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Test Bank For Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 10th Edition

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    1. Synthesizing the approaches covered in the text: a. can easily be accomplished after taking an introductory course. b. is usually mastered by the end of the first year of one’s graduate program. c. often requires many years of study, training, and practical counseling experience. d. rarely, if ever, happens and is a completely unrealistic goal. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: page 2 2. Which one of the following is not considered an experiential and relationship-oriented therapy? a. Gestalt therapy b. Family systems therapy c. Existential approach d. Person-centered approach ANSWER: b REFERENCES: page 7 3. Which one of the following is not associated with the cognitive-behavioral action-oriented therapies? a. Existential therapy b. Cognitive behavior therapy c. Choice theory/relative therapy d. Behavior therapy ANSWER: a REFERENCES: page 7 4. Which humanistic approach places emphasis on the basic attitudes of the therapist? a. Psychoanalytic therapy b. Adlerian therapy c. Person-centered therapy d. Cognitive-behavioral therapy ANSWER: c REFERENCES: page 8 5. Presenting one model to which all trainees subscribe is: a. what the counseling profession endorses at present. b. likely to be a reality by the year 2020 when the CACREP standards are revisited. c. dangerous in that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients. d. illegal in the Northeastern region of the U.S., but not in other parts of the country. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: page 2 Page 1

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    6. The author makes a case for: a. initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations and then learning a particular approach by becoming steeped in that approach for some time. b. delving deeply into one approach initially and then taking a superficial look at other theoretical models. c. learning the theories of counseling only after starting to work with clients in order to make the theories more relevant. d. the reader to choose the approach to which s/he subscribes. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: page 2 7. Which of the following statements about theories or models of counseling/psychotherapy is true? a. Extensive research has shown that certain popular models of psychotherapy are “wrong.” b. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism in our society. c. Accepting the validity of one model implies rejecting the validity of other models. d. Theoretical pluralism has been frowned on by several major professional organizations. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: page 2 8. Which of the following is not a factor that oftentimes limits our freedom of choice? a. Social b. Environmental c. Cultural d. Internal ANSWER: d REFERENCES: page 3 9. Which of these statements about interventions is true? a. It is helpful to use one type of intervention with most clients. b. During the course of an individual’s therapy, different interventions may be needed at different times. c. It is best to require clients to adapt to your approach to counseling and the interventions that you are skilled at using. d. You should only use counseling interventions when you are certified or licensed. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: page 5 10. Which approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis? a. Personcentered therapy b. Family systems therapy c. Adlerian therapy d. Reality therapy ANSWER: a REFERENCES: page 7 Page 2

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    11. Francesca, a cognitive behavioral therapist, likes to give homework assignments to her clients. What might her rationale be for doing this? a. Homework can be a vehicle for assisting her clients in putting into action what they are learning in therapy. b. By assigning homework to her clients, she establishes her clear authority over them (as if she is their teacher). c. She is probably a novice therapist who is insecure about her skills; thus, by assigning homework, she may feel like she is being more productive. d. In order to be reimbursed by insurance companies, Francesca is required to give her clients homework assignments. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: page 3 12. Which of the following statements best describes the author’s view of the medical model? a. Corey appreciates the focus on psychopathology and believes it gives clinicians the tools to assess what’s wrong with clients. b. A focus on the medical model restricts therapeutic practice because it stresses deficits rather than strengths. c. The medical model emphasizes strengths and competencies rather than psychopathology. d. The medical model is especially relevant for culturally diverse client populations. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: page 4 13. A comprehensive approach to counseling: a. goes beyond understanding our internal dynamics and addresses those environmental and systemic realities that influence us. b. focuses almost exclusively on the client’s internal dynamics. c. focuses primarily on the therapist’s internal reactions to the client’s behavior. d. focuses only on systemic factors. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: page 4 14. Effective psychotherapy is a practice in which the: a. therapist solves problems for clients. b. therapist is merely a skilled technician. c. client and therapist collaborate in coconstructing solutions regarding life’s tasks. d. client is in complete control of the direction of the therapy. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: page 4 Page 3

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    15. Which of the following is not an issue that Stan struggles with? a. Fear of being alone b. Fear of intimate relationships with women c. Substance use d. Aggressive outbursts ANSWER: d REFERENCES: page 10 16. An undisciplined mixture of approaches can be an excuse for failing to develop a sound rationale for systematically adhering to certain concepts and to the techniques that are extensions of them. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 2 17. An integrative perspective is not developed in a random fashion. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 2 18. Since Corey challenges the deterministic notion that humans are the product of their early conditioning and, thus, are victims of their past, he believes that an exploration of the past is rarely useful. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: page 3 19. Both family therapy and feminist therapy are based on the premise that to understand the individual it is essential to take into consideration the interpersonal dimensions and the sociocultural context rather than focusing primarily on the intrapsychic domain. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 4 20. Psychotherapy is a process of engagement between two people, both of whom are bound to change through the therapeutic venture. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 4 Page 4

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    21. Those practicing brief therapy are in business to change clients, to give them quick advice, and to solve their problems for them. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: page 9 22. With respect to mastering the techniques of counseling and applying them appropriately and effectively, it is Corey’s belief that you are your own very best technique. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 4 23. Techniques can counteract a client–therapist relationship that is lacking in certain respects. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: page 4 24. Much of effective therapy is the product of artistry. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 4 25. Rudolf Dreikurs is credited with popularizing the Adlerian approach in the United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 6 26. Choice theory/reality therapy applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: page 7 27. Donald Meichenbaum is a prominent contributor to the development of cognitive behavior therapy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 7 Page 5

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    28. Reality therapy is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 7 29. Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 7 30. An experiential approach is Gestalt therapy, which offers a range of experiments to help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the here and now. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: page 8 Page 6

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    1. It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to do all of the following, except : a. be aware of their own cultural heritage. b. have a broad base of counseling techniques that can be employed with flexibility. c. not consider the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate. d. examine their own assumptions about cultural values. ANSWER: c 2. According to the text, personal values of the counselor influence all of the following, except : a. our views of the goals of counseling. b. the way we conduct client assessments. c. the interventions we choose. d. how the clients’ life progressed prior to treatment. ANSWER: d 3. Clients place more value on the personality of the therapist than on the ___________________. a. specific techniques used. b. specific words the therapist used. c. therapist’s theoretical orientation. d. aesthetics of the therapeutic setting. ANSWER: a 4. Regarding psychotherapy treatment outcome, research suggests all of the following except : a. the therapist as a person is an integral part of successful treatment. b. the therapeutic relationship is an essential component of effective treatment. c. both the therapy methods used and the therapy relationship influence the outcomes of treatment. d. therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment. ANSWER: d 5. An authentic counselor is best described as: a. having the highest regard for all clients. b. being willing to be totally open and self-disclosing. c. being a technical expert who is committed to objectivity. d. being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted; he or she can model that process to be the way it is revealed to the client. ANSWER: d 6. In the text, all of the following are listed as characteristics of the counselor as a therapeutic person except : a. counselors have a sense of humor. b. counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems. c. counselors make choices that are life oriented. d. counselors make mistakes and are willing to admit them. ANSWER: b Page 1

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    7. __________ cannot be reduced simply to cultural awareness and sensitivity. a. Cultural diversity b. Multicultural competence c. Multicultural diversity d. Theoretical pluralism ANSWER: b 8. In the text, one reason given for having counseling students receive some form of psychotherapy is to help them: a. work through early childhood trauma. b. learn to deal with transference and countertransference. c. recognize and resolve their co-dependent tendencies. d. become self-actualized individuals. ANSWER: b 9. Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them to: a. heal their own psychological wounds. b. gain an experiential sense of how to control the therapeutic session. c. understand their own needs and motives and how to heal them while counseling others. d. learn how to work through their own personal conflicts while counseling others. ANSWER: a 10. With regard to the role of counselors’ personal values in therapy, it is appropriate for counselors to: a. teach and persuade clients to act the right way. b. maintain an indifferent, neutral, and passive role by simply listening to everything the client reports. c. avoid challenging the values of clients. d. avoid imposing their values through a process of bracketing. ANSWER: d 11. The author describes the characteristics of an effective counselor. By including this information in the chapter, he is hoping to convey the message that: a. if you do not possess all of these characteristics, you are doomed to fail in the helping professions. b. deficits in these qualities almost always require years of psychoanalysis. c. you should develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth. d. those who possess all of these qualities can bypass the requirement to participate in clinical supervision. ANSWER: c 12. During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow? a. Encourage her to get the abortion as soon as possible, without exploring any other option. b. Steer her toward having her baby and then consider adoption for her baby. c. Suggest that she go to church and pray about her situation. d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values. ANSWER: d Page 2

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    13. Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to: a. use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system. b. have an appreciation for a multicultural perspective in their counseling practice. c. recognize the cultural dimensions their clients bring to therapy. d. accept clients who have a different set of assumptions about life. ANSWER: a 14. You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as: a. resistance. b. a manifestation of uncooperative behavior. c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context. d. a clear sign that counseling will not work. ANSWER: c 15. Which of the following is not considered an essential skill of an effective culturally competent counselor? a. Being able to modify techniques to accommodate cultural differences b. Being able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages accurately c. Being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly reexperience early childhood events d. Being willing to seek out educational, consultative, and training experiences to enhance their ability to work with culturally diverse client populations ANSWER: c 16. Which of the following is not considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor? a. Knowing how to analyze transference reactions b. Understanding the dynamics and impact of oppression and racism c. Being able to understand the worldview of their clients, and learn about their clients’ cultural background d. Being aware of institutional barriers that prevent minorities from utilizing the mental health services available in their community ANSWER: a 17. Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except : a. counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions. b. counselors feel comfortable with their clients’ values and beliefs. c. counselors are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients. d. counselors employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or appropriate. ANSWER: a Page 3

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    18. Effective counseling must take into account the impact of culture on the client’s functioning, including the: a. client’s expectations for possible vacation time from counseling. b. client’s degree of acculturation. c. attitudes these clients have about time off during counseling for their personal time. d. messages clients received from their family members while attending counseling. ANSWER: b 19. Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations? a. Learn about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving b. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult c. Be flexible in applying techniques with clients d. Identify your basic assumptions pertaining to diversity ANSWER: b 20. The_______________ factors—the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extratherapeutic factors—are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome. a. logistical b. contextual c. psychodynamic d. technical ANSWER: b 21. If we are inauthentic, it is unlikely that our clients will detect it. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 22. A meta-analysis of research on therapeutic effectiveness found that the personal and interpersonal components are, at best, only moderately related to effective psychotherapy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 23. Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 24. Therapists should not admit their mistakes since that could diminish their clients’ confidence in them. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Page 4

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    25. Truly dedicated therapists carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 26. The vast majority of mental health professionals have experienced personal therapy, typically on several occasions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 27. Therapists need to be free of conflicts before they can counsel others. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 28. It is not our function to persuade clients to accept or adopt our value system. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 29. Your role as a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting environment in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. The general goals of counselors must be congruent with the personal goals of the client. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. If you try to figure out in advance how to proceed with a client, you may be depriving the client of the opportunity to become an active partner in her or his own therapy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 32. Counselors from all cultural groups must examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and assumptions about the counseling process and about persons from diverse groups. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Page 5

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    33. Practitioners must have had the same experiences as their clients in order to have empathy for them. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 34. The skill of immediacy involves revealing what we are thinking or feeling in the here and now with the client. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 35. Ideally, our self-care should mirror the care we provide for others. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Page 6

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    1. In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to: a. learn how to arrive at clear-cut answers for difficult situations. b. identify a specific ethical code as the source of answers to ethical dilemmas. c. exercise prudent judgment when it comes to interpreting and applying ethical principles to specific situations. d. avoid making any mistakes in counseling practice. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: page 39 2. According to the text, the challenge of fulfilling the spirit of informed consent is to: a. tell clients about the nature of confidentiality. b. strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little. c. convince clients that counselors know what they are doing. d. teach clients about state laws that pertain to counseling. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: page 41 3. The ethics codes do not mandate that dual or multiple relationships: a. should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical. b. are clearly grounds for revocation of one’s professional license. c. are helpful in case of counseling one’s friends or relatives. d. are impossible to avoid. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: page 50 4. Privileged communication applies to: a. group counseling. b. couples counseling. c. family therapy. d. individual counseling. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: page 42 5. Confidentiality must be breached and information must be reported by practitioners when all of the following take place, except : a. clients pose a danger to others. b. a child under the age of 16 requests counseling sessions. c. an older adult is being abused. d. the therapist determines that the client needs immediate, involuntary hospitalization. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: page 43 Page 1

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    6. Which of the following statements is not true about guidelines for ethical practice in counseling and psychotherapy? a. Most professional organizations provide broad guidelines. b. Therapists ultimately have to discover their own guidelines for reasonable practice. c. Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose. d. Ethical issues should be periodically reexamined throughout your professional life. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: page 39 7. A therapist should consult with colleagues or specialists under all circumstances except: a. when multiple relationships are potentially problematic. b. when facing an ethical problem. c. when losing objectivity. d. when discussing past life choices. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: page 50 8. Clients have a right to know about __________ before making highly personal disclosures. a. their therapist’s qualifications and personal information b. the general goals of the therapist during personal counseling c. the approximate length and details of the therapist’s personal relationships d. limits of confidentiality ANSWER: d REFERENCES: page 41 9. Both the feminist perspective and the postmodern approaches charge that diagnoses: a. are an appropriate part of counseling sessions. b. are generally helpful to women clients. c. ignore societal contexts. d. are an essential part of the medical model they follow. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: page 47 10. Marcus, a therapist in a community agency, recently divorced his wife and seems to be harboring anger towards women in general. His colleagues, who have noticed a change in his attitude and behavior lately, have encouraged him to seek personal counseling to work through his issues. They are: a. overreacting to his anger and are overstepping the boundaries by suggesting he go to counseling. b. unwise to suggest counseling since he will not benefit from it because he is a therapist and already knows how to deal with his problems. c. acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients. d. being unsupportive colleagues; since they are aware of his situation, they should offer to provide counseling to him and not refer him to a professional outside of the agency. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: page 38 Page 2

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    11. According to the text, positive ethics is an approach taken by practitioners: a. who do what is mandated by professional standards. b. who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble. c. who strive for the highest level of ethical practice. d. who strictly adhere to lengthy ethics codes, even if this is not in the client’s best interest. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: page 38 12. During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients’ needs or her own needs. Justine is: a. being overly analytical. b. actively working toward expanding her self-awareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability. c. self-absorbed and insecure. d. behaving unethically since she is preoccupied during her clients’ sessions. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: page 39 13. Assessment consists of: a. identifying a specific mental disorder. b. forming an explanation of the causes of the client’s difficulties. c. evaluating the relevant factors in a client’s life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process. d. gaining an account into how the client’s problems developed over time. ANSWER: c REFERENCES: page 45 14. Evidence-based practices: a. are the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences. b. are tailored to only focus on the relationship between the client and therapist without addressing specific problems and symptoms. c. tend to focus on therapist created techniques that do not have empirical evidence to support their efficacy. d. are generally not time limited. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: page 48 15. __________________ ethics involves a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice. a. Mandatory b. Minimal c. Positive d. Aspirational ANSWER: a REFERENCES: page 38 Page 3

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