Anatomy and Physiology - The Reproductive System - Quick Guides

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–The Reproductive System1.Quiz: What Is Reproduction?1. QuestionSperm and eggs are __________.Answer Choices• gametes• gonads• sex organsCorrect AnswergametesWhy This Is CorrectSperm and eggs are gametes, meaning they arereproductive sex cells.They carryhalf the normal number of chromosomes, so when they unite during fertilization, theoffspring gets a full set.2. QuestionPrimary sex organs are the __________.Answer Choices• glands• testes and ovaries• external genitalia

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Study GuideCorrect Answertestes and ovariesWhy This Is CorrectTheprimary sex organs (gonads)are thetestes in malesand theovaries in females.They are responsible for producing:•gametes(sperm or eggs)•sex hormones(like testosterone and estrogen)2.The Male Reproductive SystemThemale reproductive systemis designed to:•produce sperm•store and transport sperm•release sperm during ejaculation•produce male sex hormones (especially testosterone)1. Scrotum (Protects and Controls Temperature)Thescrotumis a sac made of skin and superficial fascia. It hangs from the base of the penis.Inside the scrotum:•a vertical partition called aseptumdivides it intoleft and right compartments•each compartment containsone testisWhy are testes outside the body?The scrotum holds the testes in a location that is about3°C lowerthan body temperature.This cooler environment is necessary forsperm production and storage.

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Study GuideMuscles That Control Scrotum TemperatureWhen the outside environment becomes too cold, the body uses two muscles to reduce heat loss:1) Dartos Muscle•found in the superficial fascia of the scrotum and septum•made ofsmooth muscleWhen it contracts:•the scrotum skin becomes wrinkled•wrinkling thickens the skin•this reduces heat loss2) Cremaster Muscles•extend from theinternal oblique muscleto the scrotum•made ofskeletal muscleWhen they contract:•they lift the scrotum closer to the body•this helps keep the testes warm2. Testes (Sperm and Testosterone Production)There are two testes (singular:testis). Each testis has several important structures:Coverings of the TestisTunica Vaginalis•an outertwo-layer serous membranearound each testisTunica Albuginea•lies inside the tunica vaginalis•forms internal partitions that divide the testis into sections called:lobules

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Study GuideSeminiferous Tubules (Where Sperm Are Made)Inside each lobule are1–4 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules.This is where sperm are produced throughspermatogenesis.The seminiferous tubules contain two main cell types:•Spermatogenic cells→ develop into sperm•Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells→ support and nourish developing spermThe coiled seminiferous tubules join into a straight tube called:tubulus rectusRete Testis and Sperm Transport PathThe tubulus rectus joins to form a network called:•rete testisFrom there, sperm travel through:•efferent ducts→ to the epididymisInterstitial Cells (Testosterone)Between the seminiferous tubules are:interstitial cellsThey secrete:testosterone and other androgens3. Epididymis (Maturation and Storage)Theepididymisis a comma-shaped structure beside each testis.Each epididymis contains a tightly coiled tube called:

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Study Guideductus epididymisFunctions of epididymis:•sperm mature here•sperm are stored until ejaculationThe walls of the ductus epididymis contain stereocilia (microvilli) called:stereociliaThese help nourish sperm.During ejaculation:•smooth muscles around the epididymis contract•pushing sperm into the next tube:ductus deferens4. Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)Theductus deferensis the tube that carries sperm away from the epididymis.It:•enters the abdominal cavity•loops around the urinary bladder•joins the duct from the seminal vesicle•and forms the ejaculatory ductBefore joining the ejaculatory duct, it widens into a storage area called the:ampullaSperm can be stored in the ductus deferens until ejaculation.During ejaculation:peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle push sperm forward

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Study Guide5. Ejaculatory DuctsTheejaculatory ductsare short tubes that connect:ductus deferens → to the urethra6. Urethra (Carries Urine and Semen)In males, the urethra carries:•Urine•semen (sperm + gland secretions)There arethree regionsof the male urethra:1.Prostatic urethra→ passes through the prostate gland2.Membranous urethra→ passes through the urogenital diaphragm3.Spongy (penile) urethra→ passes through the penisThe urethra ends at the:external urethral orifice7. Spermatic CordThespermatic cordconnects each testis to the body and passes through the:inguinal canalIt contains:•blood vessels•lymphatic vessels•nerves•ductus deferens•cremaster muscle

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Study Guide8. Accessory Sex Glands (Make Semen Fluid)Accessory glands add secretions to sperm, forming the liquid part of:•Semen•Seminal VesiclesThey release analkaline fluidinto the vas deferens.This fluid contains:•fructose→ energy for sperm•prostaglandins→ increase sperm viability and stimulate uterine contractions (helps spermtravel)The alkaline nature helps neutralize vaginal acidity.Prostate GlandThe prostate releases a milky, slightly acidic fluid into the urethra.This fluid contains substances that increase:•sperm mobility•sperm viabilityBulbourethral GlandsThese glands release an alkaline fluid into the:•spongy urethra•This neutralizes any acidic urine in the urethra before ejaculation.9. Penis (Urination and Sperm Delivery)The penis is a cylindrical organ that:•passes urine•delivers sperm during ejaculation

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Study GuideIt has three main parts:•root(attached to the perineum)•body (shaft)•glans penis(enlarged end)The glans is covered by the:prepuce (foreskin)This may be removed surgically in:circumcision10.Internal Structure of the Penis (Erectile Tissue)Inside the penis arethree erectile bodies, each surrounded by:tunica albuginea(fibrous tissue layer)Erectile bodies:Two corpora cavernosa•make up most of the penis volume•base parts are calledcrura(singular: crus)•crura attach to the urogenital diaphragmOne corpus spongiosum•surrounds the urethra•expands at the end to form theglans penis•enlarged base portion is called thebulb of the penis, attached to the urogenital diaphragm

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Study GuideFigure1.View of the male reproductive system.11.Erection and Ejaculation (What Controls Them?)ErectionOccurs mainly due to theparasympathetic nervous system.Parasympathetic neurons cause:

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Study Guide•dilation of arteries supplying erectile tissue•blood fills corpus cavernosa + corpus spongiosum•veins are compressed → blood stays longerpenis becomes erectEjaculationOccurs mainly due to thesympathetic nervous system.Sympathetic neurons stimulate discharge of:•sperm•gland secretionsDuring ejaculation:the sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder constrictsprevents urine from mixing with semen12.Spermatogenesis (Sperm Production)Inside seminiferous tubules, developing sperm cells are called:spermatogenic cellsThe least mature cells near the basement membrane are:spermatogonia(stem cells)More mature cells are closer to the lumen, and fully mature sperm are found closest to the lumen.Spermatogenesis begins at:puberty

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