Anatomy and Physiology - The Nervous System - Quick Guides | Anatomy and Physiology

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Study GuideAnatomy and Physiology–The Nervous System1.Nervous System TerminologyWhen studying the nervous system, you will see many special terms used again and again. Learningthese words makes anatomy much easier and helps you understand diagrams and textbookdescriptions.Important Nervous System Terms1. Nerve Fiber, Nerve, and Nerve TractThese terms describe bundles of neuron “wiring,” but the location matters:•Nerve fiber= anaxon or dendrite•Nerve= a bundle of nerve fibers in thePNS(peripheral nervous system)•Nerve tract= a bundle of nerve fibers in theCNS(central nervous system)2. White MatterWhite matteris found in the CNS and contains mainly:myelinated axonsIt looks white becausemyelinhas a whitish, fatty appearance.3. Gray MatterGray matteris also found in the CNS and contains:•neuroncell bodies•dendrites•axon terminals•unmyelinated axons•neurogliaIt appears gray because it lacks large amounts of myelin.

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Study Guide4. Nuclei vs GangliaBoth terms describe clusters of neuron cell bodies, but again the location matters:•Nuclei= clusters of cell bodies in theCNS•Ganglia= clusters of cell bodies in thePNSSpecial note:Thebasal gangliaare actually located in the CNS, so a better name for them is:basal nuclei5. VesiclesVesiclesare fluid-filled cavities that form in the early developing brain.The tissues around these vesicles divide and develop into the different parts of the brain.6. VentriclesVentriclesare the connected fluid-filled spaces in the mature brain.They develop from the embryonic vesicles.The ventricles containcerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which helps by:•nourishing nervous tissue•carrying waste away from nervous tissue7. PedunclesPedunclesare large tracts (bundles of nerve fibers) that extend from certain brain regions.Because they are large, they look like they “support” the brain structure they come from.The word peduncle means“little foot.”

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Study Guide2.Quiz: Nervous System Terminology1. QuestionA single axon is classified as a __________.Answer Choices• ganglion• nerve fiber• nerve tractCorrect Answernerve fiberWhy This Is CorrectAsingle axonis also called anerve fiber.It is the long part of the neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body.2. QuestionThe myelinated axons in the spinal cord are called __________.Answer Choices• ganglia• nerve tracts• bundles of nervesCorrect Answernerve tracts

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Study GuideWhy This Is CorrectIn theCNS (brain and spinal cord), bundles of axons are callednerve tracts.These tracts often contain myelinated axons to send messages quickly.3. QuestionIn the brain and spinal cord, what makes up the white matter?Answer Choices• dendrites• myelinated axons• cell bodies (soma)Correct Answermyelinated axonsWhy This Is CorrectWhite matterappears white because ofmyelin, the fatty covering around axons.So white matter is mostly made ofmyelinated axons, while gray matter contains more cell bodiesand dendrites.3.The BrainThe brain is the control center of the nervous system. It processes information, controls movement,and helps regulate many important body functions like temperature, hunger, and sleep.To understand the adult brain, it helps to start with how it develops during embryonic growth.

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Study Guide3.1Brain Development: Vesicles (Early Brain Formation)During early embryonic development, the brain begins asthree hollow cavities, called theprimarybrain vesicles:1.Forebrain (prosencephalon)2.Midbrain (mesencephalon)3.Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)Later, these three primary vesicles develop intofive secondary brain vesicles, which eventuallyform the adult brain structures.

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Study Guide

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Study Guide3.2The 5 Secondary Brain Vesicles and What They Become1. TelencephalonForms thecerebrum, which contains:•cerebral cortex•white matter•basal ganglia2. DiencephalonForms:•thalamus•hypothalamus•pineal gland

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Study Guide3. MesencephalonForms themidbrainportion of the brainstem4. MetencephalonForms:•pons(part of brainstem)•cerebellum5. MyelencephalonForms themedulla oblongata(part of brainstem)3.2The Cerebrum (Largest Part of the Brain)Thecerebrumis the biggest and most visible part of the brain. It is made oftwo cerebralhemispheres, and they are connected by a thick bundle of nerve fibers called the:corpus callosumThe surface of the cerebrum looks wrinkled because it has many folds. These folds increase surfacearea, allowing more brain tissue in a smaller space.

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Study GuideFigure1.Anatomy of the adult brain.Brain “Folds” Vocabulary (Very Important Terms)The folds of the cerebrum are calledconvolutions, and they include:•Gyrus (gyri)= a raised ridge•Sulcus (sulci)= a shallow groove•Fissure= a deep grooveLobes of the CerebrumDeep fissures divide the cerebrum intofive lobes.

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Study GuideMost lobes are named after the skull bones near them:1.Frontal lobe2.Parietal lobe3.Temporal lobe4.Occipital lobe5.InsulaImportant note:All lobesexcept the insulacan be seen from the outside of the brain.Theinsulais deep and not visible externally.(Refer to Figure 1 for lobe locations.)3.3Inside the Cerebrum: 3 Main LayersA cross-section of the cerebrum showsthree distinct layers.Figure2.The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia.

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