive. B) most severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, involve a splitting of the mind. C) mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences. D) people with very diverse qualities and beliefs are most likely to be attracted to each other. 7. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The Greek philosopher Aristotle first defined psychology as the “scientific study of behavior and mental processes.” B) In contemporary psychology, the nature – nurture issue explores the influence of heredity versus the influence of environmental factors on behavior. C) The mind - body issue has now been settled and psychologists no longer explore the relationship between mental activity and the brain. D) The principle of interactive dualism was formulated by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. 8. For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _____ of the individual or the environmental influences that _____ the individual. A) nature; nurture B) nurture; naturalize C) dualism; condition D) monism; condition 9. Which of the following fields had the greatest impact on the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline? A) history B) mathematics C) physics D) physiology 10. _____ is a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans. A) Neuroscience B) Interactive dualism C) Comparative psychology D) Physiology

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    Page 3 11. Physiology is: A) a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans. B) the scientific discipline founded by Wilhelm Wundt. C) a branch of philosophy that studies interactive dualism. D) sometimes referred to as the “third force” in American psychology. 12. How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline? A) In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologists rejected the study of mental processes and behavior. B) Physiologists in the late nineteenth century proposed that psychology should be a separate subdiscipline of philosophy. C) Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes. D) Physiologists in the late nineteenth century were unable to apply scientific methods to the study of human behavior and thinking, and consequently psychology was no longer part of that discipline. 13. Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena? A) the nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism B) fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual and auditory stimuli C) mental disorders and abnormal behavior D) damaged areas of the human brain 14. Wilhelm Wundt: A) was a German physiologist who established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig. B) was a French philosopher who proposed the idea of interactive dualism. C) is credited with the discovery of unconscious mental processes. D) was an Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. 15. Wilhelm Wundt outlined the connections between physiology and psychology in: A) his famous textbook titled Principles of Physiological Psychology, published in 1874. B) a series of famous lectures at Clark University in 1909. C) a public debate with William James at Harvard University. D) his famous book Principles of Psychology, published in two volumes in 1890.

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    Page 4 16. Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline? A) Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C., entitled “De Anima” B) the 1924 publication of John Watson's book, entitled Behaviorism C) the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 D) Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in the early twentieth century 17. Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as: A) a new branch of physiology. B) the study of the behavior of humans and other animals. C) a branch of philosophy, not of science. D) the study of consciousness with an emphasis on the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness. 18. _____ opened the first psychology laboratory in _____. A) Sigmund Freud; 1904 B) William James; 1890 C) Edward B. Titchener; 1892 D) Wilhelm Wundt; 1879 19. At which university was the very first psychology research laboratory established? A) Johns Hopkins University B) Harvard University C) University of Leipzig D) Cornell University 20. Which of the following was the first “school” of thought or approach in psychology? A) structuralism B) functionalism C) behaviorism D) psychoanalysis 21. Which early approach or “school” of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener? A) behaviorism B) humanistic psychology C) functionalism D) structuralism

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    Page 5 22. More so than any other male psychologist at that time, _____ helped female students attain their psychology doctorate in his graduate program at Cornell University. A) G. Stanley Hall B) Francis C. Sumner C) William James D) Edward Titchener 23. The early psychological school called structuralism emphasized the study of: A) habits and adaptive behavior. B) physiology. C) the relative importance of nature versus nurture. D) the elemental components of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience. 24. “What are the most basic units or structures of consciousness?” This is a question that would most likely be of interest to a follower of: A) humanism. B) behaviorism. C) functionalism. D) structuralism. 25. You are a subject in an experiment and you are told: “Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them.” The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology? A) psychoanalysis B) functionalism C) structuralism D) behaviorism 26. As a subject in an experiment, you are told to look at a coffee mug carefully and then report all your sensations and feelings about the coffee mug after viewing it. What psychological technique have you been told to use? A) psychoanalysis B) introspection C) interactive dualism D) natural selection

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    Page 6 27. Structuralism: A) promoted the use of nonhuman animals to study brain functions. B) ended when Descartes demonstrated that the brain consisted of more than one structure. C) was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic mental “structures” of sensations and feelings. D) contended that basic human thoughts are contained in common genetic structures that are passed from generation to generation. 28. Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection? A) functionalism B) humanistic psychology C) behaviorism D) structuralism 29. Which of the early schools of psychology was the first to disappear? A) psychoanalysis B) functionalism C) behaviorism D) structuralism 30. What was NOT a criticism of introspection as a technique? A) It was an unreliable method since different participants often provided different reports about the same stimulus. B) Introspection revealed unconscious conflicts rather than conscious experiences. C) Introspection could not be used to study children or animals. D) A number of topics, including learning, development, and mental disorders, could not be studied using this technique. 31. _____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism. A) Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener B) William James; Mary Whiton Calkins C) Edward Titchener; William James D) Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt

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    Page 7 32. One important limitation of introspection as a research method was that introspection: A) could not be used to study behavior in children or animals. B) could be used only to study the behavior of people in groups. C) emphasized unconscious mental processes rather than conscious mental processes. D) was appropriate only as a method to study complex topics, such as learning, development, and personality. 33. Scientists in the nineteenth century who believed that species had not been created once and for all but had changed over time were called: A) introspectionists. B) structuralists. C) evolutionists. D) behaviorists. 34. _____ wrote On the Origin of Species , which was published in _____. A) Charles Darwin; 1859 B) Margaret Floy Washburn; 1908 C) William James; 1890 D) Sigmund Freud; 1909 35. Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States? A) William James B) Sigmund Freud C) B. F. Skinner D) Abraham Maslow 36. It took more than ten years to write and was 1,400 pages long when it was published. Who wrote the landmark textbook Principles of Psychology ? A) John B. Watson B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) B. F. Skinner D) William James

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    Page 8 37. “ I believe that consciousness should be studied to help us understand the adaptive and practical functions of human behavior.” Such a statement is most likely to have been made by: A) William James. B) Sigmund Freud. C) B. F. Skinner. D) John B. Watson. 38. Which early school of psychology examined how psychology could be applied to education, child rearing, and the work environment? A) structuralism B) behaviorism C) psychoanalysis D) functionalism 39. Which school of psychology would agree that “psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments”? A) structuralism B) behaviorism C) functionalism D) psychoanalysis 40. Both structuralists and functionalists agreed that: A) psychology should focus not on the study of conscious experience, but rather on the investigation of observable behaviors. B) psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings. C) psychology should study conscious experience. D) psychological findings should be applied to areas like education, mental illness, health, and child rearing. 41. Who made this statement: “Now the immediate fact which psychology, the science of mind, has to study is also the most general fact. It is the fact that in each of us, when awake (and often when asleep), some kind of consciousness is always going on .” A) John B. Watson B) William James C) B. F. Skinner D) Mary Whiton Calkins

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    Page 9 42. Who was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States? A) B. F. Skinner B) John B. Watson C) Francis C. Sumner D) G. Stanley Hall 43. Which of the following psychologists founded the American Psychological Association and established the first journal devoted to psychology in the United States? A) William James B) G. Stanley Hall C) John B. Watson D) Mary Whiton Calkins 44. Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is FALSE? A) Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association. B) Calkins conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. C) Calkins established one of the first psychology laboratories in the United States. D) Calkins founded behaviorism as one of the early schools of psychology. 45. Which one of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE? A) She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Leipzig University. B) She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. C) In 1908 she published an influential textbook titled The Animal Mind . D) She was a comparative psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the giant panda. 46. Who was the first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association? A) Margaret Floy Washburn B) Francis C. Sumner C) Mary Whiton Calkins D) Rebecca Snyder

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    Page 10 47. Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard University? A) Her research was in an area called comparative psychology that was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time. B) At the time, Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research. C) William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women and refused to support her application, despite the fact that she was his most brilliant student. D) She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution. 48. Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn: A) studied psychology at Wellesley College and Harvard University. B) were students of G. Stanley Hall. C) were elected president of the American Psychological Association. D) were students of Francis C. Sumner. 49. The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was: A) Mary Whiton Calkins. B) Margaret Floy Washburn. C) Renee Descartes. D) Francis C. Sumner. 50. Which of the following early psychologists wrote The Animal Mind and strongly advocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species? A) Margaret Floy Washburn B) John B. Watson C) Mary Whiton Calkins D) Edward B. Titchener 51. The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was: A) Francis C. Sumner. B) Abraham Maslow. C) G. Stanley Hall. D) Margaret Floy Washburn.

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    Page 11 52. Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner is TRUE? A) He was the first African American president of the American Psychological Association. B) He was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. C) He was denied the Ph.D. degree he had earned in his graduate studies at Harvard University because he was African American. D) He chaired the Psychology Department at Howard University and was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. 53. The founder of psychoanalysis was: A) American psychologist B. F. Skinner. B) American psychologist Carl Rogers. C) German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. D) Austrian physician Sigmund Freud. 54. Psychoanalysis emphasizes: A) unconscious causes of behavior. B) overt behavior and principles of learning. C) psychological growth and conscious experience. D) the perception of whole figures. 55. Who would have been most likely to say: “ You behave the way you do for unconscious reasons, not because of reasons in your consciousness”? A) William James B) John B. Watson C) Sigmund Freud D) G. Stanley Hall 56. Sigmund Freud: A) believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality. B) promoted functionalism during his lecture series at Clark University in 1909. C) stated that psychology should be the study of overt measurable behavior, especially as it pertains to learning. D) founded humanistic psychology.

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    Page 12 57. Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy? A) structuralism B) psychoanalysis C) behaviorism D) functionalism 58. After attending a series of lectures by Freud at Clark University in 1909, _____ described Freud as “a man obsessed with fixed ideas.” A) Francis C. Sumner B) G. Stanley Hall C) Mary Whiton Calkins D) William James 59. Sigmund Freud: A) refused to visit the United States but lectured extensively at universities throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. B) trained Carl Rogers in the use of scientific methods to study the unconscious mind. C) promoted the importance of the nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism in understanding human behavior. D) delivered a series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Massachusetts in the early 1900s. 60. _____ is to psychoanalysis as _____ is to humanistic psychology. A) Freud; James B) Skinner; Calkins C) Freud; Rogers D) Maslow; Pavlov 61. Conscious experiences are to unconscious experiences as _____ is to _____. A) B. F. Skinner; Abraham Maslow B) Carl Rogers; Sigmund Freud C) Wilhelm Wundt; John B. Watson D) William James; Wilhelm Wundt

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    Page 13 62. The early school of psychology called behaviorism : A) grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research in which he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. B) was the first of the early schools to disappear. C) was flatly rejected by John Watson and B. F. Skinner in the early 1900s. D) was rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 63. Behaviorism was characterized by: A) the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior. B) a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience. C) a focus upon the importance of free will, self - determination, and psychological growth. D) an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality. 64. The founder of behaviorism was: A) G. Stanley Hall. B) William James. C) John B. Watson. D) Carl Rogers. 65. Which of the following statements about behaviorism is TRUE? A) B. F. Skinner borrowed the introspe ction technique from structuralism for use in his research on learning. B) Behaviorism was based on Margaret Washburn's animal research showing the importance of animal consciousness. C) Behaviorism emphasized the importance of unconscious influences on human behavior. D) John B. Watson argued that consciousness was not a usable concept and considered consciousness to be a concept related to superstition and magic. 66. Which of the following people strongly objected to structuralism's use of introspection and its emphasis on conscious mental processes? A) John B. Watson B) Edward B. Titchener C) Margaret Floy Washburn D) Sigmund Freud

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    Page 14 67. Who made the statement “Behaviorism, on the contrary, holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being . Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has been trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic.” A) Abraham Maslow B) Edward B. Titchener C) Francis C. Sumner D) John B. Watson 68. “My g oal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences.” Of the following individuals, who is most likely to have made such a statement? A) John B. Watson B) William James C) Sigmund Freud D) Carl Rogers 69. Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate at the sound of a bell, even in the absence of food? A) American psychologist Margaret Washburn B) Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov C) Austrian physician Sigmund Freud D) American psychologist B. F. Skinner 70. Key figures in the development of behaviorism include: A) Wundt, Titchener, and James. B) James, Watson, and Calkins. C) Maslow, Freud, and Rogers. D) Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner. 71. With which behaviorist would you associate the procedures of reinforcement and punishment for shaping the behavior of rats and pigeons? A) Ivan Pavlov B) Abraham Maslow C) B. F. Skinner D) William James

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    Page 15 72. Which of the following approaches dominated American psychology for the first half of the twentieth century? A) structuralism B) functionalism C) behaviorism D) psychoanalysis 73. Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include: A) Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. B) Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner. C) Mary Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn. D) John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. 74. Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth? A) John B. Watson B) Abraham Maslow C) G. Stanley Hall D) Ivan Pavlov 75. Which of the following people emphasized conscious experiences and each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self - direction? A) Carl Rogers B) B. F. Skinner C) Sigmund Freud D) John B. Watson 76. Wh ich of the following approaches was referred to as the “third force” in American psychology? A) psychoanalysis B) functionalism C) humanistic psychology D) cognitive psychology 77. Humanistic psychology emphasized: A) the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system. B) the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors. C) unconscious determinants of personality and behavior. D) free will, self - determination, psychological growth, and human potential.

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