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Test Bank for Discovering Psychology, 5th Edition

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    Appendix A 1 The type of statistics used to organiz e, summarize, and interpret data is called _____ statistics.  inferential Incorrect  descriptive (True Answer )Correct  correlational Incorrect  population Incorrect 2 Your textbook describes a research project concerned with health issues that generated a large amount of data. In order to make sense out of this mass of information, the researchers used _____ to organize and summarize the data.  inferential statistics Incorrect  population statistics Incorrect  correlation coefficients Incorrect  descriptive statistics (True Answer )Correct 3 If you arrange raw scores in order of magnitude and you record the number of times each score occurs, you have constructed a summary table called a:  histogram. Incorrect  scatter plot. Incorrect  frequency distribution. (True Answer )Correct  frequency polygon. Incorrect 4 A _____ is a graphic representation of a frequency distribution in a type of bar chart that uses vertical bars that touch.  polygon Incorrect  correlation coefficient scatter plo t Incorrect  variability diagram Incorrect  histogram (True Answer )Correct 5 Data from the health promotion study described in the textbook were first arranged in a frequency distribution. The researchers then graphically displayed the data in a bar chart with vertical bars that touched. At that point, the researchers had construct ed a:  histogram. (True Answer )Correct  frequency polygon. Incorrect

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     scatter plot. Incorrect  means table. Incorrect 6 When the data from the health promotion study described in the textbook were presented in a histogram, the categories (the number of hours of aerobic exercise per week) were placed along the _____, and the frequency of each category was displayed along the _____.  X axis; Y axis (True Answer )Correct  vertical axis; horizontal axis Incorrect  Y axis; X axis Incorrect  ordinate; abscissa Incorrect 7 Yoshiko decided to organize the data f rom her frequency distribution graphically in a type of bar chart in which the bars were vertical and touched each other. Yoshiko's graph is called a:  scatter diagram. Incorrect  histogram. (True Answer )Correct  frequency polygon. Incorr ect  z score distribution. Incorrect 8 Marvin gathered data on the frequency of shopping trips to the mall as a function of various age categories. To organize the results of his research graphically, Marvin made a mark above each age category at the point corresponding to its frequency, and then connected these dots with straight lines. Marvin has constructed a:  frequency polygon. (True Answer )Correct  frequency distribution. Incorrect  histogram. Incorrect  scatter plot. Incorrect 9 When Sarah created a frequency polygon , she noticed there were more scores on one side of the distribution than on the other. It would appear that Sarah's distribution is:  symmetrical. Incorrect  a standard normal curve. Incorrect  skewed. (True Answer )Correct  a scatter plot. Incorrect 10 When Mrs. Sanderson plotted the math t est scores of her sixth graders in a frequency polygon, the distribution turned out to be

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    positively skewed. This indicates that:  most students had low scores. (True Answer )Correct  the standard deviation is extremely large. Incorrect  mo st students had high scores. Incorrect  the correlation coefficient is close to zero. Incorrect 11 In a graph displaying family income in Slakia, the frequency of families with low incomes was far greater than the frequency of families with medium or high incomes. It would appear that the distribution of family incomes in Slakia:  is negatively skewed. Incorrect  resembles the standard normal curve. Incorrect  is positively skewed. (True Answer )Correct  has little or no variability. Incorrect 12 A _____ distribution is asymmetrical, meaning that more scores occur on one side of the distribution than on the other.  variable Incorrect  standard normal Incorrect  z score Incorrect  skewed (True Answer )Correct 13 In a(n) _____ distribution most people have low scores, whereas in a(n) _____ distribution most people have high scores.  positively skewed; negatively skewed (True Answer )Correct  symmetrical; asymmetrical Incorrect  negatively skewed; positively skewed Incorrect  asymmet rical; symmetrical Incorrect 14 Using a frequency polygon, Sydney plotted the incomes of families living in the Ritz Crescent area of town. She discovered that very few families had low incomes, about a quarter had medium incomes, and the majority had high incomes. It would appear that t he distribution of family income in Ritz Crescent:  is negatively skewed. (True Answer )Correct  has little or no variability. Incorrect  is positively skewed. Incorrect  is symmetrical. Incorrect

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    15 Anthony compared the frequency distrib utions of two twelfth - grade classes on math test scores. He discovered that most students had low scores in the first distribution. In contrast, most of the students had high scores in the second distribution. The first distribution is _____ and the second distribution is _____.  symmetrical; asymmetrical Incorrect  positively skewed; negatively skewed (True Answer )Correct  asymmetrical; symmetrical Incorrect  negatively skewed; positively skewed Incorrect 16 A distribution in which scores fall eq ually on both sides of the graph is said to be:  skewed. Incorrect  asymmetrical. Incorrect  symmetrical. (True Answer )Correct  statistically significant. Incorrect 17 The _____ is an example of a symmetrical distribution.  standard normal curve (True Answer )Correct  standard deviation Incorrect  scatter diagram Incorrect  modal distribution Incorrect 18 Researchers gathered data on a health - enhancing program. The data indicated that the program had worked well in producing behavioral changes. By the end of the program, the majority of the program participants were exercising more hours per week, and far fewer participants were leading inactive lives. A frequency polygon of the data at the end of the program:  would have very high z scores. Incorrect  would be negatively skewed. (True Answer )Correct  would be positively skewed. Incorrect  would resemble the standard normal curve. Incorrect 19 After the first quiz in Psychology 101, Professor Driscoll used a summary table to arrange the raw scores in order of magnitude and recorded the number of times each score occurred. Professo r Driscoll has created a:  frequency polygon. Incorrect  scatter diagram. Incorrect

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     frequency distribution. (True Answer )Correct  histogram. Incorrect 20 A(n) _____ is a single number that presents some information about the center of a frequency distribution.  inferential statistic Incorrect  correlation coefficient Incorrect  measure of statistical significance Incorrect  measure of ce ntral tendency (True Answer )Correct 21 Ramon has organized his data into both a frequency distribution and a polygon. Now he wants to summarize the data with a single number that provides information about the ―typical‖ score, or the ―center‖ of the distribution. Ramon would be advised to use:  a measure of central tendency. (True Answer )Correct  an inferential statistic, called the t - test. Incorrect  the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. Incorrect  a correlation coefficient. Incorrect 22 The _____ is the most frequently occur ring score in a distribution.  mean Incorrect  mode (True Answer )Correct  median Incorrect  range Incorrect 23 An analysis of the test scores on the first quiz showed that more students got a score of 35 than any other score. In this example, the score of 35 would be the:  mean. Incorrect  median. Incorrect  mode. (True Answer )Correct  standard deviation. Incorrect 24 In a slightly skewed distribution, the mode would be:  the most frequently occurring score. (True Answer )Correct  the score that falls in the middle of the distribution. Incorrect  the arithmetic average. Incorrect  a number, expressed in standard deviation units, that shows a

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    score's deviation from the mean. Incorrect 25 In a health psychology study, researchers compiled data on the number of participants in the study who exercised regularly and the number of hours of exercise each person did per week. Becau se more people reported exercising 5 hours a week than any other category, 5 hours per week would be the _____ for this distribution.  median Incorrect  range Incorrect  average Incorrect  mode (True Answer )Correct 26 When scores are arranged from lowest to highest, the _____ is the score that divides a frequency distribution exactly in half, so that the same number of scores lies on each side of it.  average Incorrect  z score Incorrect  median (True A nswer )Correct  mode Incorrect 27 During the first week of their vacation, Sam drank 15 soft drinks, Sonia drank 10, Dwayne drank 8, Eddie drank 6, and Michele drank 6. The median number of soft drinks consumed by th is group is:  6. Incorrect  8. (True Answer )Correct  10. Incorrect  15. Incorrect 28 When Carla plotted the distribution of scores in her data, she found that the score that fell exactly in the middle and divided the distribution exactly in half was 50. In this case, the score of 50 is the:  range. Incorrect  mode. Incorrect  mean. Incorrect  median. ( True Answer )Correct 29 By definition the arithmetic average of all the scores is called the:  z score. Incorrect  mode. Incorrect

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     median. Incorrect  mean. (True Answer )Correct 30 Fifty students took the midterm exam in Dr. Axelrod's class. In order to get some idea of the most ―typical‖ s core, Dr. Axelrod added up all the scores and divided the sum by 50. The product of this calculation is called the:  median. Incorrect  standard deviation. Incorrect  mean. (True Answer )Correct  range. Incorrect 31 The _____ is the score that is usually the most representative measure of central tendency.  mode Incorrect  mean (True Answer )Correct  correlation coefficient Incorrect  median Incorrect 32 The _____ is the measure of central tendency that is most affected by very extreme scores.  mean (True Answer )Correct  standard deviation Incorrect  median Incorrect  mode Incorrect 33 Neil had the following distribution of scores: 2, 2, 2, 4, 5, 6, 25. The _____ is the measure of central tendency that will be most affected by the one extreme score of 25.  correlation coefficient Incorrect  mode Incorrect  median Incorrect  mean (True Answer )Correct 34 The range is to _____ as the mean is t o _____.  a measure of central tendency; a measure of variability Incorrect  descriptive statistics; inferential statistics Incorrect  a measure of variability; a measure of central tendency (True Answer )Correct

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     inferential statistics; descriptive statistics Incorrect 35 The standard deviation is to _____ as the mode is to _____.  variability; central tendency (True Answer )Correct  correlation; inferential statistics Incorrect  central tendency; variability Incorrect  inferential statistics; correlatio n Incorrect 36 A measure of _____ is a single number that presents information about the spread of scores in a distribution.  central tendency Incorrect  correlation coefficient Incorrect  statistical significance Incorrect  variability (True Answer )Correct 37 Tyler wants to know how much the score s in his data differ from each other and whether the scores are widely spread out. Tyler would be well advised to use:  a measure of central tendency. Incorrect  the correlation coefficient. Incorrect  a measure of variability. ( True Answer )Correct  the analysis of variance technique (ANOVA). Incorrect 38 The _____ is a measure of variability that is computed by subtracting the lowest score in the distribution from the highest score.  standard deviation Incorrect  mode Incorrect  median Incorrect  range (True Answer )Correct 39 As a measure of variability, the range provides a limited amount of information because it:  depends on the two most extreme scores in a distribution, the highest and the lowest. (True Answer )Correct  reflects only one score in the distribution, the middle point. Incorrect  depends on the average amount of variation in a distribution based on how different each score is from the mean. Incorrect  reflects only one score in the distribution, the most frequently

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    occurring score. Incorrect 40 In order to determine the variability of the scores on the midterm exam, Professor Ainslie subtracted the mean from each score, squared each of these deviations, added them, divided the result by the total number of scores, and finally took the square root of that number. Professor Ainslie has calculated the:  z score. Incorrect  correlation coefficient. Incorrect  mean. Incorrect  standard deviation. (True Answer )Correct 41 The _____ is a measure of variability expressed as the square root of the sum of the squared deviations around the mean divided by the number of scores in the distribution.  correlation coefficient Incorrect  analysis of variance (ANOVA) Incor rect  standard deviation (True Answer )Correct  t - test Incorrect 42 After collecting her data and performi ng a number of statistical analyses, Jana noticed that the standard deviation was very large. This indicates that:  there was a relatively large number of scores in the distribution. Incorrect  the distribution was positively skewed. Incorrect  the scores were clustered around the mean and were not spread out. Incorrect  the scores had a great deal of variability and were not clustered around the mean. (True Answer )Correct 43 When Stefan compared two distributions, each with the same mean, he noticed that distribution A had much more variability, or ―spread,‖ than distribution B. It is very likely that the standard deviation of distribution A will:  be smaller than the standard deviation of distribution B. Incorrect  be identical to the standard deviation of distribution B. Incorrect  be larger than the standard dev iation of distribution B. (True Answer )Correct  have a negative value compared to the standard deviation for distribution B. Incorrect

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    44 The _____ is a number, expressed in standard deviation units, that shows a score's deviation from the mean.  z score (True Answer )Correct  mode Incorrect  correlation coefficient Incorrect  mean Incorrect 45 If a distribution resembles the standa rd normal curve, a person's _____ can tell us exactly how his or her score compares to all the other scores in the distribution.  correlation coefficient Incorrect  z score (True Answer )Correct  average score Incorrect  modal score Incorrect 46 On the first test, the scores in Professor Ramirez's introductory psychology class produced a bell - shaped curve. A student who scored better than 84 percent of the other students in the class would have a z score of:  +0.84. Incorrect  – 1. Incorrect  +1. (True Answer )Correct  – 0.84. Incorrect 47 When the midterm test scores were analyzed and the results graphed, they produced a standard normal curve. Ramón's z score on the midterm exam was +1, which indicates that:  he scored better than 34.13 percent of the class. Incorrect  he scored better than 84 percent of the class. (True Answer )Correct  50 percent of the class scored higher than Ramón. Incorrect  34.13 percent of the class scored lower than Ramón. Incorrect 48 On the normal distribution of people's weights, Kayla had a z score of zero. This indicates that Kayla's weight _____ of all the weights in the distribution.  equals the mean ( True Answer )Correct  is greater than 84 percent Incorrect  is less than 34.14 percent Incorrect  was the lowest Incorrect

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    49 _____ is a symmetrical distribution forming a bell - shaped curve in which the mean, median, and mode are all equal and fall in the exact middle.  A positively skewed polygon Incorrec t  The standard normal curve (True Answer )Correct  A scatter diagram Incorrect  A negatively skewed histogram Incorrect 50 When Amanda plotted her data, the results closely resembled the standard normal curve. The data revealed a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 10. Amanda can be confident that approximately 68 percent of the scores are between:  34 and 84. Inc orrect  90 and 110. (True Answer )Correct  80 and 120. Incorrect  66 and 134. Incorrect 51 The relationship between two variabl es is called _____ and is numerically indicated by _____.  the standard deviation; a z score Incorrect  a histogram; the median Incorrect  a correlation; a correlation coefficient (True Answer )Correct  the range; the standard deviation Incorrect 52 A correlation coefficient is a numeric al indication of:  the magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables. (True Answer )Correct  variability in a single set of scores. Incorrect  central tendency. Incorrect  statistical significance. Incorrect 53 A _____ correlation coefficient indicates that as one variable increases, the other tends to increase, and a _____ correlation coefficient indicates that as one variable increases, the other tends to decrease.  high; low Incorrect  negative; po sitive Incorrect  low; high Incorrect  positive; negative (True Answer )Correct

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    54 Ethan wants to measure the relationshi p between two variables, weight and height. To calculate the correlation coefficient for his data set, Ethan should first:  convert both variables into z scores. (True Answer )Correct  do an inferential test for statistical significance. Incorrect  construct a frequency polygon. Incorrect  plot a standard normal curve. Incorrect 55 The closer a correlation coefficient i s to _____, the stronger the relationship between the two variables.  zero Incorrect  +5.0 Incorrect  +10.0 or – 10.0 Incorrect  +1.00 or – 1.00 (True Answer )Correct 56 Of the following correlation coefficients, which represents the strongest relationship between two factors?  – 0.80 (True Answer )Correct  +0.03 Incorrect  +0.36 Incorrect  – 0.15 Incorrect 57 Which of the following is NOT a possib le correlation coefficient?  +1.00 Incorrect  – 0.98 Incorrect  +1.72 (True Answer )Correct  +0.54 Incorrect 58 A correlation coefficient of – 0.88 is to _____ as a correlation coefficient of +0.15 is to _____.  a low negative correlation; a high positive correlation Incorrect  a negatively skewed distribution; a positively skewed distribution Incorrect  a high negative correlation; a low positive correlation (True Answer )Correct  a positively skewed distribution; a negatively skewed distribution Incorrect

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    59 After conducting a statistical analysis of responses to a survey, Professor Balbos finds a correlation of +3.14 between frequency of air travel and frequency of colds. This indicates that:  Professor Balbos has made a serious error in calculating the correlation coefficient. (True Answer )Correct  a cause - and - effect re lationship exists between travel by air and colds. Incorrect  as air travel increases, the frequency of colds also increases. Incorrect  as air travel decreases, the frequency of colds increases. Incorrect 60 Your instructor notices that in many o f her classes, the longer she lectures, the more student yawns she sees. This represents:  a positive correlation. (True Answer )Correct  a negative correlation. Incorrect  a cause - and - effect relationship. Incorrect  scientific proof that yawning is contagious. Incorrect 61 Dr. Meeney calculated correlation coef ficients for two different sets of data. He found that data set X had a correlation coefficient of – 0.75, and data set Y had a correlation coefficient of +0.58. Dr. Meeney can conclude that:  set X has a stronger correlation than set Y . (True Answ er )Correct  set Y has a stronger correlation than set X . Incorrect  the data in set X were positively skewed. Incorrect  the data in set Y were negatively skewed. Incorrect 62 In her research, Dr. Bristow found that the more time students spent studying, the higher their score on the final exam. Dr. Bristow has demonstrated a _____ correlation.  positive (True Answer )Correct  zero Incorrect  negative Incorrect  skewed Incorrect 63 Assume that one particular study showed that there is a relatively high negative correlation between exercise and fitness. This would indicate:  the less people exercise, the greater their physical fitness. (True Answer )Correct

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     the more people exercise, the greater their physical fitness. Incorrect  that there is a clear causal relationship between exercise and fitness. Incorrect  that there is no relationship between exercise and fitness. Incorrect 64 Bailey discovered that there was a neg ative correlation between the amount of time spent watching TV and level of education. If the correlation coefficient is relatively high, Bailey can conclude that:  TV watching directly interferes with obtaining an education. Incorrect  the mor e education people have, the less TV they watch. (True Answer )Correct  the less education people have, the less TV they watch. Incorrect  people who watch a great deal of TV have higher levels of education than people who watch very little TV. Incorrect 65 Suppose that it has been shown that the lower the family income, the higher the incidence of psychological problems. This finding would demonstrate that there is a _____ between family income and psychological problems.  positive correlation Incor rect  zero correlation Incorrect  negative correlation (True Answer )Correct  cause - and - effect relationship Incorrect 66 Which of the following correlation coefficients would indicate the strongest relationship between high school grade - point average and first year college grade - point average?  +0.15 Incorrect  +0.72 (True Answer )Correct  – 0.45 Incorrect  +0.30 Incorrect 67 After analyzing her data, Professor Ne lson discovers that a correlation coefficient of +0.75 exists between the amount of coffee a person drinks and the degree of stress experienced. Professor Nelson can safely conclude that:  there is no relationship between stress and coffee consumpt ion. Incorrect

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     stress causes people to drink coffee. Incorrect  as coffee consumption increases, stress also increases. (True Answer )Correct  as coffee consumption increases, stress decreases. Incorrect 68 Assume that annual income is related to level of education. Which of the following correlation coefficients would indicate the strongest relationship between the two variables?  – 0.35 Incorrect  – 0.01 Incorrect  +0.65 (True Answer )Correct  +0.10 Incorrect 69 Ethan analyzed the data from his corre lational research project and found a correlation coefficient of – 0.15. Ethan can conclude that the two variables:  have a high negative correlation. Incorrect  are weakly related. (True Answer )Correct  have a high positive correlation. Incorrect  are causally related. Incorrect 70 A _____ is a graph that represents the relationship between two variables.  frequency polygon Incorrect  histogram Incorrect  scatter diagram or scatter plot (True Answer )Correct  standard normal curve Incorrect 71 A scatter diagram graphically depicts:  the normal distribution of scores in a set of data. Incorrect  a number, expressed in standard deviation units, that shows a score's deviation from the mean. Incorrect  the amount of variability in a distribution. Incorrect  the relat ionship between two variables. (True Answer )Correct 72 When Brooke plotted her data in a grap h that showed the relationship between variable A and variable B, she found that they clustered in a pattern that extended from the upper left - hand corner of the graph to the lower right - hand corner. Brooke has plotted a _____ that shows a _____.

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