Anatomy and Physiology - The Integumentary System - Quick Guides | Anatomy and Physiology

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–The Integumentary System1.Quiz: The Skin and Its Functions1. QuestionThe skin is considered to be an organ because it __________.Answer Choices• comprises the largest part of the body• is made of epithelial tissue and connective tissue• has multiple functions ranging from physical protection to homeostasisCorrect Answeris made of epithelial tissue and connective tissueWhy This Is CorrectAnorganis made oftwo or more different tissue typesworking together.The skin contains:•epithelial tissue(the epidermis)•connective tissue(the dermis)Because it is made of multiple tissues working as one, the skin is classified as anorgan.2. QuestionThe skin is involved in producing which of the following vitamins?Answer Choices• vitamin C• vitamin D• vitamin K

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Study GuideCorrect Answervitamin DWhy This Is CorrectThe skin helps producevitamin Dwhen it is exposed tosunlight (UV rays).Vitamin D is important forcalcium absorptionand strong bones.2.The EpidermisTheepidermisis theoutermost layer of the skin. It is made of a special tissue calledkeratinizedstratified squamous epithelium.This means:•stratified= many layers•squamous= flat cells near the surface•keratinized= filled with keratin to make skintough and waterproof2.1Main Cell Types in the EpidermisThere arefour important types of cellsfound in the epidermis:1. KeratinocytesThese are themost common epidermal cells.•They producekeratin, a strong protein that:ohardens the skinohelps waterproof the skinMature keratinocytes at the surface are:•dead•filled almost completely withkeratin

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Study Guide2. MelanocytesMelanocytes producemelanin, which is a pigment that helps protect the skin.Melanin:•protects cells fromultraviolet (UV) radiation•is transferred from melanocytes tokeratinocytes3. Langerhans CellsLangerhans cells are immune cells.•They arephagocytic macrophages, meaning they can “eat” harmful particles.•They interact withwhite blood cellsduring an immune response.Their main role isdefense and protection.4. Merkel CellsMerkel cells are found deep in the epidermis near the boundary between the epidermis and dermis.•They formMerkel discs•These discs work with nerve endings and help insensory function(touch sensation)2.2Layers of the EpidermisThe epidermis is made of layers arranged fromtop to bottom.There are two types of skin:•Thick skin(palms and soles) →5 layers•Thin skin→4 layers(missing the stratum lucidum)Below are thefive layers(from outermost to deepest):

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Study Guide1. Stratum CorneumThis is thetop layer.•contains many layers ofdead keratinocytes•the cells haveno nucleus(anucleate)•cells are completely filled withkeratinThe outermost layers areconstantly shedand replaced.2. Stratum Lucidum(Only in thick skin)This layer is found only in:•palms of the hands•soles of the feetIt contains:•2 to 3 layersof anucleate (no nucleus) cellsPresent only inthick skin, not thin skin.3. Stratum GranulosumThis layer has:•2 to 4 layersof cells•cells held together bydesmosomes(strong cell “attachments”)These cells containkeratohyaline granules.Keratohyaline granules help informing keratinin the upper layers.4. Stratum SpinosumThis layer contains:•8 to 10 layersof cells•connected strongly bydesmosomesCells here aremoderately active in mitosis, meaning some cell division still happens.

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Study Guide5. Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)This is thedeepest epidermal layer.•consists of asingle layer of columnar cells•cells areactively dividing by mitosisThese new cells move upward into the upper layers and eventually reach the skin surface.3.Quiz: The Epidermis1. QuestionWhich of the following is the correct sequence of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin, fromsuperficial to deep?Answer Choices• stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale• stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum basale• stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basaleCorrect Answerstratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basaleWhy This Is CorrectInthick skin(like palms and soles), the epidermis hasfive layers.From the outside going deeper, the correct order is:Corneum → Lucidum → Granulosum → Spinosum → BasaleA simple way to remember is:“Come, Let’s Get Sun Burned”

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Study Guide2. QuestionWhich layer of the epidermis consists of cells that are undergoing active cell reproduction andeventually migrate to the stratum corneum layer to be sloughed off?Answer Choices• stratum basale• stratum granulosum• stratum lucidumCorrect Answerstratum basaleWhy This Is CorrectThestratum basaleis thedeepest layerof the epidermis.It is wherenew skin cells are constantly being producedthrough mitosis.These new cells then move upward until they reach the surface and are shed.3. QuestionWhich layer of the epidermis consists of cells that produce the tough protein substance called keratin?Answer Choices• stratum corneum• stratum granulosum• stratum spinosumCorrect Answerstratum spinosum

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Study GuideWhy This Is CorrectThestratum spinosumcontains cells that begin producingkeratin, a tough protein that helps protectskin.Keratin makes the skin stronger and more resistant to damage.4. QuestionIn the stratum basale layer are cells that produce pigment and do not migrate. What are those cellscalled?Answer Choices• keratinocytes• melanocytes• Merkel cellsCorrect AnswermelanocytesWhy This Is CorrectMelanocytesstay in thestratum basaleand producemelanin, the pigment responsible for skincolor.Unlike keratinocytes, melanocytesdo not migrate upwardthrough the layers.5. QuestionThere are cells in the epidermis that produce a pigment that protects against DNA mutation by UVradiation and helps create skin color and a tan. What are these cells called?Answer Choices• keratinocytes• Langerhans cells• melanocytes

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Study GuideCorrect AnswermelanocytesWhy This Is CorrectMelanocytesproducemelanin, which absorbs UV radiation and helps protect skin cells from DNAdamage.More melanin production can lead totanning.6. QuestionWhich of the following cells are associated with the sensory function of skin?Answer Choices• Keratinocytes• Langerhans cells• Merkel cellsCorrect AnswerMerkel cellsWhy This Is CorrectMerkel cellsare sensory cells that help withtouch and pressure detection.They work with nerve endings to help you feel things like light touch.7. QuestionThe skin also provides protection against pathogens via the activity of the __________.

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