Anatomy and Physiology - The Respiratory System - Quick Guides

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–The Respiratory System1.Quiz: Structure of the Respiratory System1. QuestionThe laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) is the central prominence on the __________.Answer Choices• thyroid cartilage• cricoid cartilage• hyoid boneCorrect Answerthyroid cartilageWhy This Is CorrectThethyroid cartilageis the large cartilage of the larynx, and its front bulge forms thelaryngealprominence (Adam’s apple).2. QuestionWhen swallowing food, the __________ closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent choking.Answer Choices• epiglottis• cricoid cartilage• cuneiform cartilage

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Study GuideCorrect AnswerepiglottisWhy This Is CorrectTheepiglottisacts like a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing, keeping food and liquid outof the airway.3. QuestionPlace the pharyngeal regions in the correct order as air passes to the trachea.Answer Choices• oropharynx → nasopharynx → laryngopharynx• nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx• nasopharynx → laryngopharynx → oropharynxCorrect Answernasopharynx→oropharynx→laryngopharynxWhy This Is CorrectAir passes from the nasal cavity into the pharynx in this sequence:nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx, then into the larynx and trachea.4. QuestionWhich tonsils are found in the nasopharynx?Answer Choices• palatine• lingual• pharyngeal

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Study GuideCorrect AnswerpharyngealWhy This Is CorrectThepharyngeal tonsils(also called adenoids) are located in thenasopharynx.Palatine tonsils are in the oropharynx, and lingual tonsils are at the base of the tongue.2.LungsThelungsare a pair ofcone-shaped organslocated inside thethorax (chest cavity).They are the main organs of the respiratory system and help your body take in oxygen and removecarbon dioxide.Between the two lungs is a space called the:mediastinumThe mediastinum contains the heart, and itseparates the left and right lungs.Lobes of the LungsEach lung is divided into sections calledlobes, separated by fissures.•Left lunghas2 lobes•Right lunghas3 lobes2.1Smaller Divisions Inside the LungsEach lung is organized into smaller and smaller parts to help air move efficiently.1. Bronchopulmonary SegmentsEach lobe is divided into:bronchopulmonary segments

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Study GuideEach segment contains:atertiary bronchus2. LobulesEach bronchopulmonary segment is further divided into:lobulesEach lobule contains:aterminal bronchioleWhat Enters Each Lung Lobe?Every lobe of the lung receives important supply lines, including:•blood vessels•lymphatic vessels•nervesThese structures penetrate each lobe to support lung function.2.2Superficial Features of Each LungEach lung has clear outer features that help identify its shape and position.1. Apex and Base•Apex= thetopof the lung•Base= thebottomof the lung2. Costal SurfaceThecostal surfaceof each lung lies against the ribs.

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Study GuideIt borders the ribs on both the front and the back.3. Medial (Mediastinal) Surface and HilusThemedial surfaceis the side of the lung that faces:the other lungThis side faces the mediastinum, so it is also called the:mediastinal surfaceOn this surface, there is an important opening called the:hilusAt the hilus, the following enter the lung:•bronchi•blood vessels•lymphatic vessels2.3Pleura (Protective Lung Membrane)The lungs are covered by a special double-layered membrane called the:pleuraIt has two layers:1. Pulmonary (Visceral) Pleura•inner layer•directly surrounds each lung2. Parietal Pleura•outer layer•lines the inside of the thoracic cavity

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Study GuidePleural Cavity and Pleural FluidBetween the two pleural layers is a narrow space called the:pleural cavityThis cavity contains:pleural fluidPleural fluid is a lubricant secreted by the pleura that:•reduces friction•allows smooth lung movement during breathing3.Quiz: Lungs1. QuestionThe bronchi enter the lungs at the area called the __________.Answer Choices• apex• base• hilusCorrect AnswerhilusWhy This Is CorrectThehilusis the opening on the lung where structures like thebronchi, blood vessels, and nervesenter and leave.

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Study Guide2. QuestionThe hilus of the lung is on the __________ aspect of the lung.Answer Choices• lateral• medial• superiorCorrect AnswermedialWhy This Is CorrectThehilusis located on themedial sideof each lung, facing toward the heart and midline.3. QuestionThe left lung has __________ lobes and the right lung has __________ lobes.Answer Choices• 2; 2• 2; 3• 3; 2Correct Answer2; 3Why This Is Correct•Theleft lunghas2 lobes(to make room for the heart).•Theright lunghas3 lobes.

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Study Guide4.Mechanics of BreathingBreathing happens because air moves in and out of the lungs due tochanges in pressure.The key idea behind this is a simple physics rule calledBoyle’s Law.Boyle’s Law (Pressure–Volume Relationship)Boyle’s Lawexplains the relationship between:pressure (P)andvolume (V)of a gas.It states:•If volume increases, pressure decreases•If volume decreases, pressure increasesThis relationship can be written as:PV = constantorP₁V₁= P₂V₂Both equations mean:•the product of pressure × volume stays the sameImportant note:Boyle’s Law works only when:•temperature does not change

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Study GuideHow Boyle’s Law Explains BreathingBreathing happens when muscles around the lungscontract or relax, causing changes in the size ofthe lungs.When the volume of the lungs changes:•the air pressure inside the lungs changes too (Boyle’s Law!)Air always moves from:•high pressure → low pressureSo:•if pressure is higher in the lungs than outside →air moves out•if pressure is lower in the lungs than outside →air moves inInspiration (Breathing In)Inspirationhappens when the inspiratory muscles contract.The main inspiratory muscles are:diaphragmexternal intercostal musclesWhat Happens During Inspiration?Diaphragm contractionThe diaphragm is a skeletal muscle locatedbelow the lungs.When it contracts:•the thoracic cavity becomes largerExternal intercostal contractionWhen the external intercostal muscles contract:•ribs and sternum lift upward

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Study GuideFinal Result of InspirationBoth muscle actions make the lungs expand, which causes:lung volume increasesair pressure inside lungs decreases below outside air pressureair rushes into the lungs (high → low)Expiration (Breathing Out)Expirationusually happens when the inspiratory muscles relax.So:•diaphragm relaxes•external intercostal muscles relaxWhat Happens During Expiration?When these muscles relax:•elastic fibers in lung tissue make the lungs recoil back to their original sizeThis causes:•lung volume decreasespressure inside lungs increases above outside air pressureair rushes out of the lungsForced Expiration (During Heavy Breathing)Normally, expiration is passive, but during high ventilation rates (like exercise), expiration becomesstronger with help from:

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