Discovering Psychology Sixth Edition Test Bank

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Page11.Professor Lewisstudies the history of psychology. She would most likely agree withwhich of the following statements about psychology's early history?A)Fromits inception, psychology has always focused on the study of people whoexhibit unusual behaviors or suffer from psychological disorders.B)Early psychologists disagreed about many issues including which methodspsychologists should use and what kinds of behavior psychologists should study.C)All the early schools of psychology shared the common view that psychologyshould be the study of immediate conscious experience.D)The methods, definition, and scope of psychology have remained unchanged sincepsychology was founded in the nineteenth century.2.Psychology is formally defined as the scientific:A)study of mental processes in human and nonhuman animals.B)study of the cause and treatment of mental illness.C)study of behavior and mental processes.D)investigation of unconscious mental processes.3.Which famous Greekphilosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such assleep and dreaming, the senses, memory, and learning?A)AristotleB)DescartesC)CalkinsD)James4.In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body areseparate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view is most like the viewof:A)Aristotle.B)Descartes.C)Watson.D)Skinner.5.French philosopher René Descartes:A)strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as a separate science.B)promoted a doctrine called interactive dualism.C)was the first of Wundt'sstudents to receive a doctorate in psychology.D)was a philosopher who wrote extensively about topics such as sleep, dreams, thesenses, and memory more than 2,000 years ago.

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Page26.Interactive dualism is the idea that:A)all living organisms must interact and perform dual functions to survive.B)most severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, involve a splitting of themind.C)mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences.D)people with very diverse qualities and beliefs are most likely to be attracted to eachother.7.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A)The Greekphilosopher Aristotle first defined psychology as the “scientific study ofbehavior and mental processes.”B)In contemporary psychology, the nature–nurture issue explores the influence ofheredity versus the influence of environmental factors on behavior.C)The mind-body issue has now been settled and psychologists no longer explore therelationship between mental activity and the brain.D)The principle of interactive dualism was formulated by Aristotle more than 2,000years ago.8.For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn_____of theindividual or the environmental influences that_____the individual.A)nature; nurtureB)nurture; naturalizeC)dualism; conditionD)monism; condition9.Which of the following fields had the greatest impact on the emergence of psychologyas a separate scientific discipline?A)historyB)mathematicsC)physicsD)physiology10._____ is a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms,including humans.A)NeuroscienceB)Interactive dualismC)Comparative psychologyD)Physiology

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Page311.Physiology is:A)abranch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms,including humans.B)the scientific discipline founded by Wilhelm Wundt.C)a branch of philosophy that studies interactive dualism.D)sometimes referred to as the “third force” in American psychology.12.How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientificdiscipline?A)In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologists rejected the study ofmental processes and behavior.B)Physiologists in the late nineteenth century proposed that psychology should be aseparate subdiscipline of philosophy.C)Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied tounderstanding human behavior and mental processes.D)Physiologists in the late nineteenth century were unable to apply scientific methodsto the study of human behavior and thinking, and consequently psychology was nolonger part of that discipline.13.Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena?A)the nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualismB)fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response tovisual and auditory stimuliC)mental disorders and abnormal behaviorD)damaged areas of the human brain14.Wilhelm Wundt:A)was a German physiologist who established the first psychology researchlaboratory at the University of Leipzig.B)was a French philosopher who proposed the idea of interactive dualism.C)is credited with the discovery of unconscious mental processes.D)was an Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology.15.Wilhelm Wundt outlined the connections between physiology and psychology in:A)his famous textbook titledPrinciples of Physiological Psychology,published in1874.B)a series of famous lectures at Clark University in 1909.C)a public debate with William James at Harvard University.D)his famous bookPrinciples of Psychology,published in two volumes in 1890.

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Page416.Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginningof psychology as a scientific discipline?A)Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C., entitled “De Anima”B)the 1924 publication of John Watson's book, entitledBehaviorismC)the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in1879D)Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in the early twentieth century17.Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as:A)a new branch of physiology.B)the study of the behavior of humans and other animals.C)a branch of philosophy, not of science.D)the study of consciousness with an emphasis on the use of experimental methods tostudy and measure consciousness.18._____ opened the first psychology laboratory in _____.A)Sigmund Freud; 1904B)William James; 1890C)Edward B.Titchener; 1892D)Wilhelm Wundt; 187919.At which university was the very first psychology research laboratory established?A)Johns Hopkins UniversityB)Harvard UniversityC)University of LeipzigD)Cornell University20.Which of the following was the first “school” of thought or approach in psychology?A)structuralismB)functionalismC)behaviorismD)psychoanalysis21.Which early approach or “school”of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt'sstudent Edward Titchener?A)behaviorismB)humanistic psychologyC)functionalismD)structuralism

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Page522.More so than any other male psychologist at that time, _____ helped female studentsattain their psychology doctorate in his graduate program at Cornell University.A)G. Stanley HallB)Francis C. SumnerC)William JamesD)Edward Titchener23.The early psychological school called structuralism emphasized the study of:A)habits and adaptive behavior.B)physiology.C)the relative importance of nature versus nurture.D)theelemental components of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience.24.“What are the most basic units or structures of consciousness?” This is a question thatwould most likely be of interest to a follower of:A)humanism.B)behaviorism.C)functionalism.D)structuralism.25.You are a subject in an experiment and you are told: “Look at this apple very carefullyand tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them.” Theexperimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology?A)psychoanalysisB)functionalismC)structuralismD)behaviorism26.As a subject in an experiment, you are told to look at a coffee mug carefully and thenreport all your sensations and feelings about the coffee mug after viewing it. Whatpsychological technique have you been told to use?A)psychoanalysisB)introspectionC)interactive dualismD)natural selection

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Page627.Structuralism:A)promoted the use of nonhuman animals to study brain functions.B)ended when Descartesdemonstrated that the brain consisted of more than onestructure.C)was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could bebroken down into basic mental “structures” of sensations and feelings.D)contended that basic human thoughts are contained in common genetic structuresthat are passed from generation to generation.28.Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection?A)functionalismB)humanistic psychologyC)behaviorismD)structuralism29.Which of the early schools of psychology was the first to disappear?A)psychoanalysisB)functionalismC)behaviorismD)structuralism30.What was NOT a criticism of introspection as a technique?A)It was an unreliable method since different participants often provided differentreports about the same stimulus.B)Introspection revealed unconscious conflicts rather than conscious experiences.C)Introspection could not be used to study children or animals.D)A number of topics, including learning, development, and mental disorders, couldnot be studied using this technique.31._____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.A)Wilhelm Wundt; Edward TitchenerB)William James; Mary Whiton CalkinsC)Edward Titchener; William JamesD)Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt

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Page732.One important limitation of introspection as a research method was that introspection:A)could not be used to study behavior in children or animals.B)could be used only to study the behavior of people in groups.C)emphasized unconscious mental processes rather than conscious mental processes.D)was appropriate only as a method to study complex topics, such as learning,development, and personality.33.Scientists in the nineteenth century who believed that species had not been created onceand for all but had changed over time were called:A)introspectionists.B)structuralists.C)evolutionists.D)behaviorists.34._____ wroteOn the Origin of Species, which was published in _____.A)Charles Darwin; 1859B)Margaret Floy Washburn; 1908C)William James; 1890D)Sigmund Freud; 190935.Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as ascientific discipline in the United States?A)William JamesB)Sigmund FreudC)B. F. SkinnerD)Abraham Maslow36.It took more than ten years to write and was 1,400 pages long when it was published.Who wrote the landmark textbookPrinciples of Psychology?A)John B. WatsonB)Margaret Floy WashburnC)B. F. SkinnerD)William James

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Page837.“I believe that consciousness should be studied to help us understand the adaptive andpractical functions of human behavior.” Such a statement is most likely to have beenmade by:A)William James.B)Sigmund Freud.C)B. F. Skinner.D)John B. Watson.38.Which early school of psychology examined how psychology could be applied toeducation, child rearing, and the work environment?A)structuralismB)behaviorismC)psychoanalysisD)functionalism39.Which school of psychology would agree that “psychology should stress the study ofhow behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to theirenvironments”?A)structuralismB)behaviorismC)functionalismD)psychoanalysis40.Bothstructuralists and functionalists agreed that:A)psychology should focus not on the study of conscious experience, but rather onthe investigation of observable behaviors.B)psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings.C)psychology should study conscious experience.D)psychological findings should be applied to areas like education, mental illness,health, and child rearing.41.Who made this statement: “Now theimmediatefact which psychology, the science ofmind, has to study is also the most general fact. It is the fact that in each of us, whenawake (and often when asleep),some kindof consciousness is always going on.”A)John B. WatsonB)William JamesC)B. F. SkinnerD)Mary Whiton Calkins

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Page942.Who was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States?A)B. F. SkinnerB)John B. WatsonC)Francis C. SumnerD)G. Stanley Hall43.Which of the following psychologists founded the American Psychological Associationand established the first journal devoted to psychology in the United States?A)William JamesB)G. Stanley HallC)John B. WatsonD)Mary Whiton Calkins44.Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is FALSE?A)Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.B)Calkinsconducted research on dreams, memory, and personality.C)Calkins established one of the first psychology laboratories in the United States.D)Calkins founded behaviorism as one of the early schools of psychology.45.Which one of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE?A)She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D. inpsychology from Leipzig University.B)She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association andconducted research on dreams, memory, and personality.C)In 1908 she published an influential textbook titledThe Animal Mind.D)She was a comparative psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research onthe giant panda.46.Who was the first woman to be elected president of the American PsychologicalAssociation?A)Margaret Floy WashburnB)Francis C. SumnerC)Mary Whiton CalkinsD)Rebecca Snyder

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Page1047.Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in her graduatestudies of psychology at Harvard University?A)Her research was in an area called comparative psychology that was not recognizedas a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time.B)At the time, Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals inpsychology research.C)William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women andrefused to support her application, despite the fact that she was his most brilliantstudent.D)She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution.48.Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn:A)studied psychology at Wellesley College and Harvard University.B)were students of G. Stanley Hall.C)were elected president of the American Psychological Association.D)were students of Francis C. Sumner.49.The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was:A)Mary Whiton Calkins.B)Margaret Floy Washburn.C)Renee Descartes.D)Francis C. Sumner.50.Which of the following early psychologists wroteThe Animal Mindand stronglyadvocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species?A)Margaret Floy WashburnB)John B. WatsonC)Mary Whiton CalkinsD)Edward B. Titchener51.The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was:A)Francis C. Sumner.B)Abraham Maslow.C)G. Stanley Hall.D)Margaret Floy Washburn.

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Page1152.Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner is TRUE?A)He was the first African American president of the American PsychologicalAssociation.B)He was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States.C)He was denied the Ph.D. degree he had earned in his graduate studies at HarvardUniversity because he was African American.D)He chaired the Psychology Department at Howard University and was the firstAfrican American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States.53.The founder of psychoanalysis was:A)American psychologist B. F. Skinner.B)American psychologist Carl Rogers.C)German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt.D)Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.54.Psychoanalysis emphasizes:A)unconscious causes of behavior.B)overt behavior and principles of learning.C)psychological growth and conscious experience.D)the perception of whole figures.55.Who would have been most likely to say: “You behave the way you do for unconsciousreasons, not because of reasons in your consciousness”?A)William JamesB)John B. WatsonC)Sigmund FreudD)G. Stanley Hall56.Sigmund Freud:A)believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adultpersonality.B)promoted functionalism during his lecture series at Clark University in 1909.C)stated that psychology should be the study of overt measurable behavior, especiallyas it pertains to learning.D)founded humanistic psychology.

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Page1257.Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of thetongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing hispsychotherapy?A)structuralismB)psychoanalysisC)behaviorismD)functionalism58.After attending a series of lectures by Freud at Clark University in 1909, _____described Freud as “a man obsessed with fixed ideas.”A)Francis C. SumnerB)G. Stanley HallC)Mary Whiton CalkinsD)William James59.Sigmund Freud:A)refused to visit the United States but lectured extensively at universities throughoutEurope and the Mediterranean.B)trained Carl Rogers in the use of scientific methods to study the unconscious mind.C)promoted the importance of the nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualismin understanding human behavior.D)delivered a series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University inMassachusetts in the early 1900s.60._____ is to psychoanalysis as _____ is to humanistic psychology.A)Freud; JamesB)Skinner; CalkinsC)Freud; RogersD)Maslow; Pavlov61.Conscious experiences are to unconscious experiences as _____ is to _____.A)B. F. Skinner; Abraham MaslowB)Carl Rogers; Sigmund FreudC)Wilhelm Wundt; John B. WatsonD)William James; Wilhelm Wundt

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Page1362.The early school of psychology calledbehaviorism:A)grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research in which heconditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.B)was the first of the early schools to disappear.C)was flatly rejected by John Watson and B. F. Skinner in the early 1900s.D)was rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by the American PsychologicalAssociation (APA) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS).63.Behaviorism was characterized by:A)the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus uponobservable behavior.B)a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience.C)a focus upon the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychologicalgrowth.D)an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality.64.The founder of behaviorism was:A)G. Stanley Hall.B)William James.C)John B. Watson.D)Carl Rogers.65.Which of the following statements about behaviorism is TRUE?A)B. F. Skinner borrowed the introspection technique from structuralism for use inhis research on learning.B)Behaviorism was based on Margaret Washburn's animal research showing theimportance of animal consciousness.C)Behaviorism emphasized the importance of unconscious influences on humanbehavior.D)John B. Watson argued that consciousness was not a usable concept and consideredconsciousness to be a concept related to superstition and magic.66.Which of the following people strongly objected to structuralism's use of introspectionand its emphasis on conscious mental processes?A)John B. WatsonB)Edward B. TitchenerC)Margaret Floy WashburnD)Sigmund Freud

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Page1467.Who made the statement “Behaviorism, on the contrary, holds that the subject matter ofhuman psychologyis the behavior of the human being. Behaviorism claims thatconsciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has beentrained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in the existence ofconsciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic.”A)Abraham MaslowB)Edward B. TitchenerC)Francis C. SumnerD)John B. Watson68.“My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response toenvironmental influences.” Of the following individuals, who is most likely to havemade such a statement?A)John B. WatsonB)William JamesC)Sigmund FreudD)Carl Rogers69.Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate at the sound of a bell, even in the absenceof food?A)American psychologist Margaret WashburnB)Russian physiologist Ivan PavlovC)Austrian physician Sigmund FreudD)American psychologist B. F. Skinner70.Key figures in the development of behaviorism include:A)Wundt, Titchener, and James.B)James, Watson, and Calkins.C)Maslow, Freud, and Rogers.D)Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner.71.With which behaviorist would you associate the procedures of reinforcement andpunishment for shaping the behavior of rats and pigeons?A)Ivan PavlovB)Abraham MaslowC)B. F. SkinnerD)William James

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Page1572.Which of the following approaches dominated American psychology for the first half ofthe twentieth century?A)structuralismB)functionalismC)behaviorismD)psychoanalysis73.Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include:A)Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.B)Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner.C)Mary Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn.D)John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner.74.Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasizedpsychological growth?A)John B. WatsonB)Abraham MaslowC)G. Stanley HallD)Ivan Pavlov75.Whichof the following people emphasized conscious experiences and each person'sunique potential for psychological growth and self-direction?A)Carl RogersB)B. F. SkinnerC)Sigmund FreudD)John B. Watson76.Which of the following approaches was referred to as the “third force” in Americanpsychology?A)psychoanalysisB)functionalismC)humanistic psychologyD)cognitive psychology77.Humanistic psychology emphasized:A)the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system.B)the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors.C)unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.D)free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.

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