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Anatomy and Physiology - The Muscular System

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–The Muscular System1.Quiz: Skeletal Muscle Actions1. QuestionThe origin is the point of muscle attachment that is __________.Answer Choices• stationary• moveable• synergisticCorrect AnswerstationaryWhy This Is CorrectTheoriginis the attachment point that staysmore fixed (stationary)when a muscle contracts.It is usually located closer to the center of the body.2. QuestionThe insertion is the point of muscle attachment that is __________.Answer Choices• stationary• moveable• synergistic

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Study GuideCorrect AnswermoveableWhy This Is CorrectTheinsertionis the attachment point thatmoveswhen the muscle contracts.It is usually located farther from the center of the body.3. QuestionWhich muscle would be antagonistic to the biceps brachii?Answer Choices• brachialis• palmaris longus• triceps brachiiCorrect Answertriceps brachiiWhy This Is CorrectThebiceps brachiiflexes the elbow (bends the arm).Thetriceps brachiiextends the elbow (straightens the arm), doing the opposite action.So the triceps is theantagonist.4. QuestionIf muscle A causes movement, muscle B helps A, and muscle C does the opposite of A, then muscle Ais a(n) __________, muscle B is a __________, and muscle C is a(n) __________.

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Study GuideAnswer Choices• antagonist; synergist; prime mover• prime mover; synergist; antagonist• synergist; prime mover; antagonistCorrect Answerprime mover; synergist; antagonistWhy This Is Correct•Prime mover (agonist)= main muscle causing the movement•Synergist= helps the prime mover•Antagonist= opposes the movementSo A = prime mover, B = synergist, C = antagonist.2.Names of Skeletal MusclesSkeletal muscles often have names that give clues about theirstructure, location, size, or function.Learning these naming rules makes it much easier to understand and remember muscle names.2.1Common Ways Skeletal Muscles Are Named1. Number of OriginsSome muscles are named based on how many starting points (origins) they have.•Biceps= 2 origins•Triceps= 3 origins•Quadriceps= 4 origins

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Study Guide2. Location of Origin or InsertionA muscle may be named using the bones it attaches to.Example:Sternocleidomastoid•sterno= sternum (origin)•cleido= clavicle (origin)•mastoid= mastoid process of the temporal bone (insertion)So the name tells you exactly where it begins and ends.3. Location (Body Region or Nearby Bone)Some muscle names describe the body area or nearby bone where the muscle is found.Example:Temporalis•covers thetemporal bonearea4. ShapeSome muscles are named based on their shape.Examples:•Deltoid= triangular•Trapezius= trapezoid shape•Serratus= saw-toothed edge•Rhomboideus major= rhomboid shape5. Direction of Muscle FibersSome muscle names tell the direction of fibers compared to the body’s midline:•Rectus= fibers run parallel to the midline•Transverse= fibers run perpendicular to the midline•Oblique= fibers run at an angle

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Study Guide6. SizeMuscles may also be named based on size.Common terms include:•Maximus= largest•Minimus= smallest•Longus= longest•Brevis= shortest7. Action (Movement Produced)Many muscles are named for what they do—how they move a body part.Examples:•Flexor= bends a joint (flexes)•Extensor= straightens a joint (extends)•Abductor= moves a limb away from the body•Adductor= moves a limb back toward the body3.Quiz: Names of Skeletal Muscles1. QuestionWhich of the following terms do NOT describe the shape of a muscle?Answer Choices• rhomboid• rectus• deltoid

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Study GuideCorrect AnswerrectusWhy This Is Correct•Rhomboiddescribes adiamond-shapedmuscle.•Deltoiddescribes atriangular-shapedmuscle.•Rectusdoesnotdescribe shape—it meansstraight(direction of muscle fibers).2. QuestionWhich of the following muscles are named according to both the insertion and origin?Answer Choices• rectus femoris• tibialis anterior• coracobrachialisCorrect AnswercoracobrachialisWhy This Is CorrectCoracobrachialisis named for:•origin:coracoid process (scapula)•insertion:brachium (arm/humerus region)So it includesboth origin and insertionin its name.

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Study Guide4.Muscle Size and Arrangement of Muscle FasciclesThesize and shape of a musclehelp decide what that muscle can do best—whether it is built moreformovement rangeor forstrength.4.1How Muscle Size Affects Movement and Strength1. Muscle Fiber Length = Range of MovementWhen a muscle fiber (muscle cell) contracts, it can shorten toalmost half its resting length.Longer muscle fiberscan shorten over a longer distance, so they produce:•agreater range of movement2. Number of Muscle Fibers = StrengthIf a muscle hasmore muscle fibers, it can generate a stronger contraction.So, more fibers =more strengthFascicles and Muscle OrganizationMuscle fibers are grouped in bundles calledfascicles.Then, fascicles are grouped together to form a wholemuscle.Thelength and number of fascicleshelp determine:•muscle strength•range of movementCommon Fascicle Patterns1. Parallel FasciclesIn this pattern, the fascicles runparallel(side-by-side) in the same direction.Parallel muscles may be:•flat or straplike•fusiform (spindle-shaped)→ thick in the middle and thinner at the endsParallel fascicles usually allow awide range of movement.

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Study Guide2. Circular FasciclesCircular fascicles formconcentric rings, like circles around an opening.These muscles usually formsphincters, which control the:•opening and closing of orifices (body openings)3. Pennate FasciclesPennate fascicles areshortand attachat an angle (obliquely)to a long tendon that runs through themuscle.This arrangement packs more fibers into the muscle, which increasesstrength.Types of Pennate PatternsUnipennate•looks likehalf a feather•fascicles attach onone sideof the tendonBipennate•looks like afull feather•fascicles attach onboth sidesof a central tendonMultipennate•looks likethree or more feathers•fascicles attach in multiple sections, creating a very strong musclePennate muscles are designed mainly forpower and strength.5.Quiz: Muscle Size and Arrangement of Muscle Fascicles1. QuestionSphincter muscles consist of which arrangement of fascicles?

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Study GuideAnswer Choices• parallel• circular• pennateCorrect AnswercircularWhy This Is CorrectSphincter musclesform ring-like bands that open and close body openings (like the anus).Ring-shaped muscles havecircular fascicles.2. QuestionWhen the arm is flexed, the biceps brachii bulges in the middle. This type of muscle consists of__________ fascicles.Answer Choices• parallel• circular• pennateCorrect AnswerparallelWhy This Is CorrectThebiceps brachiiis an example of a muscle withparallel fascicles.Parallel muscles often create a bulging belly when they contract, like the biceps.

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Study Guide6.Major Skeletal MusclesSkeletal muscles are the muscles that attach to bones and help the body move. These muscles aremainlyvoluntary, meaning you can control them consciously (like walking, lifting, and writing).To learn the human muscular system clearly, it is helpful to study muscles in:•front (anterior) view•back (posterior) view•superficial (outer) muscles•deep (inner) musclesThe following figures and tables help you identify the major muscles of the body and understand theiractions.6.1Full-Body Major Skeletal Muscles (Superficial Views)These diagrams show themajor muscles you can see on the surfaceof the body.
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Document Details

University
Texas A&M University
Course
Anatomy and Physiology
Subject
Anatomy and Physiology

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